BIOL112 Spring 2025 Practice Exam 1 PDF

BIOL112 Spring 2025 PRACTICE EXAM 1 CHAPTER 1 The Study of Life 1.) Which of the following is NOT related to the ve fundamental characteristics of life? - The 5 characteristics include 1.) Cells 2.) Replication 3.) Information 4.) Energy 5.) Evolution 2.) Pasteur...

BIOL112 Spring 2025 PRACTICE EXAM 1 CHAPTER 1 The Study of Life 1.) Which of the following is NOT related to the ve fundamental characteristics of life? - The 5 characteristics include 1.) Cells 2.) Replication 3.) Information 4.) Energy 5.) Evolution 2.) Pasteur’s experiments proved that - there is no spontaneous generation/ life comes from pre-exisitng life_______. 3.) Recall Pasteur's experiment on spontaneous generation. If he had just warmed the nutrient rich broth, rather than boiled it, what would have been the likely outcome of his experiment? Cells would __? - appear in both asks 4.) The discovery of the structure of DNA was useful because ________. -how genetic information is stored, copied, and passed from one generation to the next, leading to advances in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology. 5.) Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? - Genetic Code 6.) Which of the following best describes the logic of scienti c inquiry? - If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. 7.) Which of the following statements best distinguishes scienti c hypotheses from scienti c theories? - Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope, theories have broad explanatory power. fl fi fi fi fi 8.) A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You say that you think the battery must be dead. If so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery will solve the problem. In doing so, you are ________. - Stating a hypothesis and using that hypothesis to make a testable prediction 9.) Recall the experiment on ant navigation. To run a controlled experiment, what parameters were held constant for the test group of 75 ants? - All variables except leg length 10.) How does a scienti c theory differ from a scienti c hypothesis? - Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more speci c issues. 11.) The cell theory states that all cells come from preexisting cells. If this is the case, why are the cells in a multicellular organism so different from one another? - The genetic information of each cell is copied and passed on to the daughter cells and the molecular machinery makes copies of particular genes in different cells to generate different features in those cells. 12.) Spontaneous generation ___? - The idea that life could arise from nonliving matter. CHAPTER 2 Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life 1.) About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter? - The idea that life could arise from nonliving matter 2.) Why is each element unique with respect to its chemical properties? Each element has a distinctive ________. - A distinctive number of protons in its nucleus fi fi fi 3.) Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon and has a mass number of 12. However, the average atomic mass of carbon found on a periodic table is slightly more than 12 daltons. Why? - Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons 4.) From its atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has ________. - 15 protons 5.) A covalent chemical bond is one in which ________. - Outer shell electrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfactorily ll the outer electron shells of both. 5.) Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? - Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge. 6.) Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are ________. - Nonpolar covalent bonds How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond? - Two electrons 7.) Elements found on the left side of the periodic table contain outer shells that are ________; these elements tend to form ________ in solution. - Almost empty - Cations 8.) An atom has four electrons in its valence shell. What types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming? - Single, double, or triple fi  9.) You need to write down information about a molecule, but you only need to indicate the type and number of atoms it contains. Which representation would work best? Molecular formula ◦ Ex: “H2O" indicates that a water molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. 10.) You need to represent a molecule to best illustrate the relative sizes of the atoms involved and their spatial relationships. Which representation would work best? A space-filling model ◦ Ex: 11.) The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to ________. - The chemical versatility of carbon atoms 12.) Which of the functional groups below acts most like an acid in water? - Carboxyl group (COOH) 13.) Compounds containing which of the following functional groups would be most likely to behave in a polar manner?  - Both Hydroxyl and Carboxyl 14.) Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that ________. - Organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth. 15.) Which of the following is a property of liquid water? Liquid water ________. Has a heat of vaporization that is higher than that of most other substances 16.) A solution with a pH of 5 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 7? A solution with a pH of \(5\) has \(100\) times more protons than a solution with a pH of \(7\). 17.) A solution contains 0.0000001 (10−7) moles of hydroxyl ions [OH−] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution? - A pH of \(7\) is neutral. The solution is neutral 18.) Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? - The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. 19.) Which of the following always tends to make chemical reactions spontaneous? The reactants are more ordered than the products. 20.) Which of the following correctly describes all chemical equilibrium? Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products. 21.) Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize? - Hydrogen bonds 22.) Which of the following takes place as an ice cube cools a drink?  The kinetic energy in the drink decreases CHAPTER 3 Proteins 1.) Which one of the following is NOT a component of each monomer used to make proteins? - A phosphorus atom 2.) What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids? - R group 3.) At about pH 7 in most cells, what happens to the amino group on an amino acid? - Gain a proton and become positively charged 4.) At about pH 7 in most cells, what happens to the carboxyl group on an amino acid? - will be deprotonated 5.) A peptide bond ________. A covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of amino acid 1 and the amino group of amino acid 2. 6.) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires the ________. - Release of a water molecule 7.) There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? its unique "side chain" or "R group" 8.) Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? Carboxyl and amino group 10.) Which type of interaction stabilizes the α-helix and the β-pleated sheet structures of proteins? - Hydrogen bonding 11.) You are studying a protein that is shaped like a doughnut. The shape is a function of which level(s) of protein structure? - Tertiary Structure 12.) A series of hydrophobic side chains will congregate together as a protein folds in an aqueous solution and be stabilized by ________. - van de Waals interaction 13.) The tertiary structure of a protein is the ________. - The three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule 14.) At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R-groups) most important? - Tertiary Sturcture 15.) Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would ________. always alter the primary structure of the protein 16.) The structural level of a protein LEAST affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the ________. - Primary Sturcutre 17.) Which level of protein structure do the α-helix and the β-pleated sheet represent? - Secondary Structure 18.) Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated? - Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally. 19.) Why does a fever become dangerous to body functions if it continues to rise? It can denature proteins within the body, disrupting their essential functions, potentially damaging cell membranes, and impacting vital organ systems. 20.) Proteins in biological systems ________. - Maybe enzymes that catalyze reactions 21.) Which of the following is NOT a potential function of proteins? a. Energy storage that can be easily digested and metabolized b. Catalysis of reactions using enzymes c. Diffusion and transfer of molecules, such as through aquaporins d. Immunity and defense, through molecules such as antibodies “A” is NOT a potential function of proteins 22.) Which of the following attributes of proteins contribute(s) to their ability to catalyze reactions? The secondary and tertiary structures allow molecules to be precisely oriented. CHAPTER 4 Nucleic Acids 1.) Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers? Nucleotides 2.) What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide? Ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2 carbon on their sugar subunit 3.) What is/are the variable structure(s) of a nucleotide? Nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. 4.) Which of the following includes all of the pyrimidines found in RNA and DNA? - Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine 5.) Which of the following are purine nitrogenous bases? guanine and adenine 6.) What feature of single nucleotides provides the energy needed for polymerization when nucleic acids are formed? Phosphate groups 7.) Which of the following best describes DNA's secondary structure? - double antiparallel helical strands 8.) A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of ________. 120 adenine and 120 thymine molecules 9.) Large amounts of DNA typically wrap around large proteins called ________; this forms the ________ structure of DNA. histones tertiary 10.) Which of the following descriptions best ts the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A nitrogenous base, A phosphate group, A sugar (a pentose (five-carbon). 11.) If the guanine content of a certain segment of double-stranded DNA is 28 percent, what is the adenine content? If the guanine content of a DNA segment is 28%, then the adenine content would also be 22%. Explanation: ◦ According to Chargaff's rule, in a double-stranded DNA molecule, the percentage of adenine is always equal to the percentage of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is always equal to the percentage of cytosine. ◦ Since guanine is 28%, this means cytosine is also 28%. ◦ The remaining percentage (100 - 56 = 44%) is then split equally between adenine and thymine, making each 22%. fi 12.) The sequence of one strand of DNA is shown below. Which of the following is the sequence of its complementary strand? 5’ – GGCCAAAT – 3’ The sequence of the complementary DNA strand is: 3' - CCGGTTAA - 5'. Explanation: ◦ In DNA, Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G). So, the complementary strand will have the corresponding bases paired up: G with C, C with G, A with T, and T with A. Since the original strand is 5'-3', the complementary strand will be 3'-5'. CHAPTER 5 Carbohydrates 1.) Which of the following can vary among monosaccharides? The number of carbon atoms they contain 2.) What is the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar? - The position of the carbonyl group 3.) Among the macromolecules, a molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a ________. A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a monosaccharide (specifically, glucose) 4.) What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen? - the degree of branching: glycogen is signi cantly more highly branched than starch, meaning it has more points where glucose chains diverge from the main chain, making glycogen a more compact and readily accessible energy storage molecule in animals compared to starch in plants. 5.) A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins? - peptide bond 6.) Which polysaccharide is an important component in both the exoskeletons of many animals and cell walls of fungi? - Chitin fi  7.) Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classi ed? Lactose is classified as a disaccharide 8.) Cellulose is? A complex carbohydrate, primarily found in plant cell walls, that acts as a structural component giving plants their rigidity. 9.) Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate monomer, NOT a polymer? Glucose 10.) Cell walls are used by many different organisms for protection from their environment and structural support. These cell walls must obviously be insoluble in water; otherwise, they would dissolve the rst time an organism got wet. Which of the following carbohydrates would you expect to be most soluble in water? - Starch fi fi