Biology Test 1 PDF

BIO 1111. Study guide for exam1: Exam 1 consists of multiple choice, true false and matching questions. Chapter 1: Scientific study of life Know all the properties of life. Try to remember examples of homeostasis. Know the steps in scientific method, given an experiment, you should b...

BIO 1111. Study guide for exam1: Exam 1 consists of multiple choice, true false and matching questions. Chapter 1: Scientific study of life Know all the properties of life. Try to remember examples of homeostasis. Know the steps in scientific method, given an experiment, you should be able to identify hypothesis, variables, theory, and control experiment. Know the difference between independent and dependent variable. Know the level of complexity in life in order, from atoms to ecosystem then to biosphere Know the difference between a cell, a tissue, an organ, organ system and an organism. (For example a group of cells make a tissue etc…..). Chapter2: The chemistry of life know an atom and its sub particles ( i.e. proton, electron, neutron) Know the role electrons and their orbital. (What determines the chemical properties of an atom? Is it the protons and neutrons or the electrons?) Differentiate atomic number and atomic weight (atomic number = the number of protons or electrons, and atomic weight = number of protons and number of neutrons). Example an atom with 8 protons, 8 electrons and 7 neutrons will have an atomic number of 8 and atomic weight of 15 (7+8). What is an ion? What is an isotope? Where are the radioactive isotopes used? (Think of medicine and fossils) Know the different chemical bonding: ionic, covalent (covalent polar is un-equal sharing and nonpolar covalent is equal sharing of electrons). Know hydrogen bonding. Know examples of compounds formed by these different forms of bonding. For example, sodium chloride is made of ionic bonding. Differentiate polar and non-polar molecule (Water is a polar molecule). Is water hydrophilic or hydrophobic, what does this mean? Know the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Know all the properties of water. Know the PH scale (Acid, base, neutral), and buffer. How can you tell if a solution is acidic or basic? (Think in terms of hydrogen ion (H+) or hydroxide ion (OH-). Differentiate Hydrolysis and dehydration. Know the macromolecules (polymers) and their components (monomers) (For example Protein is made of amino acids therefore amino acids are monomers or subunits of proteins. Know the structure of amino acids (the R group which varies, the carboxyl and amino group which are always the same in every amino acid) Nucleic acid is made of nucleotides; therefore nucleotides are the subunits of nucleic acid.  What is a peptide bond? Know the carbohydrate: glucose, sucrose, Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose, and Chitin. And know which ones are used for energy storage and which ones have structural role (Remember: chitin and cellulose are structural carbohydrates). Where in the cell or organism do you find these carbohydrates? Differentiate saturated and unsaturated fats, remember examples of lipids such as phospholipids, steriods) Remember the different structures of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary). Know the difference between DNA and RNA, and their function. Know the base pairing rule in DNA ( A-T, G-C ). In RNA thymine (T) is replaced by Uracil (U). Given a sequence you should be able to find its complementary sequence. For example. The sequence GGAATT is complemented by CCTTAA….practice more on this. Chapter 3: Cell know the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Compare bacteria, plant, and animal cells with respect to their organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, cell wall, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, cilia, flagella, microtubules, centrioles, chromosomes....etc). know the function of all the organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, cell wall, lysosomes, Golgi body , endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton, microtubules, centrioles, chromosomes....etc). Know the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum in terms of structure and function. Why is it called rough ER for example? Think of ribosome. What is the function of ribosomes? Know cytoplasmic movement (cyclosis). Remember the major component of the cell membrane (which is phospholipids). Cell membrane also have proteins. Know the function of the proteins in the membrane of a cell Fluid mosaic model refers to which part of the cell structure. What does it mean?. Chapter 4: The energy of life Know the difference between potential and kinetic energy. Remember examples. For example, sugar or a molecule fat has a potential energy. Define metabolism Law of thermodynamics: You must explain the difference between the first and second law of thermodynamics. Know what ATP is? In terms of structure and function. Enzymes: what are they, how do they work? (Think in terms of activation energy).  What is the difference between active site and substrate? What is feedback inhibition (competitive and non-competitive inhibition)? What factors affect enzymes action? (PH and temperature). Know coenzymes: enzyme helpers such as NAD. Discuss the different cellular transport systems: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis and remember examples of each transport system. For example, the sodium potassium pump is an example of an active transport, engulfing a bacterium is an example of phagocytosis. Know the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic environment, what happens to a cell if put in these environments (both plant and animal cell). For example, if you put red blood cells in water, what do you think will happen to the cells? Is water a hypotonic or hypertonic environment to the red blood cells? Is 10% salt solution hypertonic to a cell? How about water ?.