Biology Pre-Comp (8th Grade) PDF

**biology** =========== ***energy cells*** - ***macromolecules*** carbs: - proteins: - nucleic acids: - - lipids(polar, hydrophobic): - - - - - - - proteins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ***cells*** - -...

**biology** =========== ***energy cells*** - ***macromolecules*** carbs: - proteins: - nucleic acids: - - lipids(polar, hydrophobic): - - - - - - - proteins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ***cells*** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ***energy n cells*** calorie: amt of energy needed to raise temp of one one gram of water by 1C glycolysis(10% energy used; anerobic; cytoplasm; energy yield small but *fast*): - - - krebs cycle(bit more energy; aerobic; mitochondrial matrix; each turn of cycle = 1 ATP ): - - - - electron transport chain(bulk of energy; aerobic; inner membrane of mitochondria): - - - fermentation: absence of oxygen→pathway follows glycolysis n enables cell to produce energy - - - - - - ***photosynthesis (6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O)*** carbon fixation: convert gaseous carbon to solid carbon in sugars for energy (photosynthesis) light-dependent reaction: needs light+water; releases o2; thylakoids; produces ATP n NADPH - - - - - - - - - - - - - factors affecting photosynthesis: - - C3 plants: close leaf in extreme light to prevent water loss C4 n CAM: biochemicals to prevent water loss during hot weatherwhile still doin photosynthesis C4: capture low levels of co2 // CAM: take co2 at night, co2 stores as 4 carbon acid malate in vacuoles at night → photosynthesis happens during day w storage (cacti, pineapple) ***cell transport*** phospholipids: amphipathic: contains a hydrophobic n hydrophilic region - fluid mosaic model: explains structure of plasma membrane of cells as phospholipids, carbs proteins n cholesterol - - - - - - - - - - passive transport: no energy, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - active transport: energy, molecular (ion pumps), endocytosis n exocytosis - - - - - - ***cell growth n division*** why cells divide: - - chromosomes: packages of dna (condesend chromatin during cell division) - - - - - - - - diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes: mom n dad, most cells in our body, all 46 chromosomes haploid: 2 set of chromosomes: reproductive cells, only 23 chromosomes cell cycle: cell grows, prepares for division, divides to form 2 daughter cells - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -