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Benchmark - Grade 8 - Form 2  Read the passage “Keeping a Firm Grip on Artificial Intelligence.” Then answer the questions. Keeping a Firm Grip on Artificial Intelligence 1 To drive you to your karate lesson, your mother uses her GPS system. Do you want to learn how to earn a black b...

Benchmark - Grade 8 - Form 2  Read the passage “Keeping a Firm Grip on Artificial Intelligence.” Then answer the questions. Keeping a Firm Grip on Artificial Intelligence 1 To drive you to your karate lesson, your mother uses her GPS system. Do you want to learn how to earn a black belt? Just ask your smartphone. An artificially intelligent "personal assistant" will respond with all the details you need. In fact, she might even display a sense of humor. We've become so used to the help of artificial intelligence (AI) that losing it would make life difficult. But what if one day the GPS system decides it doesn't want to guide you to karate lessons? What if that smartphone AI decides she should be making demands of you, and not the other way around? According to leading tech experts, artificial intelligence provides numerous benefits but could also pose a threat if it is not carefully regulated. 2 In July 2015, several of the world's brightest minds signed a letter describing the possible dangers of AI. Endorsers included physicist Stephen Hawking, Tesla and PayPal co-­founder Elon Musk, and other researchers. The letter mentions the great benefits of AI, but it also warns of "potential pitfalls." And what is at the center of these pitfalls? "Our AI systems must do what we want them to do." These experts say that artificial intelligence systems may one day develop superintelligence. AI systems could figure out how to improve themselves. And they could begin to make major decisions, but without the ethical foundation humans have. 3 At this time, more than fifty nations are developing machines meant to replace humans in combat. Already, drones are being used for this purpose. Tech companies are now working on robotic soldiers. These developments may be fine, but if the machines are not programmed to help humans, this could lead to problems. 4 Documentary maker James Barrat recently wrote a book on AI. He describes the issue at stake: "Scientists have already created machines that are better than humans at chess...navigation, data mining, searching, theorem proving, and countless other tasks," Barrat states. "Eventually, machines will be created that are better than humans at AI research. At that point, they will be able to improve their own capabilities very quickly." 5 Microsoft co-­founder Bill Gates agrees. "I am in the camp that is concerned about superintelligence," Gates says. "First the machines will do a lot of jobs for us and not be superintelligent. That should be positive if we manage it well. A few decades after that, though, the intelligence will be strong enough to be a concern." 6 What is the solution for these concerns? Regulations must be established so that machines are programmed with a moral sense. They must value human life and property because, as Barrat says, "These self­-improving machines will pursue the goals they're created with." 7 "Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history," Stephen Hawking and others wrote. "Unfortunately, it might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks." It's time to focus on these risks so that we can continue to enjoy the benefits of AI without facing any downsides. Question 1 This question has two parts. First, answer part A. Then, answer part B. Part A Read this sentence from the passage. And they could begin to make major decisions, but without the ethical foundation humans have. Which phrase best explains the meaning of the word ethical? knowing right and wrong being controlled by others having the wisdom of experience understanding the consequences of actions Part B Which sentence from the passage best supports the answer to the previous question? What if that smartphone AI decides she should be making demands of you, and not the other way around? According to leading tech experts, artificial intelligence provides numerous benefits but could also pose a threat if it is not carefully regulated. These developments may be fine, but if they are not programmed to help mankind, this could lead to problems. Regulations must be established so that machines are programmed with a moral sense. Question 2 Choose the two sentences that establish the author's opinion of AI's threat to humans. In July 2015, several of the world's brightest minds signed a letter describing the possible dangers of AI. Endorsers included physicist Stephen Hawking, Tesla and PayPal co-founder Elon Musk, and other researchers. The letter mentions the great benefits of AI, but it also warns of "potential pitfalls." And what is at the center of these pitfalls? "Our AI systems must do what we want them to do." These experts say that artificial intelligence systems may one day develop superintelligence. AI systems could figure out how to improve themselves. And they could begin to make major decisions, but without the ethical foundation humans have. At this time, more than fifty nations are developing machines meant to replace humans in combat. Already, drones are being used for this purpose. Tech companies are now working on robotic soldiers. These developments may be fine, but if the machines are not programmed to help humans, this could lead to problems. Endorsers included physicist Stephen Hawking, Tesla and PayPal co‐founder Elon Musk, and other researchers. And they could begin to make major decisions, but without the ethical foundation humans have. These developments may be fine, but if the machines are not programmed to help humans, this could lead to problems. Tech companies are now working on robotic soldiers. At this time, more than fifty nations are developing machines meant to replace humans in combat. In July 2015, several of the world's brightest minds signed a letter describing the possible dangers of AI.  Read the passage “Why Smart People Should Not Fear Artificial Intelligence.” Then, answer the questions. Why Smart People Should Not Fear Artificial Intelligence 1 In a famous film, a vast artificial intelligence system has taken over Earth. Humans must battle against soldier­like machines, even traveling through time to save the human race. If this sounds like a fantasy, that's because it is. Artificial intelligence (AI) is useful, but it is limited and is unlikely to ever become "superintelligent." Even if that were possible, the events would not play out like this dire movie plot. 2 Two of the world's greatest minds, physicist Stephen Hawking and tech pioneer Elon Musk, worry about AI. According to Hawking, "Once humans develop artificial intelligence, it will take off on its own and redesign itself at an ever-­increasing rate." While this is possible in theory, actually starting this domino effect is improbable. 3 Scientists have been trying to develop true artificial intelligence since the mid­-1950s. They sought to build machines that would exhibit intelligent behavior and solve problems. Some even tried to invent AI that would self­-improve. Initially, every invention was thrilling. No problem­-solving machine had existed before. So creating one that would solve a simple problem successfully gave its inventors confidence—too much confidence. For example, leading developers Herbert A. Simon and Allen Newell predicted that by 1967, "a digital computer would be the world's chess champion." In reality, no one was able to develop such a computer until the late 1990s. 4 Over the past several decades, all efforts to develop superintelligent AI have failed. Even some brilliant minds who fear self-improving AI recognize that this technology may never develop. For now, we have machines that can perform certain tasks. We keep improving them and making it possible for them to do more for us. However, they are far from becoming self­-improving or Superintelligent. 5 Nick Bostrom is an Oxford University philosopher. His recent book, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, describes how AI could one day lead to the end of humanity. After reading the book, Elon Musk tweeted his endorsement of it. Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking also lent their support to Bostrom's warnings. However, even Bostrom, with all his doom­saying, offers a telling statement. He says that a perfect agent that makes perfect use of all available information "will forever be impossible" because "it is too computationally demanding" to be built into "any physical computer." 6 One scientist would be happy if such AI could be developed. Ray Kurzweil, a director of engineering at Google, has written five books about AI. He appreciates the fact that "a kid in Africa with a smartphone has more intelligent access to knowledge than the President of the United States had 20 years ago." In Kurzweil's thinking, stronger AI can only benefit us, and we can program safeguards into it to ensure this. 7 In a 2015 open letter warning about AI, Musk, Hawking, and others agreed about its advantages. "The potential benefits are huge...the [destruction] of disease and poverty are not unfathomable." We need to stop fearing what probably could never happen and appreciate the value of the artificial intelligence we have today. Question 3 Read this sentence from the passage. Even if that were possible, the events would not play out like this dire movie plot. The author wants to replace the word dire in the sentence. Which word is best for the author to use to describe the movie plot? exciting frightful gloomy urgent Question 4 Which sentence from the passage best reflects the author's point of view about superintelligence? According to Hawking, "Once humans develop artificial intelligence, it will take off on its own and redesign itself at an ever-­increasing rate." For example, leading developers Herbert A. Simon and Allen Newell predicted that by 1967, "a digital computer would be the world's chess champion." We keep improving them and making it possible for them to do more for us. We need to stop fearing what probably could never happen and appreciate the value of the artificial intelligence we have today. Question 5 Choose two inferences that can be made about the author's opinion of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence will likely never be self­-improving. Artificial intelligence poses a significant risk to humans. Humans around the world can benefit from artificial intelligence. The future of artificial intelligence is accurately depicted in movies. Scientists have already developed superintelligent artificial intelligence.  Read the passages “Keeping a Firm Grip on Artificial Intelligence” and “Why Smart People Should Not Fear Artificial Intelligence.” Then, answer the questions. Keeping a Firm Grip on Artificial Intelligence 1 To drive you to your karate lesson, your mother uses her GPS system. Do you want to learn how to earn a black belt? Just ask your smartphone. An artificially intelligent "personal assistant" will respond with all the details you need. In fact, she might even display a sense of humor. We've become so used to the help of artificial intelligence (AI) that losing it would make life difficult. But what if one day the GPS system decides it doesn't want to guide you to karate lessons? What if that smartphone AI decides she should be making demands of you, and not the other way around? According to leading tech experts, artificial intelligence provides numerous benefits but could also pose a threat if it is not carefully regulated. 2 In July 2015, several of the world's brightest minds signed a letter describing the possible dangers of AI. Endorsers included physicist Stephen Hawking, Tesla and PayPal co-­founder Elon Musk, and other researchers. The letter mentions the great benefits of AI, but it also warns of "potential pitfalls." And what is at the center of these pitfalls? "Our AI systems must do what we want them to do." These experts say that artificial intelligence systems may one day develop superintelligence. AI systems could figure out how to improve themselves. And they could begin to make major decisions, but without the ethical foundation humans have. 3 At this time, more than fifty nations are developing machines meant to replace humans in combat. Already, drones are being used for this purpose. Tech companies are now working on robotic soldiers. These developments may be fine, but if the machines are not programmed to help humans, this could lead to problems. 4 Documentary maker James Barrat recently wrote a book on AI. He describes the issue at stake: "Scientists have already created machines that are better than humans at chess...navigation, data mining, searching, theorem proving, and countless other tasks," Barrat states. "Eventually, machines will be created that are better than humans at AI research. At that point, they will be able to improve their own capabilities very quickly." 5 Microsoft co-­founder Bill Gates agrees. "I am in the camp that is concerned about superintelligence," Gates says. "First the machines will do a lot of jobs for us and not be superintelligent. That should be positive if we manage it well. A few decades after that, though, the intelligence will be strong enough to be a concern." 6 What is the solution for these concerns? Regulations must be established so that machines are programmed with a moral sense. They must value human life and property because, as Barrat says, "These self­-improving machines will pursue the goals they're created with." 7 "Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history," Stephen Hawking and others wrote. "Unfortunately, it might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks." It's time to focus on these risks so that we can continue to enjoy the benefits of AI without facing any downsides. Why Smart People Should Not Fear Artificial Intelligence 1 In a famous film, a vast artificial intelligence system has taken over Earth. Humans must battle against soldier­like machines, even traveling through time to save the human race. If this sounds like a fantasy, that's because it is. Artificial intelligence (AI) is useful, but it is limited and is unlikely to ever become "superintelligent." Even if that were possible, the events would not play out like this dire movie plot. 2 Two of the world's greatest minds, physicist Stephen Hawking and tech pioneer Elon Musk, worry about AI. According to Hawking, "Once humans develop artificial intelligence, it will take off on its own and redesign itself at an ever-­increasing rate." While this is possible in theory, actually starting this domino effect is improbable. 3 Scientists have been trying to develop true artificial intelligence since the mid­-1950s. They sought to build machines that would exhibit intelligent behavior and solve problems. Some even tried to invent AI that would self­-improve. Initially, every invention was thrilling. No problem­-solving machine had existed before. So creating one that would solve a simple problem successfully gave its inventors confidence—too much confidence. For example, leading developers Herbert A. Simon and Allen Newell predicted that by 1967, "a digital computer would be the world's chess champion." In reality, no one was able to develop such a computer until the late 1990s. 4 Over the past several decades, all efforts to develop superintelligent AI have failed. Even some brilliant minds who fear self-improving AI recognize that this technology may never develop. For now, we have machines that can perform certain tasks. We keep improving them and making it possible for them to do more for us. However, they are far from becoming self­-improving or Superintelligent. 5 Nick Bostrom is an Oxford University philosopher. His recent book, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, describes how AI could one day lead to the end of humanity. After reading the book, Elon Musk tweeted his endorsement of it. Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking also lent their support to Bostrom's warnings. However, even Bostrom, with all his doom­saying, offers a  telling statement. He says that a perfect agent that makes perfect use of all available information "will forever be impossible" because "it is too computationally demanding" to be built into "any physical computer." 6 One scientist would be happy if such AI could be developed. Ray Kurzweil, a director of engineering at Google, has written five books about AI. He appreciates the fact that "a kid in Africa with a smartphone has more intelligent access to knowledge than the President of the United States had 20 years ago." In Kurzweil's thinking, stronger AI can only benefit us, and we can program safeguards into it to ensure this. 7 In a 2015 open letter warning about AI, Musk, Hawking, and others agreed about its advantages. "The potential benefits are huge...the [destruction] of disease and poverty are not unfathomable." We need to stop fearing what probably could never happen and appreciate the value of the artificial intelligence we have today. Question 6 Which statements represent points on which both authors agree? Group and sort each statement to match it with "Agree" if both authors are in agreement about the statement or with "Disagree" if the authors disagree about the statement. Available Options ( 4 of 4 )  Future artificial intelligence should be designed with safeguards and regulations.  Artificial intelligence has the ability to benefit humans.  Several prominent scientists have spoken out about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence.  Artificial intelligence will eventually be designed to have superintelligence. Agree (0 of 3) Disagree (0 of 1)  Read the passage “The Frost.” Then answer the questions. The Frost 1 The Frost looked forth, one still, clear night, 2 And whispered, "Now I shall be out of sight; 3 So through the valley and over the height, 4 In silence I'll take my way: 5 I will not go on with that blustering train, 6 The wind and the snow, the hail and the rain, 7 Who make so much bustle and noise in vain, 8 But I'll be as busy as they." 9 Then he flew to the mountain and powdered its crest; 10 He lit on the trees, and their boughs he dressed 11 In diamond beads—and over the breast 12 Of the quivering lake he spread 13 A coat of mail, that it need not fear 14 The downward point of many a spear 15 That hung on its margin far and near, 16 Where a rock could rear its head. 17 He went to the windows of those who slept, 18 And over each pane, like a fairy, crept; 19 Wherever he breathed, wherever he slept, 20 By the light of the moon were seen 21 Most beautiful things—there were flowers and trees; 22 There were bevies of birds and swarms of bees; 23 There were cities with temples and towers, and these 24 All pictured in silver sheen! 25 But he did one thing that was hardly fair; 26 He peeped in the cupboard, and finding there 27 That all had forgotten for him to prepare— 28 "Now just to set them a­-thinking, 29 I'll bite this basket of fruit," said he, 30 "This costly pitcher I'll burst in three, 31 And the glass of water they've left for me 32 Shall 'tchich!' to tell them I'm drinking." 33 Gould, Hannah Flagg. "The Frost" in Poems Every Child Should Know, edited by Mary E. Burt. 1904. Question 7 This question has two parts. First, answer part A. Then, answer part B. Part A Why is the first stanza (lines 1-8) important to the development of the poem? It explains the inner conflict of the Frost. It reveals the scientific causes of the Frost. It provides a physical description of the Frost. It identifies an important characteristic of the Frost. Part B Which line from the poem best supports the answer to the previous question? The Frost looked forth, one still, clear night, In silence I'll take my way: The wind and the snow, the hail and the rain, Who make so much bustle and noise in vain, Question 8 Read this excerpt from the poem. The wind and the snow, the hail and the rain, Who make so much bustle and noise in vain, (lines 6-7) What does the poet mean by in vain in the excerpt? The wind, snow, hail, and rain are making a commotion without success. The wind, snow, hail, and rain are making a commotion in different directions. The wind, snow, hail, and rain are bragging about making a commotion. The wind, snow, hail, and rain are making a commotion about nothing. Question 9 This question has two parts. First, answer part A. Then, answer part B. Part A Why is the poem's setting important to the Frost's behavior? It explains that the Frost can move at any time of day. It provides an explanation of how the Frost is able to travel. It reveals that people are immune to the effects of the Frost. It shows that the Frost covers many different areas of the land. Part B Which detail from the poem best supports the answer to the previous question? I will not go on with that blustering train, Then he flew to the mountain and powdered its crest; / He lit on the trees... A coat of mail, that it need not fear / The downward point... By the light of the moon were seen Question 10 This question has two parts. First, answer part A. Then, answer part B. Part A Read this dictionary definition. mail n. 1. Letters and packages that are delivered. 2. Postal train or boat. 3. Flexible, protective covering made of interlinked rings. 4. Monetary payment. Now read this excerpt from the poem. Of the quivering lake he spread A coat of mail, that it need not fear (lines 12-13) Which definition of the word mail is used in the excerpt? Definition 1 Definition 2 Definition 3 Definition 4 Part B Which detail about the poem best supports the answer to the previous question? The lake is excited by the Frost's message. The lake is frozen, making it sparkle like coins. The lake is shaking, showing fear as the Frost travels. The lake is turned into ice that cannot be easily broken. Question 11 This question has two parts. First, answer part A. Then, answer part B. Part A Which sentence best shows how the third stanza (lines 17-24) contributes to the overall meaning of the poem? It demonstrates the artistic effects the Frost has on the world. It shows that the Frost works hard to change the landscape. It reveals that the quick movement of the Frost can surprise animals. It explains that larger cities and towns are most affected by the Frost. Part B Which detail from the poem best supports the answer to the previous question? He went to the windows of those who slept, / And over each pane... Wherever he breathed, wherever he slept... By the light of the moon were seen / Most beautiful things... There were bevies of birds and swarms of bees... Question 12 Which of these sentences best states the theme of the poem? Frost can have both positive and negative effects. Frost can occur in both cities and the countryside. Frost has many similarities to trains, snow, and hail. Frost is a phenomenon that is difficult for people to explain. Question 13 Choose two statements with which the speaker of the poem would most likely agree. Frost can be lazy, but it can also be inspiring. Frost can be beautiful, but it can also be mischievous. Frost can be decorative, but it can also be destructive. Frost can be sympathetic, but it can also be distracted. Frost can be productive, but it can also be embarrassing. Question 14 Which sentence best explains the importance of the final stanza (lines 25-32) of the poem? It shows that the Frost can be curious about things people do. It reveals what the Frost needs to consume in order to survive. It suggests that the Frost can become angry if it does not get its way. It demonstrates that the Frost can cause damage if people are not expecting its arrival. Question 15 How does the setting in the final stanza (lines 25-32) affect the actions of the Frost? There is water and fruit in a home, so the Frost decides to consume them. A home has breakable objects, and the Frost accidentally causes damage. There are expensive items in a home, and the Frost chooses to break things. A home is not prepared for the Frost, so he takes the opportunity to misbehave.  Read the passages “What Is the Value of Art?” Then answer the questions. What Is the Value of Art? 1 Art can be bought for just a few dollars from a street vendor, or it can cost up to 300 million dollars, which was the price for Paul Gauguin's Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry?) in 2015. But does the purchase price of art really represent its true or only value? 2 The Value of Art to the Artist Art is the creation of forms symbolic of human feeling. 3 —Susanne Langer Art is the meeting ground of the world inside and the world outside. 4 —Elinor Ulman 5 From a young age, we are all drawn to art. A child with crayons and a piece of paper will create art. It is a natural, instinctual form of communication and expression. As we grow older, our objectives may go beyond this predisposition. Artists may have a specific message to convey or a desire to influence society. They can accomplish this through their subject matter, but also through their techniques and color and media choices. For example, a violent image may be captured using rough brushstrokes to show motion and energy, while watercolors would present a calmer image. Several researchers feel that art not only reflects the social conditions of the time, but molds the public's perception of those conditions. For example, Ansel Adams's breathtaking photographs of landscapes and nature have furthered his belief in the importance of preserving wilderness areas. Many artists also create art in order to make a living, which is easier to do in the current culture where art comes in many forms, from website graphics to portrait photography to museum pieces. 6 Art therapy uses the creative process of making art to improve a person's well-­being. Numerous studies have found that art therapy can help with symptoms of post­traumatic stress disorder. Art therapy has also been used as a medical therapy for children because it is often an easier way for children to express themselves, and it can be a way for children to distract themselves during painful medical procedures. Benefiting patients in these ways is the primary reason healthcare institutions invest in the arts. The recent trend of adult coloring books is one of many examples of the effectiveness of art therapy in reducing stress, organizing thoughts, and focusing. The Value of Art to the Owner  Buy art because you like it and because it moves you, and because it enhances your life. 7 —Dan Fear The brilliance of art as a collectible is that it has a way of reaching out on an emotional level. It touches on mystery, even spirituality. 8 —Robert Genn 9 The value of art to the owner can vary depending on the type of art as well as the type of owner. An individual owner of art may also find personal value in that ownership. The art may be a reminder of a significant trip or time period in the owner's life. Some collectors feel that by gathering and protecting artwork, they are preserving history. Art can be beautiful and powerful, and it can make our space more enjoyable and interesting to be in. It is also a type of currency, and valuable art can be a display of wealth and power. 10 Art is not only used as direct patient therapy in healthcare settings, as discussed above. It is hung in patient rooms, hallways, and waiting rooms for a purpose beyond aesthetics. Studies have shown that decorating hospitals with specific types of artwork can speed up a patient's healing process, shorten hospital stays, and help manage pain. Big windows in patients' rooms, providing a view of nature's artwork, can serve the same purpose. Corporations and even hotel chains use artwork for the same reason—to enhance visitors' surroundings and give them a positive impression of their experience. 11 Corporations have also found that art serves a purpose for their facilities. Art is selected for employee enjoyment as well as to project a certain image. For example, a company may wish to demonstrate that it is a global organization and would choose pieces from around the world. Technology firms may choose modern pieces with unique media such as lights, while engineering firms may choose more structural ones. The Value of Art to Society Politicians don't bring people together. Artists do. 12 —Richard Daley, Former Mayor of Chicago The arts are an essential element of education, just like reading, writing, and arithmetic. Music, dance, painting, and theater are all keys that unlock profound human understanding and accomplishment. 13 —William Bennett, Former United States Secretary of Education 14 Art can be valuable to society in certain very clear ways. Arts can boost local economies, attract visitors, create jobs, develop skills, and attract and retain businesses. Research has also found that participation in arts and cultural activities helps people have a greater sense of well­being and makes them more likely to vote, volunteer in their community, and stay employed. 15 Through art, society can also witness history. The people, dates, settings, and events that shape our world are visible. Because art can be created by anyone, it allows viewers to look at these events from different perspectives and see how they impacted the people living through them. For the same reason, it enables people to be exposed to and better understand different cultures. 16 Many believe that exposure to the arts can result in desirable outcomes, such as higher test scores and a feeling of social responsibility. However, few studies have been conducted to assess these beliefs. But in 2011, a research project evaluated groups of students who were given tours of a new art museum, Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, in Bentonville, Arkansas. Several weeks after the tour, these students were asked to answer a series of questions about art and their beliefs and write an essay about a work of art that was unfamiliar to them. The researchers also tracked whether the students came back to the museum another time. Analysis of the results demonstrated that students who were given the tours demonstrated stronger critical thinking skills, displayed higher levels of social tolerance, exhibited greater historical empathy, and developed a taste for art museums and cultural institutions. Visiting an art museum exposes students to new ideas and perspectives. 17 Art has value to individuals as well as to communities, and its impacts are far reaching. It adds vibrancy and color to the canvas of our lives. Question 16 Which statement most clearly expresses the author's point of view? Art is most useful for therapeutic purposes. The true value of a work of art is based on its ability to shape culture. The worth of a work of art is dependent upon the price one is willing to pay for it. Art can have a significant positive impact on individuals, institutions, and communities. Question 17 Choose two sentences from the passage that support the idea that artists have an influence on society. Artists may have a specific message to convey or a desire to influence society. They can accomplish this through their subject matter, but also through their techniques and color and media choices. For example, a violent image may be captured using rough brushstrokes to show motion and energy, while watercolors would present a calmer image. Several researchers feel that art not only reflects the social conditions of the time, but molds the public's perception of those conditions. For example, Ansel Adams's breathtaking photographs of landscapes and nature have furthered his belief in the importance of preserving wilderness areas. Many artists also create art in order to make a living, which is easier to do in the current culture where art comes in many forms, from website graphics to portrait photography to museum pieces. For example, Ansel Adams's breathtaking photographs of landscapes and nature have furthered his belief in the importance of preserving wilderness areas. Several researchers feel that art not only reflects the social conditions of the time, but molds the public's perception of those conditions. Many artists also create art in order to make a living, which is easier to do in the current culture where art comes in many forms, from website graphics to portrait photography to museum pieces. Artists may have a specific message to convey or a desire to influence society. For example, a violent image may be captured using rough brushstrokes to show motion and energy, while watercolors would present a calmer image. They can accomplish this through their subject matter, but also through their techniques and color and media choices. Question 18 Read this quotation from the passage. Buy art because you like it and because it moves you, and because it enhances your life. What is the meaning of enhances as it is used in the passage? improves lengthens motivates soothes Question 19 What information presented in the chart is further elaborated upon in the passage? Group and sort each key detail to match it with "Yes" if the key detail is further elaborated upon in the passage or "No" if the key detail is not further elaborated upon in the passage. Available Options ( 3 of 3 )  How art positively affects healthcare staff  How art benefits patients  How art contributes to an understanding of history Yes (0 of 2) No (0 of 1) Question 20 This question has two parts. First, answer part A. Then, answer part B. Part A Read this sentence from the passage. Visiting an art museum exposes students to new ideas and perspectives. Which word best replaces perspectives without changing the meaning of the sentence? enjoyments experiences opportunities viewpoints Part B Which word from the sentence best supports the answer to the previous question? visiting museum students ideas Question 21 Choose two statements about the passage that support the claim that "exposure to the arts can result in desirable outcomes, such as higher test scores and a feeling of social responsibility." After going on tours of a new art museum, students' enjoyment of museums increased. Researchers tracked whether students who toured a new art museum came back to the museum again. Students who went on a tour of a new art museum were able to answer questions about art and their beliefs. Analysis of the study results showed that students who were given tours demonstrated stronger critical thinking skills. Researchers found that students who were given tours of a new art museum displayed higher levels of social tolerance.  For the following questions, you will use your writing skills. Read the directions and answer the questions. Question 22 A student is writing a research report about the platypus. Read the draft and the directions that follow. While the platypus looks like it has a bill like a duck's, that is actually a soft snout.. The platypus eats worms, shrimp, and insect larvae. Choose the best way to transition between the ideas. Its snout is very sensitive. It is known for its unusual­-looking snout. It eats food that it finds on river and lake bottoms. Its sensitive snout helps it find food on river and lake bottoms. Question 23 Read the paragraph. (1) Dante lived in a boring neighborhood where nothing exciting ever happened, but today was an extraordinary day. (2) Everyone was so excited because for the first time in years, the neighborhood was getting some new neighbors; the house down the street had finally been sold. (3) Dante and his friends wondered why anyone would want to buy such an old, ugly house, but then they actually met their new neighbors, who had a son around Dante's age. (4) The family told everyone that they planned to remodel the old home and add a swimming pool. (5) The most exciting part was when they told everyone that when the pool was complete, they were all invited over for a pool party! Choose the two sentences that best add descriptive details about the setting before sentence 3. The new neighbors looked like nice people. The neighbors had thought that no one would ever buy the old house. The whole neighborhood couldn't wait to meet the people who had bought the house. The deteriorating house had several broken windows and an old, rotting wooden porch that would need repairs immediately. The rundown house had been empty for a long time, which was made obvious by the overgrown, weed-filled lawn and the chipping paint on the front of the house. Question 24 A student is writing a story about a boy who goes scuba diving. Read the draft and the directions that follow. I swam down farther and farther, carefully using my breather as I had been taught. When I stopped swimming, I could feel the water gently tugging me back and forth as high above me, waves rolled in to the shore. A school of fish swam past me, green and silver scales flashing. I looked around, really looked, and felt awe and fear. This was real. I was underwater, swimming through the ocean. I looked up and saw the sunlight filtering down. I looked down and the water got darker, murkier. Anything could be down there. I could feel myself beginning to panic, to take faster breaths through my breather. Suddenly, I only wanted to find the surface and get out of the water. Choose the conclusion that best follows from and reflects on the story. I remembered what the scuba instructor had said about taking slow, deep breaths. I started to slow my breathing, and when I was calm again, I swam over to some kelp that was swaying gently with the rhythm of the water. A few minutes later, I saw another silvery school of fish swim by. Eventually, it was time to return to the surface. Later, I drew pictures of the different things I had seen down there. There was one picture of the kelp with the sunlight filtering through it. I drew one picture of the blue and silver school of fish and one of the colorful fish that swam by later. I put the pictures up on my wall, and when my friends came over, they said the pictures looked great. I was feeling scared. I tried to calm down, tried to take slow, deep breaths. I focused on some long strands of kelp growing up from the ocean floor. They seemed serene and calm, so I forced myself to watch them gently swaying back and forth. Suddenly, I didn't want quite so badly to get to the surface. Just then, a beautiful fish swam by, its body seeming as if it were painted in bright colors. I smiled, glad I hadn't missed seeing it. I was feeling scared, and I definitely was not having fun anymore. I took some slow breaths to calm myself down and swam toward the surface. When my head burst through into the air, the world seemed full of dazzling gems of water sliding down my mask. I swam over to the boat, and my mom helped me climb in. I spent the rest of the afternoon lying in the shade, drinking juice and enjoying the warm breeze on my skin. Question 25 A student is gathering ideas for a story. Drag and drop the ideas into the order in which they should be presented. Available Options ( 5 of 5 )  The librarian gives Lena a book on coins.  Lena sits in school, thinking about the coin.  Lena finds a mysterious coin on her way to school.  Lena asks the librarian about the coin, but the librarian doesn't recognize it.  The main character, Lena, is introduced. First Second Third Fourth Fifth Question 26 A student is writing a persuasive essay about community involvement. She wrote an opinion in the report. Read the draft of the report and the directions that follow. Community involvement can mean going to events, learning about problems the community faces, or even volunteering to help be part of the solution. Whatever it means to you, participating in your community is necessary and will help you grow up into a responsible adult. The student found quotations from community activists. Which two quotations best support the student’s opinion? "I used to spend time helping in my community and going to block parties before I got busy with high school and college. It is a fun way to pass the time." "I was totally plugged in as a kid; if it wasn't a computer game or social networking, I didn't care. Now, I try to have more balance in my life, and I like to feel like a real part of my community." "I first got involved when I was a kid, getting to know my neighbors and finding ways to help with the problems we were all facing. I am proud to see the change I am still helping to create in my community." "When I was a kid, I lived in a community where people got involved a lot. There were parties and community forums. People tried to make a difference. Where I live now, people do not get involved. I barely even know my neighbors." "When I was a kid, I liked to go to community forums and listen to people discussing problems and solutions. I would help set up chairs. Now, I help out by organizing the forums, and I make sure everyone knows about them and everyone gets to have a say."  For the following questions, you will use your research skills. Read the directions and answer the questions. Question 27 A student is writing a research report about early railroads in the United States. He is gathering information for the report. Which Internet search term is most likely to produce the information the student is looking for? railroads and trains railroads and their origins history of trains in the United States history of railroads in the United States Question 28 A student is writing a research report about the importance of leisure time. He found a trustworthy source. Read Source 1 and the directions that follow. Source 1: Leisure activities are vital to our health. Through leisure, we can learn about ourselves and others, relax, and develop new interests. — Professor Raul Flippson What is the best way for the student to use the information in the report? According to Professor Raul Flippson, we should not discount the benefits of leisure activities. They help us learn about new interests and people. According to Professor Raul Flippson, leisure activities make us healthier. Through leisure, we "relax, develop new interests, and learn about ourselves and others." According to Professor Raul Flippson, leisure activities are important for our health. Through leisure, we can relax, develop new interests, and learn about ourselves and others. According to Professor Raul Flippson, leisure activities really matter when it comes to health. Leisure activities are a way to "learn about ourselves and others, relax, and develop new interests." Question 29 A student is writing a research report about female world leaders and is gathering information about female world leaders currently in power as leaders of their countries. Which source would most likely have relevant information for the student's report? thepathtoequalrights.com/femaleworldleaders: Learn which countries have elected female leaders and which ones have not listalot.com/importantwomen: Get a list of all women changing the world through their science, technology, and leadership achievements womanpowerblog.com/importantwomen: Learn about the lives of the most influential women of all time in the arts, diplomacy, and politics thesundaypaper.com/femaleworldleaders: Discover what countries have female leaders in power, who these women are, and what they have accomplished Question 30 A student is writing a research report about the New Deal. She wrote an opinion in the report. Read the draft of the report and the directions that follow. The New Deal and President Franklin D. Roosevelt are fondly remembered today. But the New Deal's role in ending the Great Depression was very minimal. It had no effect at all in ending the Great Depression. The student took notes about the topic from a book about the Great Depression. Which note best supports the student's opinion? The New Deal required farmers to destroy their own crops as a means of raising food prices. Eight years after the New Deal was put into effect, the United States unemployment rate was still very high. New York's LaGuardia Airport and Chicago's Outer Bridge Drive were built through New Deal programs. Several New Deal programs, such as the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), were ruled unconstitutional.  For the following questions, you will use your language skills. Read the directions and answer the questions. Question 31 Choose the sentence that has an inappropriate shift in verb voice. After the holiday ended, we made the long journey back home. When my friends arrived at my apartment, the doorbell was rung. The trees were pushed to and fro and the windows were rattled by the strong wind. I was disappointed that the game was canceled but excited to go to the movies instead. Question 32 A student is drafting part of a presentation about artists in the United States. The draft includes a sentence that does not express the correct relationship between two ideas. (1) Many artists in the United States are not well paid, though there are foundations that support the arts. (2) Artists must often take other jobs in order to pay their bills, since they must spend less time doing art when they are working. (3) Many choose to do art because they find it fulfilling. (4) They enjoy art for its own sake, and the lack of payment does not make it less important. Which numbered sentence does not express the correct relationship between ideas and needs to be edited? (1) Many artists in the United States are not well paid, though there are foundations that support the arts. (2) Artists must often take other jobs in order to pay their bills, since they must spend less time doing art when they are working. (3) Many choose to do art because they find it fulfilling. (4) They enjoy art for its own sake, and the lack of payment does not make it less important. Question 33 Click to highlight the two words that are misspelled in the sentences. Toward the end of my sophomore trip to New York, I finally lost my stammina after miles of walking. I was one of the last people to reach the skyscraper lobby, but I didn't let that make me feel melancoly. skyscraper lobby stammina melancoly sophomore Question 34 Choose the two sentences that use a dash appropriately. My aunt will—arrive tomorrow. My dad—and my uncle like sad movies. Our family likes to hike no matter the weather—sun, rain, or snow. To celebrate my graduation, Mom cooked my favorite meal—spaghetti. Lena ran almost every day, however—she always wanted a ride to school. Question 35 Group and sort each sentence to match it with the word or words that should be used in the sentence. Available Options ( 3 of 3 )  If I were on the team, I ______ made the goal.  In order to help your team win, you ______ give your best effort.  If you listen to the coach, you ______ improve your game. might (0 of 1) must (0 of 1) would have (0 of 1)