Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth PDF

Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth Chapter 2 EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright ©...

Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth Chapter 2 EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Reproductive Systems (part 1)  Uterus: The pear-shaped muscular organ in a woman’s abdomen that houses the developing baby; endometrium lining  Cervix: The neck, or narrow lower portion, of the uterus  Fallopian tube: One of a pair of slim, pipelike structures that connect the ovaries with the uterus  Ovaries: A pair of almond-shaped organs that contain a woman’s ova, or eggs  Ovum: An egg cell containing the genetic material contributed by the mother to the baby EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Reproductive Systems (part 2) EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Process of Fertilization  Fertilization: The union of sperm and egg  Ovulation: The moment during a woman’s monthly cycle when an ovum is expelled from the ovary  Testes: Male organs that manufacture sperm EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Genetics of Fertilization  Chromosome: A threadlike strand of DNA located in the nucleus of every cell that carries the genes, which transmit hereditary information  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): The material that makes up genes, which bear our hereditary characteristics  Gene: A segment of DNA that contains a chemical blueprint for manufacturing a particular protein EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Chromosomes and DNA EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Prenatal Development (part 1)  First 2 weeks: The germinal stage  First approximately 2 weeks of prenatal development, from fertilization to full implantation  Zygote  Blastocyst  Implantation  Placenta EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Prenatal Development (part 2)  Week 3 to week 8: The embryonic stage  Second stage of prenatal development, lasting from week 3 through week 8  All major organs are constructed.  Body develops at astounding rate.  Neural tube EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Events of the Germinal Stage EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Principles of Prenatal Development (part 1)  Proximodistal sequence: The developmental principle that growth occurs from the most interior parts of the body outward  Cephalocaudal sequence: The developmental principle that growth occurs in sequence from head to toe  Mass-to-specific sequence: The developmental principle that large structures (and movements) precede increasingly detailed refinements EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Principles of Prenatal Development (part 2) EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Prenatal Development (part 3)  Week 9 to birth: The fetal stage  Final phase of prenatal development, lasting 7 months; characterized by physical refinements, massive growth, and the development of the brain  Age of viability: Earliest point at which a baby can survive outside the womb EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Expanding Brain EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Poised to Be Born  Umbilical cord: The structure that attaches the placenta to the fetus through which nutrients are passed and fetal wastes are removed  Amniotic sac: A bag- shaped, fluid-filled membrane that contains and insulates the fetus EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Pregnancy (part 1)  First trimester: Often feeling tired and ill  Gestation: The period of pregnancy  Trimester: One of the 3-month-long segments into which pregnancy is divided  Hormones: Chemical substances released in the bloodstream that target and change organs and tissues  Progesterone  Human chorionic gonadotropin  Morning sickness and couvade  Miscarriage: The naturally occurring loss of a pregnancy and death of the fetus EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Pregnancy (part 2)  Second trimester: Feeling much better and connecting emotionally  Quickening: A pregnant woman’s first feeling of the fetus moving inside her body  Third trimester: Getting very large and waiting for birth  Physical concerns  Backaches, leg cramps, numbness and tingling, heartburn, insomnia EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Trending in Developmental Science: Decoding Pregnancy Distress  Results from meta-analysis  Rates of certain conditions (e.g., obsessive- compulsive disorders) rise slightly during pregnancy.  In general, pregnant women are no more likely to have anxiety disorders than the population at large.  Rates of depression have rise in recent decades. Why?  Work/family worries; family–work conflict  Relationship issues; cortisol rise in mate EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Pregnancy (part 3) EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Threats for Outside: Teratogens  Threats for Outside: Teratogens  Birth defect: A physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at a birth  Teratogen: A substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus  Sensitive period: The time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by a teratogen, typically when that organ or process is rapidly developing or coming “online”  Developmental disorders: Learning impairments and behavioral problems during infancy and childhood EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Basic Teratogenic Principles  Teratogens  Teratogens are most likely to cause major structural damage during the embryonic stage.  Teratogens can affect the developing brain throughout pregnancy.  Teratogens have a threshold level above which damage occurs.  Teratogens exert their damage unpredictably, depending on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities. EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Teratogenic Impact of Medicines and Recreational Drugs  Smoking (and vaping)  Smaller-than-normal, less healthy baby; inhibition of growth  Heavy smoking most poisonous for development  Alcohol  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): A cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy  Smaller-than-normal birth weight and brain  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Less severe syndrome characterized by deficits in learning and impaired mental health  Genetic changes that impair neural growth EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Long Shadow of Traumatic Life Events  Severe prenatal traumas influence the entire lifespan.  Prenatal deprivation of nutrients and exposure to intense maternal stress results in impaired growth that primes the infant to expect deprivation, eat excessively, or store fat.  Promoting obesity and potentially shorter life  Fetal programming research: New research discipline exploring the impact of traumatic pregnancy events and stress on producing low birth weight, obesity, and long-term physical problems EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (part 1)  Chromosomal problems  Babies can be born with an abnormal number of sex chromosomes, such as an extra X or two, an extra Y, or a single X) and survival; outcomes are often learning impairments and sometimes infertility.  Down syndrome: The most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, susceptibility to heart disease, other health problems, and distinctive physical characteristics, including slanted eyes and a stocky build EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (part 2)  Genetic disorders  Most illnesses, from cancer to heart disease to schizophrenia, are caused by complex nature- plus-nurture interactions.  A single, known gene causes these next disorders that often appear at birth.  Single-gene disorder: An illness caused by a single gene; passed down according to three modes of influence  Dominant, recessive, sex-linked EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (part 3)  Genetic disorders  Dominant disorder: An illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder  Huntington’s disease (HD)  Recessive disorder: An illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder  Cystic fibrosis (CF); sickle cell anemia; Tay-Sachs disease  Sex-linked single-gene disorder: An illness, carried on the mother’s X chromosome, that typically leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a 50/50 chance of striking each male child  Hemophilia EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Interventions  Genetic counseling  Genetic testing  Genetic counselor  Prenatal tests  MRIs  Ultrasound  Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)  Amniocentesis EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, Prenatal Threats, Tools of Discovery EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (part 1)  Infertility: The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sex (include the inability to carry a child to term)  Assisted reproductive technology (ART): Any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb  In vitro fertilization: An infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (part 2) EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (part 3)  Infertility: The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sex (includes the inability to carry a child to term)  Assisted reproductive technology (ART): Any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb  In vitro fertilization: An infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (part 4)  Here you can see the dismal facts:  The age of the mother makes a huge impact on ART success. Data from CDC, 2018 EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Birth  Stage 1: Dilation and effacement  Crowning  Stage 2: Birth  Stage 3: Expulsion of the placenta  Breech birth EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Birth Options, Past and Present  Eighteenth century to nineteenth century  Midwives; childbed fever; primitive forceps; contagious disease  Early twentieth century  Modern hospital birth: obstetrics; impersonal, assembly- line hospital procedures  Natural childbirth providers and options  Certified midwife, doula, Lamaze method, Bradley method  Medical interventions  Episiotomy, epidural, electronic fetal monitor, C-section EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Newborn (part 1)  Testing newborns: the Apgar scale  Too small, too soon  Low birth weight (LBW): Less than 5.5 pounds at birth  Very low birth weight (VLBW): Less than 3.25 pounds at birth  Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU): A special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Newborn (part 2) This baby weighing less than 1 This baby has an excellent pound was lucky to make it out Apgar score. Notice his of the womb alive—but she is at healthy, robust appearance. high risk for having physical and emotional problems as she travels through life. EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Infant Mortality EXPERIENCING THE LIFESPAN Janet Belsky | Sixth Edition