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The uterus is a kidney shaped organ located in a woman’s abdomen.
The uterus is a kidney shaped organ located in a woman’s abdomen.
False
The cervix is the uppermost part of the uterus.
The cervix is the uppermost part of the uterus.
False
Fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus.
Fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus.
True
Family-work conflict is unrelated to work and family worries.
Family-work conflict is unrelated to work and family worries.
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Ovaries contain a woman's sperm.
Ovaries contain a woman's sperm.
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A birth defect is any physical or neurological anomaly that occurs after birth.
A birth defect is any physical or neurological anomaly that occurs after birth.
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An ovum contains genetic material contributed by the mother.
An ovum contains genetic material contributed by the mother.
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A teratogen is a substance that affects the mother's health, but not the fetus.
A teratogen is a substance that affects the mother's health, but not the fetus.
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The sensitive period is when a body structure is less susceptible to damage by a teratogen.
The sensitive period is when a body structure is less susceptible to damage by a teratogen.
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Fertilization occurs when an ovum is released from the ovary.
Fertilization occurs when an ovum is released from the ovary.
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Testes are the female organs that manufacture sperm.
Testes are the female organs that manufacture sperm.
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Teratogens usually cause the most significant structural damage during the fetal period.
Teratogens usually cause the most significant structural damage during the fetal period.
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Genes are segments of RNA.
Genes are segments of RNA.
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The umbilical cord is the structure that attaches the fetus to the mother's heart.
The umbilical cord is the structure that attaches the fetus to the mother's heart.
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The amniotic sac is a fluid-filled membrane that insulates and protects the fetus.
The amniotic sac is a fluid-filled membrane that insulates and protects the fetus.
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The gestation period refers to one of the 12-month segments of a pregnancy.
The gestation period refers to one of the 12-month segments of a pregnancy.
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Hormones are primarily responsible for changes in the nervous system during pregnancy.
Hormones are primarily responsible for changes in the nervous system during pregnancy.
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Quickening refers to a pregnant woman's first sensation of the fetus moving.
Quickening refers to a pregnant woman's first sensation of the fetus moving.
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A miscarriage is a planned termination of pregnancy.
A miscarriage is a planned termination of pregnancy.
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During the second trimester, pregnant women often feel worse than in the first trimester.
During the second trimester, pregnant women often feel worse than in the first trimester.
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Rates of depression during pregnancy have generally declined in recent decades.
Rates of depression during pregnancy have generally declined in recent decades.
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The germinal stage encompasses the first 4 weeks of prenatal development.
The germinal stage encompasses the first 4 weeks of prenatal development.
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The zygote is formed during the embryonic stage of prenatal development.
The zygote is formed during the embryonic stage of prenatal development.
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The embryonic stage lasts from week one through week eight of prenatal development.
The embryonic stage lasts from week one through week eight of prenatal development.
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During the embryonic stage, all major body organs are constructed.
During the embryonic stage, all major body organs are constructed.
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The proximodistal sequence refers to the development of the body from head to toe.
The proximodistal sequence refers to the development of the body from head to toe.
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The cephalocaudal sequence describes the developmental principle where large motor skills develop before more refined ones.
The cephalocaudal sequence describes the developmental principle where large motor skills develop before more refined ones.
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The fetal stage is the final stage of prenatal development, lasting approximately 7 months.
The fetal stage is the final stage of prenatal development, lasting approximately 7 months.
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The age of viability refers to the point at which major organs develop during the embryonic stage.
The age of viability refers to the point at which major organs develop during the embryonic stage.
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Heavy smoking during pregnancy has minor effects on a developing fetus.
Heavy smoking during pregnancy has minor effects on a developing fetus.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy and is characterized by a cluster of birth defects.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy and is characterized by a cluster of birth defects.
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are more severe than fetal alcohol syndrome.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are more severe than fetal alcohol syndrome.
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Maternal stress and deprivation of nutrients during pregnancy can cause a child to be predisposed to obesity and a shortened life.
Maternal stress and deprivation of nutrients during pregnancy can cause a child to be predisposed to obesity and a shortened life.
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Fetal programming research investigates how traumatic pregnancy events impact a developing fetus and subsequent long-term health.
Fetal programming research investigates how traumatic pregnancy events impact a developing fetus and subsequent long-term health.
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Babies can only be born with either the correct number of sex chromosomes or with an additional X chromosome.
Babies can only be born with either the correct number of sex chromosomes or with an additional X chromosome.
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Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality that results in learning impairments and heart issues, but does not alter the physical appearance of the child.
Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality that results in learning impairments and heart issues, but does not alter the physical appearance of the child.
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An extra Y chromosome can sometimes lead to learning impairments.
An extra Y chromosome can sometimes lead to learning impairments.
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Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after six months of unprotected sex.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after six months of unprotected sex.
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Assisted reproductive technology (ART) involves any fertility treatment where the sperm is fertilized outside of the womb.
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) involves any fertility treatment where the sperm is fertilized outside of the womb.
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In vitro fertilization is a type of infertility treatment in which conception occurs inside the womb.
In vitro fertilization is a type of infertility treatment in which conception occurs inside the womb.
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The age of the mother has only a minor impact on the success of ART treatments.
The age of the mother has only a minor impact on the success of ART treatments.
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The first stage of birth is known as the expulsion of the placenta.
The first stage of birth is known as the expulsion of the placenta.
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Crowning occurs during the third stage of the birth process.
Crowning occurs during the third stage of the birth process.
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A breech birth is when the baby exits head first.
A breech birth is when the baby exits head first.
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The third stage of labor will result in the expulsion of the placenta.
The third stage of labor will result in the expulsion of the placenta.
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Study Notes
Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth
- Prenatal development encompasses the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages
- The germinal stage (first two weeks) involves fertilization, cell division, and implantation in the uterus
- Zygote is a fertilized egg
- Blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells
- Implantation is when the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall
- Placenta is the structure enabling nutrient and waste exchange between mother and fetus
- The embryonic stage (weeks 3-8) involves the development of major organs, rapid body growth, and formation of the neural tube
- The fetal stage (weeks 9 to birth) includes physical refinements, massive growth of the brain, and development of bodily systems
- The age of viability is the point at which a baby can potentially survive outside the womb
The Reproductive Systems
- Uterus: Pear-shaped muscular organ housing the developing baby
- Endometrium: Lining of the uterus
- Cervix: Narrow lower portion of the uterus
- Fallopian tubes: Connect ovaries to the uterus, where fertilization occurs
- Ovaries: Almond-shaped organs containing ova (eggs)
- Ovum: Egg cell containing genetic material from the mother
- Testes: Male organs producing sperm
The Process of Fertilization
- Fertilization: Union of sperm and egg
- Ovulation: Release of an ovum from the ovary
- Testes: Male organs producing sperm
The Genetics of Fertilization
- Chromosome: Threadlike strand of DNA carrying genes
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic material making up genes
- Gene: Segment of DNA containing a blueprint for manufacturing a particular protein
Chromosomes and DNA
- Chromosomes in a cell nucleus
- DNA's double helix structure
- Various types of chromosomes and their representation
Prenatal Development (Part 1)
- Germinal stage: First 2 weeks of prenatal development
- Zygote, blastocyst, and implantation
- Placenta: Crucial structure for nutrient/waste exchange
Prenatal Development (Part 2)
- Embryonic stage: Weeks 3–8 of prenatal development
- All major organs formed
- Rapid body development
- Neural tube formation
The Events of the Germinal Stage
- Stages of fertilization, cell division, ovulation, and implantation
Principles of Prenatal Development (Part 1)
- Proximodistal sequence: Growth from the center outward
- Cephalocaudal sequence: Growth from head to toe
- Mass-to-specific sequence: Development of large structures before smaller ones
Principles of Prenatal Development (Part 2)
- Prenatal development images
Prenatal Development (Part 3)
- Fetal stage: Weeks 9 to birth
- Physical refinements, brain development, age of viability
The Expanding Brain
- Brain development from 4 to 9 months
Poised to Be Born
- Umbilical cord: Connects fetus to placenta
- Amniotic sac: Fluid-filled sac protecting the fetus
Pregnancy (Part 1)
- First trimester (1–3 months): Feeling tired and/or ill
- Gestation: Period of pregnancy
- Trimester: 3-month segments of pregnancy
- Hormones: Chemical substances that change organs and tissues
- Progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin
- Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting)
- Couvade: Symptoms experienced by fathers during pregnancy
- Miscarriage: Loss of pregnancy/fetal death
Pregnancy (Part 2)
- Second trimester (4–6 months): Better feeling, emotional connection
- Quickening: First fetal movements felt by mother
- Third trimester (7–9 months): Large size, anticipation of birth. Physiological concerns that may arise
Trending in Developmental Science: Decoding Pregnancy Distress
- Meta-analysis results about pregnancy distress
- Increase in rates of certain disorders and anxiety during pregnancy
- Relationship issues, work/family conflicts, and cortisol levels in mates are contributing factors
Pregnancy (Part 3)
- Percentage of depression among pregnant women in different time periods
Threats for Outside: Teratogens
- Teratogen harms the fetus
- Birth defect
- Sensitive period: Most vulnerable time in development
- Developmental disorders: Learning and behavioral problems
Basic Teratogenic Principles
- Teratogens harm during embryonic period
- Affects the developing brain throughout development
- Threshold level and unpredictability of injury
The Teratogenic Impact of Medicines and Recreational Drugs
- Smoking and vaping: Reduced healthy development
- FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome): cluster of birth defects from maternal alcohol use
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Less severe versions
The Long Shadow of Traumatic Life Events
- Severe prenatal traumas
- Prenatal deprivation and exposure to intense maternal stress
- Fetal programming research
Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (Part 1)
- Chromosomal problems (extra or missing sex chromosomes leading impairment or infertility)
- Down syndrome: Most common chromosomal abnormality
Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (Part 2)
- Genetic illnesses are often complex
- Single-gene disorders: Inherited according to dominant, recessive, or sex-linked patterns.
Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (Part 3)
- Dominant disorder: Child inherits one copy of abnormal gene from parent.
- Recessive disorder: Child inherits two copies of abnormal gene from parents.
- Sex-linked disorders typically appear in male offspring
Interventions
- Genetic counseling: Genetic testing
- Prenatal tests: MRIs, ultrasounds, CVS, and amniocentesis
Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, Prenatal Threats, Tools of Discovery
- Summary of stages of prenatal development together with threats and discoveries
Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (Part 1)
- Infertility: Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sex
- Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (Part 2)
- Pregnancy stages and different discoveries at each trimester
Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (Part 3)
- Infertility and conception outside the womb
- ART treatments (IVF)
Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (Part 4)
- Age of the mother and success of ART
Birth
- Stages of birth: Dilation, expulsion, and placental expulsion
- Breech birth
Birth Options, Past and Present
- Historic methods of birth
- Modern methods of birth (midwives, doulas, medical interventions)
The Newborn (Part 1)
- Testing newborns (Apgar scale).
- Low birth weight (LBW), and very low birth weight (VLBW)
- Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
The Newborn (Part 2)
- Pictures of newborns
- Excellent Apgar score
- Babies weighing less than 1 pound
Infant Mortality
- Infant mortality rates
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Description
This quiz covers the stages of prenatal development, including the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages. It also explores key concepts related to the reproductive systems, such as the structure and functions of the uterus, endometrium, and cervix. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in human development!
