A223 Biochemistry L01 Worksheet AY 2024 Sem 2 PDF

OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet A223 Biochemistry L01: Anaerobic Respiration 1. Fueling life… Answer the following questions based on link 1 and link 2 [Accessible August 2024] a. What is metabolism? Metabolism is the su...

OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet A223 Biochemistry L01: Anaerobic Respiration 1. Fueling life… Answer the following questions based on link 1 and link 2 [Accessible August 2024] a. What is metabolism? Metabolism is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions taking place in the body. Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. b. What are anabolism and catabolism? Anabolism is the process where smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger more complex substances. The body can assemble the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods eaten by utilizing energy. Catabolism is the process by which the larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. Catabolism releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life. c. What are metabolic pathways? Metabolic pathways are linked to a series of chemical reactions occurring within living cells. Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 1  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet d. What are the six major types of reactions found in metabolic pathways? 1. Ligation reactions 2. The Formation/Removal of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds 3. Isomerization reactions 4. Group transfer reactions 5. Hydrolysis reactions 6. Redox reaction e. Metabolic pathways can be linear or cyclic (circular), as shown in Error! Reference source not found.1 below. Figure 1: Linear and cyclic metabolic pathways Away from substance – being consumed, REACTANT/SUBSTRATE Towards the substance – being produced, PRODUCT Fill in the blanks to differentiate linear and cyclic metabolic pathways from each other. linear pathways start with a substrate and end with a product through a simple series of defined chemical modification steps. A_circular_metabolic pathway is a series of biochemical reactions where the final product regenerates an initial substrate, allowing the cycle to continue repeatedly. Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 2  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet f. With reference to Figure 1, fill in the table below (using letters A – F and E1 – E4). Table 1: Metabolites in Pathways This substance is a reactant or substrate in the pathway. Linear:A ONE arrow is pointing away Cyclic: A, These substances are intermediate products formed which Linear: B, C, D then becomes a reactant or substrate in subsequent step of the pathway. Cyclic: B, C, D, E ONE arrow is pointing away AND towards This substance is an enzyme that catalyzes a step in the Linear: E1-E4 pathway. Cyclic: E1-E4 ON arrow(s) pointing away/ towards The final products of the pathway Linear: E ONE arrow is pointing towards Cyclic: F 2. Energy Extraction Living cells are in a state of continuous metabolism. Carbohydrates are an important source of energy that drives these reactions. Figure 2: Food consumed by humans a. Figure 2 shows some of the foods we eat. During digestion, complex food molecules are broken down into their basic units. Watch the video below and fill in Table 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxNpXO8gGFM [Accessible August 2024] Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 3  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet Table 2: From Polymers to Monomers Complex Food molecule Basic Units Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (glucose) Proteins Peptides (amino acids) Fats (Lipids) Triglycerides (glycerol and fatty acids) b. After digestion, the small organic molecules derived from food enter the cytosol of cells. If cellular energy reserves are low, glucose is degraded by the glycolytic pathway. (Greek: glukus – sweet (sugar); lusis – loosening, melting). Glycolysis is an ancient pathway found in almost all organisms. Examine the below figure and watch this video [Accessible August 2024] to understand the glycolysis process. Note: Represents a phosphate group Figure 3: Glycolysis i. In glycolysis, what is the molecule that glucose is converted into, as the final product in this pathway? Two molecules of pyruvate Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 4  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet ii. How is energy produced in glycolysis? The release of energy from the bond breaking in ATP. iii. Complete the overall chemical reaction of glycolysis, by filling in the appropriate numbers. 1 Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 _ Pi 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ 3. Moving On For most animal and plant cells, glycolysis is only a prelude to a final stage in which pyruvate formed at the last stage of glycolysis is rapidly transported into the mitochondria where it is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O (aerobic respiration). In contrast, for many anaerobic organisms—which do not utilize molecular oxygen and can grow and divide without it—glycolysis is the principal source of the cell's ATP. This is also true for certain animal tissues, such as skeletal muscle, that can continue to function when molecular oxygen is limited. Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate and the NADH electrons stay in the cytosol. The pyruvate is converted into products excreted from the cell. The (purpose of fermentation) is to clear the pyruvate and (to oxidize NADH back into NAD +), which is used again in glycolysis with another glucose. This is shown below in Figure 4. Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 5  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet Figure 4: Further metabolism of pyruvate i. In the 2 pathways, identify the different criteria for the conversion of pyruvic acid by filling in the table below: Note: You may refer to these resources (link1) [Accessible August 2024] Table 3: Pathways of further metabolism of pyruvate Conversion of Pyruvic Conversion of Pyruvic acid to Ethanol acid to lactic acid Organism or tissue Bacteria and muscle Bacteria and muscle tissue in which the tissue conversion occurs Type of reaction oxidation which describes the change of NADH to NAD+ Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 6  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet Enzyme(s) involved in conversion(s) Purpose of To produce energy To replenish the supply of NAD+ for carrying out this glycolysis. conversion in the organism or tissue Products of the NAD+, Ethanol, C02 fermentation NAD+ lactate reaction 4. Relating back to the problem statement … Figure 5: 8000-year-old jars containing traces of beer found in archeological site You may watch this video [Accessible August 2024] to see how beer is made. Read the following link [Accessible August 2024] to understand what is malt? a. Fill in Table 44 below that shows some biomolecules in malt. Table 4: Biomolecules in malt Biomolecule Name Description Glucose Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, C6H12O6. Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 7  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet Maltose Maltose is a disaccharide, C12H22O11 which is made up of two glucose units linked by glycosidic linkage. Starch Starch is a complex carbohydrate, made up of many glucose units linked by many glycosidic linkages. b. Which biomolecule class do the above biomolecules belong to? Explain your reasoning. (Note: You may refer to the this link to identify the correct class and to rule out other classes.) Carbohydrates as these biomolecules contain mostly -OH groups. There’s also Glycosidic bonds in Maltose and starch. c. Outline/Sketch the metabolic pathway that yeast undergoes in the process of beer formation. Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 8  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet d. Which of the products of fermentation are important for the taste and texture of beer? lactate e. Other than beer production, what are some of the industrial applications of fermentation? Making chemicals Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 9  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet 5. Packaging Energy a. Food and energy. (a) (b) Figure 6: Two types of food i. Figure 6 shows two common types of food which can provide energy upon digestion. What is the unit to measure energy in food? Calories ii. What are the biomolecules in (a) and (b) which serve to provide energy? a) carbohydrates b) protein iii. Where does the energy come from the biomolecules? The chemical bonds b. Fill in Table 5 below that shows some examples of processes that release energy. Table 5: Some examples of processes that release energy Volcano eruption Burning fuel Breaking down food Type of energy Thermal energy, Electrical energy, kinetic Chemical potential released kinetic energy energy energy Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 10  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet Mode of release (all All at once All at once slowly at once or slowly?) Can it be No no yes controlled? (Yes/No?) c. Burning fuel involves a reaction with oxygen which breaks down chemical bonds to release energy and carbon dioxide. How does the breakdown of carbohydrates in the human body differ from burning fuel in a car in term of the amount of energy released over time? No, as living organisms require ATP. 6. Going Further: As our bodies perform strenuous exercise, we begin to breathe faster as we attempt to shuttle more oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of its energy using aerobic methods, meaning oxygen. When exercise is vigorous enough to cause a high demand for oxygen that the lungs and heart cannot keep up with, working muscles generate energy anaerobically, as shown in Figure 7. Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 11  OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE A223 Biochemistry L01: Something’s Brewing: Worksheet Step 1 Step 2 Figure 7: Generation of ATP when oxygen is insufficient in muscle cells a. At which step (1 or 2) is ATP molecules produced? Step 1. b. Explain why cells need to convert pyruvate to lactate. Allow for the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH c. What is the fate of lactic acid produced during anaerobic energy production in muscles? Link Lactic acid is subsequently released into the bloodstream to be metabolized by the liver and kidneys ~End of Worksheet~ Republic Polytechnic © 2024 Page 12