Art History PDF

*Art History* *Introduction* - Art = Producing works that express technical proficiency with human imagination and creative skill - Biggest Arts = Painting, Sculpture, Architecture - Art History = academic history of history and development of objects created by different cultures...

*Art History* *Introduction* - Art = Producing works that express technical proficiency with human imagination and creative skill - Biggest Arts = Painting, Sculpture, Architecture - Art History = academic history of history and development of objects created by different cultures - Naturalis Historia = writes about contemporary art - De architectura = architecture and engineering guide for building projects - Aristoteles and Plato = philosophers and architects A close-up of a paper Description automatically generated - Art Theory = artists (Leonardo Davinci,...) - Paragone = (comparison) debate between different art forms - Art histography = Artists biography, style history... - Canon = (Rule) group of approved literary / artistic work **20^th^ century** - New sciences and Perspectives - History, archeology, paleography, psychology, neurology, sociology, anthropology, economics **Exact sciences** - Dendrochronology, infrared reflectography, chemistry, microscopy - Progression in restoration of artistic works - The Key elements: Idea, Composition, Light, Color, Material and Technique **[Idea]** - Subject (what is depicted in the artwork) - Content (meaning communicated by the artist in the artwork) - Cultural promotion - Communication - Entertainment - Decoration (Basic anatomy and no perspective in the artworks)  **Middle Ages** - Religious propaganda (Basic anatomy and no perspective in the artworks) Statues of statues on a wall Description automatically generated **Renaissance** - Religious-political propaganda (Refined anatomy and start using of correct perspective)  **Baroque** - Political propaganda (Dynamic anatomy and very good knowledge of perspective and composition) A painting of a person in a robe Description automatically generated **Romanticism** - Political propaganda (Dynamic anatomy, very good knowledge of perspective and composition)  **Realism** - Realism (Realistic anatomy, and perfect perspective) A group of men cleaning a wooden floor Description automatically generated **Modern Art** - L'art pour l'art  **Contemporary Art** - Expression - Concept - Revolt and critique - Message Blue paint on a white surface Description automatically generated **[Composition]** - The way in which different elements of an artwork line, shape, color, texture, value, form, space,... are arranged - Foreground \> Middle ground \> Background  **Static composition** - Appears orderly and stable - Mostly horizontal and vertical lines A painting of a person and person Description automatically generated **Dynamic composition** - Conveying the idea of movement - Often asymmetric, diagonal  **Leading lines** - Lines that our eyes follow round a composition A painting of people at the last supper Description automatically generated **Rule of Thirds** - Arranging the important features of an image on the horizontal and vertical lines that would divined the image in thirds  **Rule of Space** - Especially for motion leave space in front of the subject to create room **Golden Ratio** - Ratio between two numbers that equals = 1.618 A golden ration in a building Description automatically generated with medium confidence **[Light]** - Fundamental factor since it affects color, texture and volume - Esthetic value in combination with shadow, certain lighting can determine the composition of the work **Uses of light** - **Symbolic light** ( Divine light in Christian medieval art) - **Forming shapes and spaces** (Incorporating sciences during the Renaissance) - **Conveying emotion and drama** (In Baroque painting use of Chiaroscuro = Sharp contrast between light and dark / shadow) - **Light as a subject** from still lives during the age of enlightenment, landscape paintings of the realists, and the romantics to impressionists paintings **[Color]** - Visual perception based on the electromagnetic spectrum - Related to object's light absorption, reflection, emission, spectra, and interference - Primary colors = Red, Yellow and Blue - Secondary colors = Orange, Green and Purple - Tertiary colors = combination of primary and secondary colors - Grayscale color palette, only tones of a single color - Opposite colors, placed next to each other they create the strongest contrast - Warm vs Cold = creates an atmospheric perspective **[Material and Technique]** - See next lessons *The Art of Storytelling* **Neo-Assyrian Empire Mesopotamia** - King Ashurbanipal had military success and brough prosperity - He had the Divine protection of the gods  - Propaganda, Action moments, - No perspective, attention to anatomy & detail - Protective spirit and symbol of power - A Hybrid and has the body of a lion or bull (strength), eagle wings (freedom), Human head (intelligence) A statue of a horse with wings Description automatically generated - Self-indulgent figure, dissatisfaction in Assyrian empire causes conspiracy against Assyrians - Dies in orgy of destruction - There was no actual king named Sardanapalus in the Assyrian King list  - Orientalism (subject matter) - Romanticism, Asymmetrical / diagonal composition - Painterly brushstroke - Warm reds vs bright whites **Neo-Babylonian empire** - During King Nebuchadnezzar 2^nd^ they had a prosperous civilization, flourishing art, architecture, urban and science development - Monumental ziggurats for the gods - Written accounts - By order of king Nebuchadnezzar 2^nd^ - Wall reliefs with glazed bricks with Dragons (Marduk -- Lord of the gods), Bulls (Adad -- Storm God) and Lions (Ishtar -- War Goddess) A painting of a building with a person holding a spear Description automatically generated - Lion as symbol of power -- Queen of the heaven, Love, Fertility and War - Made out of the same materials as the Ishtar gate Lapis lazuli, silver and wood  **Religion in Japan** - Shinto or Shintoism -- Way of the Gods - Buddhism - And some minor religions - Deities, spirits that are venerated in Shinto religion - Worshipped in shrines or sanctuaries proceeded by the torii gate - Kodama is a forest / tree spirit that is market with shimenawa **Yokai** - Supernatural entities and spirits - Often animal-like features - Hulking figure with horns massive teeth and clawlike nails carrying iron spiked club - They bring calamities to land, war, plague and earthquakes and eclipses - Destructive lighting and thunder power - Often build at the front of the shrines to fend of the bad spirits just like the Gargoyles in Roman and Gothic architecture  **Allegory Art style** - Allegory = Narrative or visual representation in which a character, place or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance - Symbol = sign or word that indicates an idea, object or relationship - Personification = Incarnation Representation of certain ideas as a person - Memento mori = from Latin -- "Remember you must die" - Vanitas = from Latin -- "Vanity" or pointless (Allegorical artworks that remind the viewer of the shortness and fragility of life) A drawing of a person and a child Description automatically generated - Self portrait of Johannes Vermeer - The elements represent the debate on Paragone and The liberal Arts  **Art & Cultural appropriation** - The use of pre-existing ideas, objects, images with little to no transformation applied A collage of a painting of a person Description automatically generated - Political structures -- Kingdom, Democracy and Empire - Science, Philosophy, Theatre, Literature, Architecture, Visual Arts - Round arches and barrel vaults, pillars as decoration, domes and concrete  **Minoan culture** - Open trading community, Colorful motifs from nature - No perspective, indication of movement but still static and stiff A wall with a painting of dolphins and fish Description automatically generated - Warrior elite society with pre-Olympic religion  - Successful agriculture in Nile valley - Unified with the Pharoah - Collective construction projects - Independent writing system - Elaborate system of religious beliefs A stone carving of two people Description automatically generated with medium confidence **Archaic period** - Less rigid stylization - Archaic smile - Attention to anatomy  - Technical skills - Ideal human form build as decoration - Contrapposto A collage of statues Description automatically generated - Diversification - Standardization - More technical development - More naturalism and emotion  - Copying Greek sculptures - Horror Vacui (filling every empty space) - Realism in subject A stone carving of people in different poses Description automatically generated with medium confidence **Renaissance** - Italy 1300-1600 - Rebirth of European culture  **Doumo of Florence** - Start of Italian Renaissance - Medieval Gothic style A large building with red roofs Description automatically generated **Gates of Paradise** - Events of old Testament - Greater idealization of subject - Use of discovered principles of perspective  **David** - First colossal marble statue made in early modern period - Greek heroic male nude - Depicted before the battle - Perfect anatomy with contrapposto A statue of a person in a room Description automatically generated **Iconoclasm** - The social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons, images or monuments for religious or political reasons - Art destruction - Willful, accidental or natural decay of a work of art  - Wealth from trade caravans - Roman, Hellenistic and Mediterranean influences - Archeological site - 2011 Syrian Civil war -- 2023 Restoration of theatre A large stone building with columns Description automatically generated **Acropolis of Athens** - Inhabited since 4^th^ millennium BC - Most important buildings were constructed during the Golden Age of Athens **Parthenon** - Build as thanks for victory during Greco-Persian War - Converted to Christian church - Mosque after Ottoman conquest - Venetian bomb damages the temple used as munition dump  - Transported to England for museum - Sold to the British government due to financial problems A room with stone walls and columns Description automatically generated - Survived hidden in the cathedral tower - French revolution & Napoleon - Cut vertically in half in Berlin  **Orientalism** - Depiction of aspects of eastern world by artists from the Western world - Academic painter and sculptor - Grand Tour of Near East, travel around Europe to study - Collection of artefacts and costumes A person in a turban with an object Description automatically generated **David Roberts** - Stage designer and painter - The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt and Nubia - Detailed prints of Egypt and near east  **Craig Mullins** - Concept artist, Illustrator and matte painter - Pioneer in digital painting before drawing tablets where available A person in a white robe standing on a balcony Description automatically generated **World of Illusion** **Piranesi** - Archeologist, antiquarian, architect and graphic artist - Interest in ancient culture signified by the grand tour  **Escher** - Graphic artist inspired by mathematical objects and operations - Inspired by decorative designs A black and white drawing of a staircase Description automatically generated - Cancelled after preproduction - Too long, too expensive... - Documentary Jodorowsky's dune (2013)  **Chris Foss** - Studies architecture - Fascinated by WOII bunkers, steam trains - Advertisement and publishing commissions for sci fi book covers A colorful whale with a skull and a white cloud Description automatically generated with medium confidence - Comics in imaginative, surreal and abstract style - Storyboards and concept designs for Alien, Tron, The Fifth Element and The Abyss  **Hans Reudi Giger** - Industrial design - Biomechanical (blending human physics with machines) - Monochromatic surreal, nightmarish dreamscapes - Airbrush, pastels, markers, ink,... A large metal object with a human arm on it Description automatically generated - Neo-classical architect, teacher and theorist - Abstract geometric style, inspired by classical forms - Regularity, symmetry and variety  - Taller than Great Pyramids of Giza - S\[here as most beautiful, perfect natural body (according to Boullée) - Sarcophagus for Newton in middle - Effect of day and night A black and white image of a circular structure Description automatically generated - Mathematician, physicist, author, astronomer, alchemist and theologian - Key figure in Scientific Revolution  - Painter, printmaker and theorist - Acquainted with Italian artists and German humanists - Introduction of classical motifs and nude in Northern art - Treaties about linear perspective, body proportions,... A selfie of a person Description automatically generated - Painter & architect - Great influence on Academies and Neo Classicism - Clarity of form compositions  - Commissioned by Pope Julius II - Ancient philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians representing knowledge acquired through reason - Accurate use of perspective A painting of people in a room Description automatically generated - Baroque = rough or imperfect pearl - Began 1600 in Rome - Wiliam Shakespeare, Galileo Galilei, Rene Descartes, Isaac Newton,... - Further colonization of the world - 30 years war, 80 years war Renaissance Baroque ------------------ ------------------- Classic New genres Order and reason Drama Symmetry Asymmetry Mental movement Physical movement The individual "Gesamtkunstwerk" - Artist, humanist and diplomat - Hight amount of work - Travels to Italy to see classical art - Dramatics, unique take on movement, color and sensuality - Dynamic compositions  - Sculptor, architect, painter,... - Technical versatility and inventive compositions - Patronage of extravagantly wealthy and powerful cardinal Scipione Borghese A person with a mustache and beard Description automatically generated - Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner and writer - One of the pioneers of modern architecture and design - Founding member if CIAM(Congres International d'Architecture Moderne)  - Based on human measurements, golden ratio and double unit - Mathematical proportions of the human body - Using Fibonacci numbers - Introduce scale of visual measures that would unit Anglo-Saxon foot / inch and International metric system A diagram of a person\'s body Description automatically generated - Object in the foreground that directs the viewer's eye into the composition  - Painter with a tumultuous life - Naturalistic portrait of people with dramatic use of lighting - Live models directly painted on canvas, often depicted struggle, torture and death with Chiaroscuro - Inspiration for Baroque A close-up of a person Description automatically generated - Painter, printmaker and drawer in the golden age - Wide range of subject matter - Successful portrait painter and teacher of many important artists - But tragedy and financial hardship in personal life - Warm colors - Soft play of light and shadow (environment gradually disappears into the dark) - Golden light illuminates the main theme  - Painter, printmaker, watercolorist, professor and gallery owner - Child prodigy - Expressive portrayal of light in landscape paintings - Influence on French impressionists like Claude Monet A painting of a person Description automatically generated - Founder of Impressionism and key precursor to modernism - Paint nature as perceived by artist - Plein air landscape painting - Exhibition of rejects - Impressionism - Rejected dark, contrasting lighting of romantic and realist paintings in favor of pale tones - Painting the same scene many times to capture the changing of light and the passing of seasons  - Artist and humanist photographer - Founding member Magnum Photos - Early user 35mm film A person holding a camera Description automatically generated - Sculptor, photographer and graphic designer in Soviet Russia - Exploring odd angles - Photomontage  - Straight photography - Highly detailed photographic images A person with his hand on his chin Description automatically generated - Postmodernist photographer - Untitled Film Stills - Self portraits in different contexts and imagined characters  - Photographer and professor - Large-scale back-lit-photo-transparencies - Staged scenes with references to art history or philosophical problems A person with long hair wearing a white shirt Description automatically generated - Photojournalist -\> portraiture - Sober, black and white, close to the subject,...  - Black as a metaphor for misery, disease, mortality, ignorance, sin,...\ Contrast with the goodness and godliness of light - Absence of color and light - Avant-garde artist and art theorist - Pioneering work and writing for development of 20^th^ century abstract art - Suprematism(abstract art movement founded in Russia) A black square with white border Description automatically generated - Original polychrome painted - Have almost completely perished or faded over time - Meaning to the red color - City states Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco and Tlacopan - Maize cultivation - Social division nobility and common - Calendric system - Pantheon with Tezcatlipoca Xipe Totec, Quetzalocatl & Huitzilopochtli  - Created by accident in Germany - First synthetic blue pigment invented since ancient Egypt - Favorite in Baroque and others - Imported from Europe to Japan - Use of Prussian blue revolutionized Japanese prints during Edo period - First in series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji" - Synthesis of traditional Japanese prints and graphical perspective - One of the first Japanese prints featuring Prussian blue A large wave of water Description automatically generated - Phoenician discovery - Labor intensive production - Natural scarcity - American War of independence - National revolts in Europe - Scientific revolution - Industrial revolution - Failed attempt to make anti-malarial drug from coal-tar hydrocarbons - Patent for "Tyrian purple" - Mauve mania  - Group of English painters, poets and art critics - Return of Quattrocento Italian art - Bright white grounds - Most vivid modern pigments - Avoid mixing colors, used pure pigments next to each other - Avoid using blacks - Purple in shadows A group of people in a pond Description automatically generated - Creating a mood - Visual development before production while storyboarding - But also during production to help the lighting department  1. Shapes player behavior 2. Controls the player's attention 3. Gives feedback and signals important cues 4. Conveying various meanings of scenes, locations, elements,... 5. Mood building - Rays of light passing through a small hole into a dark space, forming an inverted and reversed image of the view A person drawing a reflection in a mirror Description automatically generated - Projects optical superimposition of the subject being viewed onto drawing surface, helpful when for construct perspective but doesn't capture light information  - Any medium that contains movement perceivable by viewer - Or that depends on motion powered by wind, motor or the observer for its effects - Inspired by visit studio Modriaan - Stabiles, mobiles and monumental abstract public sculptures - Integrating ideas of gesture, spatial relationships and immateriality as aesthetic factors A person holding a mobile Description automatically generated - Sound sculptures, sound architectures and installation art - Raw industrial materials with mechanical elements - Three-dimensional spaces the visitor can actively explore  - Kinetic landscapes & sculptures - Hidden narratives / history - Repeating patterns from nature A person standing on a ladder next to a white sculpture Description automatically generated - Relatively self-operating machine - Mechanism designed to automatically follow a sequence of operations / respond to predetermined instructions  - Metamatics = machines that produce art works - Questioning the automation and overproduction of material goods and the role of the artist, artwork and the viewer A person standing in front of a sculpture Description automatically generated - Site-specific three-dimensional works designed to transform the viewer's perception of an interior space - Exterior interventions are often called public art, land art or art intervention - Collaborative couple - Immersive multimedia sound installation - Audio / video walks  - American cartoonist - Chain reaction machine designed to perform a simple task in an indirect and overly complicated way A cartoon of a person at a table Description automatically generated - Pioneer in fields of new media, video and installation art - Fundamental human experiences - Philosophical, spiritual and art historical traditions  - Collaboration with designers USC Game Innovation Lab - Experimental art game - Blurring the lines between high arts and low arts - Mr. DOB as alter ego - Characteristics of 2D imagery from Japanese artistic tradition and postwar Japanese culture - Smiling flowers, mushrooms, skulls, Buddhist iconography, and sexual complexes of otaku culture - Vibrant colors, glossy surfaces - Collaborations with famous brands and artists - Excavated by Arthur Evans in 1900 - Inaccuracies in reconstruction  - Feels authentic - Good overall impression of Greece with colorful temples & independent cities - Built by Emperor Justinian I - Converted to mosque after fall of Constantinople - Museum / Tourist attraction - Re-converted to mosque A large building with towers and Hagia Sophia Description automatically generated - Byzantine architecture / art - Mosaics of emperor Justinian and Theodora - Octagonal ground plan  - Start building at the peak of Gothic art - Romantics and the Gothic revival A large stone building with many people in front with Milan Cathedral in the background Description automatically generated - Location for coronations, royal weddings and burial site prominent people ( Tomb of Isaac Newton) - Church of England  - Shrine, mausoleum and tombs or royals - More elaborate chapel dedicated to Virgin Mary - Famous for pendant fan vault ceiling A large building with many people walking around Description automatically generated - Gothic style developed in Kingdom of England in the Late middle ages  - Style in visual arts, architecture and product design - Geometric shapes, bold colors and exoticized art styles - Representation of luxury and faith in social and technological progress A collage of stairs and railings Description automatically generated - Construction before Great Depression - Financiers pulled out - John Rockefeller Jr. backed remaining construction project  - Founder of modern sculpture - Naturalism with emphasis on individual character and emotion - Detailed textured surfaces in clay A person with a beard Description automatically generated - Developed from the daily strops in newspapers and magazines - Famous funnies - Introduction of superman - National Comics Publications request more superheroes for its titles - Flourishing horror and true-crime comics with graphic violence / gore - Public anxiety and discussions about impact of comics on youth - Writer and illustrator Frank Miller - Illustrator Klaus Janson colorist Lynn Varley - Writer Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons, colorist John Higgins - Reflection of contemporary anxiety - Deconstruction of concept superhero - Political commentary - Impact of the dark knight returns and watchmen on American comic - Growing popularity of anti-heroes - Darker tone - More and more seen as literature  - Newspapers and magazines - Sub-category of Flemish comics - Considered starting point / archetype of modern Franco-Belgian comic - Ligne claire style (reduction of reality to easy clear lines and geometrical features with realistic proportions, lack of shadows little to no speed-lines and strong color schemes) - Comic-dynamic style (convey impression of movement, using lines of varying thickness to accent drawings, Even, primary, schematic coloring) - Realistic style (Very detailed drawings, Little to no comic elements, Nuances in coloring) - Typical printed in black-and-white - Usually, single episode serialized in large manga magazines - Emakimono (horizontal narration system of painted handscrolls dating back to Nara period) - Kibyoshi (Japanese picture book produced during Edo period) A collage of a painting Description automatically generated - Explosion of artistic creativity - Two marketing genres: Shonen for boys and Shojo for girls - One of the first female manga artists - Consistent four-panel layout - Daily life and women's experience  - Father of manga - Cinematographic technique - Change from cartoony slapstick to more realistic style A comic book with cartoon character flying in space Description automatically generated - Aimed at adult audiences - More maturethemes - More cinematic art style, influenced by film noir and crime novels  - Anti-manga manga - Darker elements of life A person writing on a piece of paper Description automatically generated - Printmaker, Illustrator, comic artists, caricaturist, painter and sculptor - Wood-engravings illustrating classic literature - More than 10.000 illustrations - Never married, lived with his mother  - One of greatest work of Western literature - Representing Medieval worldview western church - Imaginative vision of afterlife - Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso A person and person standing in a forest Description automatically generated - Graphic artist - Member of Lumiere - Woodcuts focused on political and social issues - 40 wordless novels - Expressionism -- presenting the world from a subjective perspective  - Best-selling novel - Longest with 167 caption less prints - Genre flourishes during interbellum A collage of black and white images of people Description automatically generated - Contemporary retelling of Greek myth of Icarus  - Allegory -- manifested as a naked woman -- of a man's idea - Representing new -- disrupting-ideas, rested by tradition - Manipulation of the image of women by society and media - 2 year animating, initially in collab with Masereel - Multiple layers of superimposed animation - Electronic music score by Swiss Arthur Honegger  - Illustrator of books and graphic work with political themes - Symbolic contrast of dark and light to emphasize corruption of the city - Exaggerating facial expression to convey emotion without words - Composition conveys emotion A person looking at a piece of art Description automatically generated - Precursor of the graphic novel - Artist who signs away his soul for a magic paintbrush  - Effects of great depression - Expression of socialist sympathies - More detailed and more realistic - Longest and most complex and last finished novel A black and white illustration of a person in a room Description automatically generated - Interviewing his father about his experiences as Polish jew and holocaust survivor - First and only graphic novel to win Pulitzer Prize  - Draughtsman, illustrator, lithographer and painter - Contributor to the development of symbolism in Belgium - Teneberism (like chiaroscuro but much more dramatic use of the effect) - Simplicity of form - Mysterious expression of characters and landscapes A person with black eye mask Description automatically generated with medium confidence - Monumental charcoal drawings - Sculptures, ceramics, movies,... - Fictional autobiography of parallel lives / open-ended narratives for viewer to interpret - Based on photos - Text snippets