Art Appreciation PDF

Dr. Carl E. Balita Review Center CBRC Headquarters 2nd Flr., Carmen Building, 881 G. Tolentino St. corner España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila 1008...

Dr. Carl E. Balita Review Center CBRC Headquarters 2nd Flr., Carmen Building, 881 G. Tolentino St. corner España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Academics and Services Department (ASD) LET Review Program ART APPRECIATION PHILIPPINE ARTS AND CRAFTS: A CHRONOLOGY According to the Philippine Art Period Timeline, the history of Philippine art is described in detail. Art History 1. Prehistoric Art relied on the use of natural pigments (40,000-4,000 BC) stone carvings to create representations of objects, animals, and rituals that governed a civilization’s existence. Wall/cave paintings Art Forms Stationary Portable Art Example Artworks 1. Lascaux Cave paintings in France -the Great Hall of the Bulls -The Chamber of Felines -The Shaft of the Dead Man. 2. Venus of Willendorf, fertility sculpture found in Willendorf Austria 3. Stonehenge (Post and Lintel), Salisbury Plain Wiltshire,England Philippine Prehistoric art 1. Angono Petroglyphs, the oldest known artworks in the Philippines. 127 figural carvings engraved on the wall of a shallow cave of volcanic tuff. 2. Manunggul Jar a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in the Manunggul cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan, Philippines. 3. Maitum Jar - are earthenware secondary burial vessels - discovered in 1991 by the National Museum of the Philippines' archaeological team in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province, Mindanao, Philippines.  2. Ancient Art (4,000 Art was produced by advanced civilizations, which in B.C.–A.D. 400) this case refers to those with an established written language. a. Mesopotamia b. Egypt c. Greece d. Rome e. China f. India g. Persia h. Palestine Functions of Arts to tell stories decorate utilitarian objects like bowls and weapons display religious and symbolic imagery, demonstrate social status depict stories of rulers, gods, and goddesses. Sample Ancient 1. Code of Hammurabi. Created around 1792 B.C., the Artworks piece bears a Babylonian set of laws carved in stone Mesopotamia 1. Parthenon (Architecture) ▪ a temple in honor of the city’s patron goddess Athena. Greece 2. Venus de Milo (Sculpture) ▪ carved in 100 B.C. during the Hellenistic Age by the little-known Alexandros of Antioch ▪ discovered in 1820 on the island of Melos. 3. Kerch vases (Pottery) ▪ is an archaeological term describing vases from the final phase of Attic red-figure pottery production. 4. Krater or crater (pottery) ▪ (Greek: κρατήρ, kratēr, literally "mixing vessel") was a large vase in Ancient Greece, used for the dilution of wine with water. 5. Pelike (Pottery) ▪ It has two open handles that are vertical on their lateral aspects and even at the side with the edge of the belly, a narrow neck, a flanged mouth, and a sagging, almost spherical belly 3. Medieval Art often referred to as the “Dark Ages,” (500–1400) marked a period of economic and cultural deterioration following the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D. artwork produced reflects that darkness Characteristics characterized by grotesque imagery and brutal scenery. centered around the Church. more sophisticated and elaborately decorated churches emerged windows and silhouettes were adorned with biblical subjects scenes from classical mythology. emergence of the illuminated manuscript and Gothic architecture style ▪ Relief sculptures sculpture is any work which projects from but Art forms which belongs to the wall, a sculpture with figures that protrude from a background while still being attached to it. ▪ Fresco paintings method of painting water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster, usually on wall surfaces ▪ Mosaics a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface ▪ Metal works useful and decorative objects fashioned of various metals, including copper, iron, silver, bronze, lead, gold, and brass. ▪ Stained glass refers to glass that has been colored by metallic oxides during the manufacturing process ▪ Gothic architectures a European style of architecture that values height and exhibits an intricate and delicate aesthetic. Pointed arches Large, stained window glass Rib vaults 1. Early Medieval Art 2. Romanesque Art 3. Gothic Art. ▪ Rose window Art Period ▪ Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul, Turkey. ▪ Hagia Sophia in Constantinople ▪ Lindisfarne Gospels (illuminated manuscript) ▪ Byzantine mosaics at The Palatine Chapel in Sicily. Sample Artworks and ▪ Notre-Dame Cathedral architecture 4. Renaissance Art period of "rebirth" in arts, science, and culture, and is (1400–1600) typically thought to have originated in Italy capture the experience of the individual and the beauty and mystery of the natural world. Famous Artist 1. Leonardo ▪ the ultimate “Renaissance man” (1452-1519) ▪ epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. ▪ Famous works “Mona Lisa” (1503-05) “The Virgin of the Rocks” (1485) “The Last Supper” (1495-98), Fresco Vitruvian Man allowed him to reproduce reality with a remarkable degree of accuracy. 2. Michelangelo ▪ the dominant sculptor of the High Renaissance Buonarroti ▪ Famous works (1475-1564) Pietà in St. Peter’s Cathedral (1499) David in his native Florence (1501-04) Giant fresco covering the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, completed over four years (1508-12) and depicting various scenes from Genesis. 3. Raphael Sanzio ▪ the youngest of the three great High Renaissance masters, ▪ Sistine Madonna, Madonna of the Chair, The School of Athens 4. Filippo ▪ father of Renaissance architecture, Brunelleschi ▪ Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence’s central cathedral 5. Donatello ▪ one of the best-known sculptors of the Renaissance (1386-1466) ▪ His most famous piece, the bronze David, was the first free-standing nude statue made since antiquity 6. Sandro ▪ Primavera’, Botticelli (1445- ▪ The Adoration of the Magi 1510) ▪ ‘Venus and Mars’ ▪ The Birth of Venus ▪ Portrait of Doge Loredano 7. Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516) 5. Baroque (1600– over-the-top visual arts and architecture. 1750) characterized by grandeur and richness  stylistically complex. a. Michelangelo ▪ Realistic religious depictions, done on a grand scale, Merisi ▪ Italian painter Caravaggio ▪ Known for: dramatic use of lighting in Baroque paintings (1573-1610) ▪ Death of the Virgins ▪ Italian sculptor and architect ▪ Known for: creating the Baroque style of sculpture b. Gian Lorenzo ▪ Portrait of Philip IV, Las Meninas Bernini (1598- 1680) c. Diego Rodríguez ▪ Flemish painter, draughtsman, and diplomat de Silva y ▪ Assumption of the Virgin, Judgement of Paris, The Garden Velázquez, (1599- of Love 1660), ▪ Dutch Baroque painter and printmaker d. Peter Paul Rubens ▪ one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art, (1577 – 1640) ▪ possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic guises. ▪ The Night Watch, Man with the Golden Helmet, Descent e. Rembrandt from the Cross Harmenszoon van Rijn, (1606- 1669) 6. Rococo Art (1700- It is characterized by lightness, elegance, and an 1800) exuberant use of curving natural forms in ornamentation. The word Rococo is derived from the French word rocaille, which denoted the shell-covered rock work that was used to decorate artificial grottoes. The father of Rococo painting Jean Antoine who invented a new genre called fêtes galantes, which Watteau (1684– were scenes of courtship parties. 1721) La Surprise was the predominant movement in European art and 7. NEOCLASSIC architecture during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Neoclassical works (paintings and sculptures) were serious, unemotional, and sternly heroic. The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates, The Jacques-Louis Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons, The David (1748-1825) Death of Marat, Bonaparte Crossing the Grand Saint- Bernard Pass, 20 May 1800  Jean-Auguste- La Grande Odalisque, The Vow of Louis XIII, The Dominique Ingres Apotheosis of Homer, The Turkish Bath, 8. Romanticism The artists emphasized that sense and emotions - not simply reason and order - were equally important means of understanding and experiencing the world. Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the enduring search for individual rights and liberty. Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya The Black Duchess, The Nude Maja, The Third of May, (1746 -1828) 1808, Saturn Devouring His Son, French Painter Théodore Géricault The Raft of the Medusa, Portrait of Mustapha, (1791-1824) French Painter Eugène Delacroix widely regarded as the leader of the Romantic (1798 -1863) movement in 19th-century French art. Scenes from the Massacres of Chios, The Death of Sardanapalus, Liberty Leading the People, Apollo Slaying the Serpent I. Art Appreciation, Art, creativity, imagination, and expression Beauty Sensual qualities in a thing or idea which excites one’s immediate admiration, pleasure or satisfaction for itself rather than for its uses. Sources of beauty 1. Nature “Mother of all arts” 2. Art Made by man, not imitative but creative Art Definition The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination The term ART derives from the old Latin, which implies a “craft or specialized sort of expertise, as carpentry or smithing or surgery” (Collingwood, 1938). 1. Art must be man-made Essential Requirements 2. It must benefit and satisfy man of Arts 3. It must be expressive through certain medium or material refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork The subject of art is VARIED. The subject in art Usually anything that is represented in the artwork. (Person, object, sense, or event.  1. Representational Art or Objective Art arts which depict (represent) objects that are Two kinds of arts as to commonly recognized by most people subject Arts that have subjects (paintings, sculpture, literature, graphic arts, theater arts) 2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art Arts that do not have subject (Music, Architecture, and many of the Functional art) They do not present descriptions, stories, or references to identifiable objects or symbols Appear directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying organization of their sensuous and expressive elements. Kinds of subjects Landscapes, Seascapes, and Cityscapes Still Life Animals Portraits Figures Everyday Life History and Legend Religion and Mythology Dreams and Fantasies Functions of Art 1. AESTETIC FUNCTION Through art, man becomes conscious of the beauties of nature and the benefits he gets from his own work and those done by his fellow man. 2. UTILITARIAN FUNCTION Art provides comfort and happiness Shelter, clothing, landscaping, etc. 3. CULTURAL FUNCTIONS Transmit and preserve skills and knowledge from one generation to another Broadens one’s cultural background 4. SOCIAL FUNCTION Through civic and graphic arts, man learns to cooperate, love and help each other. CLASSIFICATION OF ART 1. Music I. FINE OR Harmonious combination of sound AESTHETIC ART Most dynamic, most emotional, most universal, and most abstract of all fine arts 2. Painting Visual art which expresses either by line, form, texture, or value of color 3. Sculpture Express by carving, shaping, or modeling 4. Architecture Most useful of all the fine arts  Sometimes called as “frozen music” because it has many rhythmic features such as windows, ornaments, columns, and floorings. 5. Literature Includes the writing of poems, short-stories, novels, plays, histories, biographies, essays, etc. 6. Dancing Based upon music or rhythmic sound Characterized by rhythm or repetition The only art having one medium – the performer or dancer 7. Drama Includes acting, directing, stage setting, stage lighting and public speaking 1. Industrial Art II. PRCTICAL OR Changing raw material into some significant product or USEFUL ART human consumption or use. 2. Applied or household art Refers mostly to household arts such as, flower arrangement, interior decoration, dressmaking, embroidery, make-up, etc. 3. Civic Art Refers to civic planning and beautification to improve the standards of living 4. Commercial Art Involves business propaganda in the form of advertisements in newspaper, magazines, signages, billboards, and the likes 5. Graphic Art Anything printed from raised or sunken reliefs and plain surfaces. II. ASSUMPTIONS OF ARTS 1. Art Is Universal Timeless, transcending generations and nations through and through. Misconception: Artistic created long time ago. Age is not a factor in determining art. Literature has contributed crucial terms of art. lliad and the Odyssey are the two Greek Epics that one’s being taught in school. The Sanskrit compositions Mahabharata and Ramanaya are also classics in this domain. 2. Nature Is Not Art, and Art Is Not Nature In the absence of a depiction of reality, art may be thought of as a perspective of reality. In the Philippines, it is fairly uncommon for some viewers of local films to express their dissatisfaction with the films' realism by stating that they are unrealistic. They argue that local movies are based on a set of formulas that are detrimental to the content and fidelity to reality of the films they produce 'Well and Grinding' is a painting by French artist Paul Cezanne that depicts a situation from reality. The Chateau Noir's Forest has a wheel, and it is located there.  3. Art is a result of personal experience It is not a comprehensive guide, but rather an experience. The actual act of accomplishing something. For others, reaching this point without having a good definition of art might seem bizarre and bizarre. For most people, art does not need a comprehensive definition. Art is nothing more than a sensory experience. III.Visual Arts I. ELEMENTS OS ARTS - The elements of art are the basic components of art- marking. - They are the building blocks of composition in arts 1. Lines - Refers to the contour, profile, or outline of an object. - It determines the shape or form of the object Type of lines a. Straight lines - horizontal lines - vertical lines - diagonal or slanting lines - zigzag lines b. Curved Lines - Spiral - Wave - Concave - Convex - It is an enclosed line 2. Shapes - a two-dimensional area that is defined by a change in value or some other form of contrast. - An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to - height and width. Types of Shapes a. Geometric shapes - Can be described using mathematical terms - They are very regular or precise - They are more often found in man-made things because - they are easier to reproduce and make things with - Types of geometric shapes Circle, square, triangle, rectangle, etc b. Free-form or organic shapes - shapes that seem to follow no rules - shapes that are irregular or asymmetrical in appearance and tend to have a curvy flow to them - Nearly all shapes found in nature are organic in appearance. Examples are leaves, flowers etc.  - It connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width, and height. a. Geometric forms 3. Form - are forms that are mathematical, precise, and can be named - sphere, cubes, cone, pyramid b. Organic forms - are those that are free-flowing, curvy, sinewy, and are not symmetrical - They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes of flowers, branches, leaves, puddles, clouds, animals, the human figure, etc. - It originates from a light source, that is either view directly or as reflected light. - Color is one of the most expressive elements because its quality affects our emotions directly and immediately 4. Color Categories of Color 1. Properties of colors a. Primary colors - Independent colors - Red, yellow and blue b. Secondary Colors - Mixture of two equal amount of primary colors - Green, violet, orange c. Tertiary or intermediate colors - Mixture of two equal amount of primary and secondary colors - Yellow green, yellow orange, blue green, blue violet, red orange, red violet 2. Hue - The actual color, or the identity of a color - Red, yellow, blue, pink, orange 3. Intensity - is the brightness or dullness of color - is a color’s strength, saturation, purity 4. Temperature of colors a. Warm colors - Cheerful, exciting, aggressive colors - Red, yellow, orange b. Cool colors - Calm, restful and depressing - Blue, green, violet 5. Color Harmony - a pleasing combination of colors - Harmonious combination of colors a. Monochromatic Colors - This scheme may be achieved using tints and shades of one hue - Mono means one or single - Chroma means color  b. Analogous colors - One or more adjacent colors in the color wheel. c. Complementary Colors - Combination of any two opposite colors in the color wheel d. Triad Colors - Combination of three colors which form an equilateral triangle in the color wheel - The lightness or darkness of a color - Adding black will darken a hue or lower its value. This is called a SHADE. - Adding white will lighten a hue or raise its value. This is called a TINT. - It is the perceived surface 5. Value - quality of a work of art. - the roughness or smoothness of the material from which it is made. Types of Texture a. Physical Texture 6. Texture - Experience texture trough touch b. Implied Texture - An artist may use his/her skillful painting technique to create the illusion of texture. - The distance around, between, above, below, and within an object. 7. Space II. Principles of Design - Harmonious arrangement of elements of arts 1. Harmony - Order or unity - It is the quality which unifies every part of an arrangement 2. Balance - Equal distribution of VISUAL weight on either side of a composition’s center - Used to create a sense of stability - Types of Balance a. Symmetrical balance b. Asymmetrical balance c. Radial balance 3. Rhythm - The regular, uniform, or related movement made through the repetition of a unit or motif  - Rhythms can be broadly categorized as random, regular, alternating, flowing, and progressive 4. Proportions - is the relationship of sizes between different parts of a work. - Ratio, harmony of size, beautiful sizes, law of space relationships 5. Emphasis - The dominance and subordination, center of interest, dominant interest. 6. Variety - Contrast, variation 7. Movements - Using art elements to direct a viewer's eye along a path through the artwork, and/or to show movement, action and direction ASIAN ART Asian art is diverse and rich as a result of thousands of years and the contributions of numerous nations. It is also well renowned for its calligraphy, which is regarded as the highest form of art in East Asian art, along with ritual bronzes, exquisite ceramic sculptures, jades, textiles, poetic painted landscapes, garden design, amazing temples, shrines, pagodas, and stupas. Fan Kuan's Travelers amid Mountains and Stream, Katsushika Hokusai's series of 36 views of Mount Fuji, and Basawan's Akbar Restraining the Enraged Elephant Hawai'i are just a few instances of artworks that have stood the test of time (Akbar Restraining the Enraged Elephant Hawaii). In recent years, Asia has significantly influenced modern art. Asian modern art has gained popularity recently. The number of regional biennials and triennials, the opening of new contemporary art museums, and the international acclaim of artists like Cai Guo-Qiang (born in China), Miwa Yanagi (born in Japan), Suh DoHo (from Korea), and Rirkrit Tiravanija (from Thailand), among others, have all contributed to the exponential growth of Asian contemporary art in recent years. THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN ART  The Classical, Medieval, Byzantine, Romanesque (including Baroque and Rococo), Renaissance (including Baroque and Rococo), Neolassicism (including Neoclassicism), Romanticism (including Realism), Impressionism (including Impressionism), Modernism (including Modernism and Postmodernism), and Postmodernism are among the successive periods and or movements that are distinguished in the history of Western art (including Postmodernism). A GREEK CHANT (GREGORIAN CHANT) One of the most well-liked styles of music during the Middle Ages was this one, which featured a single line of vocal melody that was unaccompanied and in free rhythm. This is not at all surprising given the importance of the Catholic church throughout this time period. The Mass, which commemorates and celebrates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ, has always been and will always be a ceremonial event using predefined words (liturgy), which were both spoken and sung throughout the service. MUSICAL POLYPHONIC DEVELOPMENT Composers began experimenting with new methods as the Medieval Period went on, and as a result, polyphonic genres were born. ORGANUM Organum was a crucial early strategy that made it possible to investigate polyphonic texture. It had two lines of voices and a selection of different heterophonic textures. The three major kinds of organum are as follows: A type of organum that coexists alongside another organum is called a parallel organum, also referred to as a "strict organum." One voice sings the melody while the other sings at a set interval, giving the impression that the two voices are moving parallel to one another. For a better understanding, listen to this synthesised example of a parallel organum.  melismatic organum (melismatic organ) The other accompaniment component wanders around above the pitch on which one section of the accompaniment stays fixed. Listen to this synthesized sample and observe how the second voice stays on the same note while the first voice sings the melody, as well as how the second voice stays on the same note while the first voice sings the melody. NUEMES The direction in which the pitch was shifting was indicated by these symbols engraved above chants. The flute is a type of musical instrument constructed of wood. Medieval flutes resembled modern recorders more in appearance since they had finger apertures rather than keyholes. Dulcimer The Middle Ages' dulcimers were originally plucked, but as technology advanced, hammers were used to strike them. Lyra The lyra, which dates back to antiquity, is frequently recognized as one of the earliest known bowed instruments. Two more medieval instruments that can be found are the recorder and the lute. Traveling singers and performers called troubadours and trouvères were also common around this time. MIDDLE EASTERN MUSIC HAS ITS OWN SPECIAL STYLES Ars Nova, which is Latin for "new art," was a brand-new kind of music that evolved in the 14th century and had its roots in France and Italy. The phrase comes from a work written by Philippe de Vitry and published in France in 1320. In writing, the style was characterized by a wider variety of rhythms, the usage of double time, and a higher level of freedom and autonomy. These experimental initiatives laid some of the groundwork for later musical development throughout the Renaissance. During the Art Nova era, the chanson was the most popular secular genre. THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BAROQUE MUSIC THROUGHOUT HISTORY Baroque music was a style of Western art music that was composed in the Western world from roughly 1600 and 1750. The Classical era came next, coming after this era, which occurred after the Renaissance. The name "baroque," which is derived from the Portuguese word barroco and means literally "misshapen pearl," was used pejoratively to describe the complex and ornately embellished music of this era. Later, the phrase began to be used to describe the same era's architecture as well. As a large portion of the "classical music" canon, baroque music is still frequently studied, performed, and heard today. Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti, Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann,  Jean-Baptiste Lully, Arcangelo Corelli, Tomaso Albinoni, François Couperin, Denis Gaultier, Claudio Monteverdi, Heinrich Schütz, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Jan Dismas Zelenka, and Johann Pachelbel CLASSICAL MUSIC The history of classical music is a long one (1750-1810) The term "classical," with a capital "C," designates anything of the greatest level and is frequently linked to the ancient Greeks and Romans. The letter "C" stands for it and designates a certain composer's style. Any non- contemporary music is incorrectly referred to as traditional music while discussing classical music. This type of music is actually referred to as "art music" by composers from the era. The most important composers to remember and admire are those who have been designated with an asterisk. Galant is a name in fashion. This early classical style is also referred to as "galant," which is a French word that means "galant" or "galant-like." This early classical design also has a very courtly aspect. Instead of trying to provoke thought, it was meant to make the listener feel good. The most well-known composers that utilized this technique were Johann Christian Bach and C.P.E. Bach. THE ORCHESTRA IS ON THE WAY The size of the Orchestra began to grow. The use of the harpsichord continuo gradually decreased in the repertory. Horns in particular were more important in tying the texture together than other wind instruments. In spite of this, the main instrument was still the string section, to which two horns, one or more flutes, or a pair of oboes could be added. Gradually, as needed, composers started adding one or two bassoons, along with a pair of trumpets or a pair of kettle drums. Clarinets were initially made available in the latter part of the 18th century. Due to his compositions, Mozart is credited with making the clarinet more well known. Simple broken chords repeated in the left hand make up the Alberti Bass, which drives the beat and defines the harmony. One of the first composers for the piano, C.P.E. Bach began his work around 1750. J.C. The first piano recital by Bach took place in London. Many pieces of music were published for harpsichord or piano, although harpsichord use steadily declined. SONATA A sonata is a piece of music with one or more movements for one or more instruments. It is a trio with three instruments, a quartet with four, and a quintet with five. SYMPHONY A symphony is an orchestral sonata. The Symphony evolved from the Italian Overture, however it features three movements rather than three sections. First movement: Usually fast, and in sonata form.  Second movement.. Usually slower and more song-like. It could be in sonata form or ternary form, and perhaps with variations. Third movement: Haydn and Mozart wrote a minute in trio at this point. Beethoven later turned this into a Scherzo (A direct translation is joke.) Fourth movement: Fast, often light hearted, perhaps in Rondo form, or sonata form, or with variations. Haydn wrote numerous sonatas, including the Surprise Symphony, the Drum Roll Symphony and the London Symphony. Trios and quartets were also in four movements. Sonatas might have three or four movements. The Classical Concerto did not include the minuet, so only had three movements.Sonata Form Sonata form is a way of building up an individual movement, not a piece. It consists of three sections: 1. The Exposition: The composer exposes his musical ideas. The main ideas are called subjects. The first subject is in the tonic, which modulates (changes key) near the end to a bridge (transition) passage, which leads to the second subject. The second subject is in a new, but related, key, often the dominant (Sta) or relative major (If the first subject is m a minor key). The second subject is usually more tuneful. 2. Development: Here the ideas are developed. It creates a feeling of tension and conflict. The climax may be in this section. 3. Recapitulation: The music is repeated from the beginning, but the second subject is now in the tonic. Finally, the music may have a coda (A direct translation is tail), which rounds off the music. THE CONCERTO It contains a solo instrument and an orchestra. There are three movements (slow, fast, slow). The first movement has a double-exposition. The first is for the orchestra alone, followed by the soloist. The second, with the second subject group in the related key. Then comes the development and the recapitulation, for both the orchestra and the soloist. Towards the end, the orchestra pauses, and the soloist plays a cadenza (a short passage,'based on themes heard earlier, which displays the brilliance of the player.) When the soloist finishes, the soloist ends with a trill, which signifies the orchestra should come in and finish off the piece. The orchestra plays the coda to end. OPERA Classical composers wrote much vocal music, especially opera. Gluck was an important opera composer. Orfeo ed Euridice is one of his works. He made the actions more important in the opera. At the start of the opera, the overture prepared the audience for what was to come, Mozart wrote operas including The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute and Don Giovanni. The Magic Flute is an example of singspiel (an opera in which singing is mixed up with dialogue). The orchestra mirrors the mood and drama of the action. Don Giovani is an example of 'opera buffa' (comic opera).  also assisting us in communicating with LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827) others, understanding culture, and Beethoven composed to please himself. He embodying tolerance and peace. It opens wrote 32 piano sonatas, nine symphonies. The the door to a plethora of different 9th Symphony is the Choral Symphony. He intelligences and expressions. wrote one opera, called Fidelio. Towards the end of his life he became deaf. He could still SOUL-MAKING is the process of creating composer, and hear the sounds in his head, but and deriving meaning through art. For a had great difficulty in conducting his works. person to make sense of language and draw meaning from words, it is necessary Beethoven modified Classical music. His music to take into consideration semantic and is weightier, and on a larger scale. There is grammatical principles. more emotion in his music, and his last movements are usually the most important. He uses more discords, more dynamic contrast ART FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY and more contrast in pitch. He increased the Art as a kind of emulation size of the orchestra, for example, he often Plato's The Republic portrays artists as added a 3rd horn and a piccolo, and also added mimics, and art as nothing more than a a choir in his 9th symphony. collection of imitations. He believes that the things that exist in this world are simply copies of the original, the eternal, and that SOULMAKING Soul-making is a nontraditional method of authentic beings can only be discovered in getting to know oneself and delving the World of Forms, according to his into the depths and true significance of metaphysics or perspective of reality. Art is what we do in our daily lives. It encourages nothing more than a copy of another's work. the development of our inner artist while In the World of Forms, a painting is just a copy of nature, which in turn is an imitation of reality in the actual world. The Subjects of Art and the Method of Presenting Them Subject of Art Art as a means of communication - The matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist. In agreement with Plato, Aristotle, on the - Person, object, scene, event. other hand, saw art as a tool to help 2 kinds of art as to subject 1. Representational Art or Objective philosophy in the pursuit of the truth. Art Art is a representation of a version of reality. - Uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted in the artwork. Aristotelian philosophy holds that art has a) Still Life two distinct purposes: it allows for the - Depicting mostly inanimate object matter, typically commonplace objects which may be enjoyment of pleasure, and it has the either natural (food flower, plants, rocks, shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, power to be instructional, teaching its vases, coins, pipes, etc.) in an artificial setting. audience valuable lessons about life and its surroundings. b) Art as a kind of unbiased evaluation Kant's Critique of Judgment asserted that Portraiture the judgment of beauty, which he - Portrait - Painting, photograph, sculpture, or other regarded to be the foundation of art, was artistic representation of a person, in which something universal, despite the fact that it the face and expression is predominant. was susceptible to subjectivity. In his understanding of beauty, he acknowledged that it is subjective.  c) Landscapes, Seascapes, and Cityscapes 2. Non – Representational Art or Non- Objective Art - Uses “content” and concerned with “how” the artwork is depicted. Methods of Presenting Art Subjects Realism - Began in France 1850s - Believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against exaggerated emotionalism - Depict what the eyes can see, what the ear can hear, an what the sense faculty may receive. - Gustave Courbet and Honore Domier Abstraction - In abstract art, the artist does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his ideas or his feeling about it (exaggerated emotionalism). - Wassily Kandivinsky a. Distortion - Subject is in misshapen condition, irregular shape, twisted out - Form of emphasizing detail to the point that something in no longer “correctly” depicted.  - The old guitarist – Pablo Picasso. multiple viewpoints of a particular image. - Looking like a piece of fractured glass. e. Abstract Expressionism - Modern art movement in America (WWII) b. Elongated - Depart completely from - Being lengthen the subject matter from - Protraction or extension. the studied precision and from any kind of preconceived design. - (parang batik batik lang kagaya kay JC Intal) Symbolism - Systematically uses symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work of art more subjective (rather than objective) and conventional. - Spolarium c. Mangling Fauvism - Not commonly used to portray - Les Fauves “the wild beast” abstract art. - Emphasized spontaneity and - Cut, lacerated, mutilated, torn, use of extremely bright colors. hacked, or disfigured. - A color red tree. - Henri Matisse Dadaism - Dada “hobby – horse” - System of art which is per se “non- essential” - Strives to have no meaning at all. - Post – WW cultural movement against the barbarism. - Fake urinal turned into fountain d. Cubism - Early 1900s Futurism - Combination of basic geometric - Modernist movement shapes – sometimes showing celebrating the technological, future era. - A love of speed, technology, and violence.  Surrealism - Offshoot or child of dada. - Also known as “super realism” - Dream like - Fantasy a. Veristic Surrealism - Allowed images of the subconscious to be undisturbed so that the meaning could be understood through analysis. - They follow images if the subconscious until consciousness can understand the meaning. - Rene Magritte, Salvador Dali. b. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism - Images of the subconscious should not be burdened by meaning, so they are represented in an abstract form. - Focused more on the feelings and less analytical - Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud Surrealistic Techniques i. Scale – changing an objects scale or size. ii. Levitation – floating objects that don’t normally float. iii. Juxtaposition – joining 2 images together in impossible combinations. iv. Dislocation – taking an object away from its usual environment and placing it in an unfamiliar one. v. Transparency – making objects (that are not transparent) transparent. vi. Transformation – changing objects in unusual way; dahon na may bitak na parang puzzle piece tas naging butterfly. Impressionism - Optical realism - Focused on directly describing the visual sensation derived from nature. - Devotees impressionism were not concerned with the actual depiction of the object they painted; they were concerned with the visual impressions aroused by those objects.  Art as a means of conveying emotional content Tolstoy believed that art has a significant function in communicating feelings that the creator has previously experienced to an audience via communication. Emotions are communicated via art PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS o RED (PHYSICAL) Positive: Physical courage, strength, warmth, energy, basic survival, 'fight or flight’, stimulation, masculinity, excitement Negative: Defiance, aggression, strain o BLUE (INTELLECTUAL) Positive: Intelligence, communication, trust, efficiency, serenity, duty, logic, coolness, reflection, calm Negative: Coldness, aloofness, lack of emotion, unfriendliness. o YELLOW (EMOTIONAL) Positive: Optimism, confidence, self-esteem, extraversion, emotional strength, friendliness, creativity Negative: Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, depression, anxiety, suicide o GREEN (BALANCE) Positive: Harmony, balance, refreshment, universal love, rest, restoration, reassurance, environmental awareness, equilibrium, peace Negative: Boredom, stagnation, blandness, enervation  o VIOLET Positive: Spiritual awareness, containment, vision, luxury, authenticity, truth, quality Negative: Introversion, decadence, suppression, inferiority. o ORANGE Positive: Physical comfort, food, warmth, security, sensuality, passion, abundance, fun Negative: Deprivation, frustration, frivolity, immaturity o PINK Positive: Physical tranquility, nurture, warmth, femininity, love, sexuality, survival of the species. Negative: Inhibition, emotional claustrophobia, emasculation, physical weakness o GRAY Positive: Psychological neutrality. Negative: Lack of confidence, dampness, depression, hibernation, lack of energy.  o BLACK Positive: Sophistication, glamour, security, emotional safety, efficiency, substance. Negative: Oppression, coldness, menace, heaviness. o WHITE Positive: Hygiene, sterility, clarity, purity, cleanliness, simplicity, sophistication, efficiency. Negative: Sterility, coldness, barriers, unfriendliness, elitism. o BROWN Positive: Seriousness, warmth, nature, earthiness, reliability, support. Negative: Lack of humor, heaviness, lack of sophistication.