Art Appreciation Midterms PDF

ART APPRECIATION MIDTERMS Unit 1: Introduction Lesson 1- Humanities and the Arts **Humanities** - study aspects of human society and culture. - came from the Latin "humanus" which means human, cultured and refined, - came from the Latin "humanus" which means human, cultured and r...

ART APPRECIATION MIDTERMS Unit 1: Introduction Lesson 1- Humanities and the Arts **Humanities** - study aspects of human society and culture. - came from the Latin "humanus" which means human, cultured and refined, - came from the Latin "humanus" which means human, cultured and refined - The study of humanities may also be attributed to the symmetry and balance discussed by the art piece known as the Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci. Why study humanities? - CONTAINS THE RECORDS OF MAN'S QUEST FOR ANSWERS TO THE FUNDAMENTAL questions he asks himself and about the world we live in; - STUDIES MAN AND THE MANNER IN WHICH HE CONDUCTS HIMSELF FROM THE time of his existence to the present; - IS COMPOSED OF ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES THAT MAKE IT DISTINCTIVE IN BOTH content and method from the physical and biological sciences and from the social sciences; - UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENT PHENOMENA within the human cultural contexts; - studies how people process and document the human experience using philosophy, religion, literature, art and history as their way of understanding and recording the world; - STUDIES HOW INDIVIDUALS' MANNER OF EXPRESSION VARIES AS THEY RECORD human experiences and how the way of documenting these forms a connection between and among humans of the past, present and future. **Fundamental Principle of Humanities** 1. Human nature is inherently good. 2. Individuals are free and are capable of making choices. 3. Human potential for growth and development is virtually unlimited. 4. Self-concept plays an important role in growth and development. 5. Individuals have an urge for self-actualization. 6. Reality is defined by each person. 7. Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and to others. **Arts** - art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author\'s imaginative, ideas, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. **The classical branches of arts** 1. painting 2. sculpture 3. architecture - Music, theater, film, dance and other performing arts as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of the arts. - Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. - In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such at the decorative or applied arts. **Aesthetics**- nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy **Nature of the Arts** 1. Art or arts is of Aryan root "ar" which means to join or put together and has its Latin term being "sars" or "artis" which means everything that is artificially made or composed by man (wikipedia) 2. Art constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man. 3. It refers to the skillful arrangement or composition of some common but significant qualities of nature such as sounds, colors, lines, movements, words, stone and wood to express feelings, thoughts, imaginations and dreams in an amazing, meaningful and enjoyable way. (Adams, 2002) 4. Art is subjective as it employs the use of perception, insights, feelings and intuition 5. It is the heightened expression of human dignity and weaknesses felt and shared so powerfully in a world increasingly aware of its successes and failures 6. It is man's expression of himself as an individual and how he views his existence, and 7. Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation specially when people understand them **Functions of Art** 1. Express freely oneself; 2. Socially express his need for display, celebration and communication; and 3. Physically express the need for utility of functional objects. **The Forms of Art Differentiated** 1. **Functional Art Forms** - (the need for life to be better) - Generally applied art - art created for use, not necessarily everyday use, but designed to serve a purpose and with an aesthetic in mind. - this benefit is mostly financial in nature. - They meet a need for use, and are works of art as well. - Architecture, weaving, furniture-making 2. **Non-functional Art Forms** - serves no utilitarian purpose. - encompasses paintings, sculptures and all manner of fine art - the need to express aesthetics and beauty - painting, sculpture, literature, music, dance and theater Lesson 2- Arts and Philosophy **Philosophy** - field of discipline which has attempted to explain almost all aspects of human existence. - study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language **Art or Aesthetic** - study of beauty and taste, concerned with the nature of art and used as a basis for interpreting and evaluating individual works of art - a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art. **Philosophy of Art** - study of the nature of art, including concepts such as interpretation, representation and expression, and form - closely related to aesthetics, the philosophical study of beauty and taste **The Artistic Philosophers** 1. **Plato** - a philosopher of Ancient Greece who is known for his Dialogues together with Socrates. - He loved and hated the arts at the same time - Plato was seen as a good literary stylist and great story teller and considered the arts as threatening - the physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational, eternal and changeless original which he called FORMS. - Plato's Ideas of the Arts may be summed up by the truths according to him that: 1. Art is imitation. 2. Art is dangerous - Beauty, Justice, and The Circle are all examples of what Plato called Forms or Ideas - For Plato, these Forms are perfect Ideals, but they are also more real than physical objects. He called them \"the Really Real\". The world of the Forms is rational and unchanging; the world of physical appearances is changeable and irrational, and only has reality to the extent that it succeeds in imitating the Forms. - The mind or soul belongs to the Ideal world; the body and its passions are stuck in the muck of the physical world 2. **Aristotle** - first distinguished between "what is good and what is beautiful\'\'. - the universal elements of beauty are manifested by order, symmetry and definiteness - As exemplified in his Poetics, he stated that physical manifestation of beauty is affected by SIZE. He considered art as imitation or a representation of nature and his emphasis of the art is on POETRY which for him is more philosophical than Philosophy itself. - Poets imitated the following according to Aristotle: 1. Things and events which have been or still are; 2. Things which are said to be seen and are probable and 3. Things which essentially are. 3. **Immanuel Kant** - wrote a treatise on Aesthetics: Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime - His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY that it is a matter of TASTE. Kant explained that TASTE can be both SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL. - For KANT, beauty is a question of form and color is NOT IMPORTANT. - The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant are: 4. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, harmony and symmetry; and 5. Beauty leads to a response of awe that overwhelms the viewers of the art. **Artist vs. Artisans** **Artist** - a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art **Artisan** - a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewelry, food items, household items and tools or even mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker. - practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist. - The adjective \"artisanal\" is sometimes used in describing hand processing in what is usually viewed as an industrial process, such as in the phrase artisanal mining.  **The Art Forms** **Art** - refers to the theory, human application and physical expression of creativity found in human cultures and societies through skills and imagination in order to produce objects, environments and experiences - major constituents of the arts: visual arts. Literature, performing arts, culinary arts The following items below are the art forms which one may use in order to express his artistic inclinations: 1. **Architecture** - an art form that reflects how we present ourselves across the earth's landscape, and, like other expressive mediums, it changes with styles, technologies and cultural adaptations - most functional of all the art forms 2. **Sculpture** - artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects - clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass, wood, plaster, rubber, and random "found" objects. - may be carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or otherwise shaped and combined 3. **Painting** - application of pigments to a support surface that establishes an image, design or decoration - describes both the act and the result 4. **Dance** - movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the movement itself. - examples of this art form are the folk dances of the Philippines like Tinikling and Subli, ballet, and modern dances to name a few. 5. **Music** - an art form, and cultural activity, whose medium is sound. - Common elements: pitch, rhythm, dynamics, sonic qualities of timbre and texture - examples which may be associated with music are the Philippine folk songs and the produced popular music of Filipino singers like Sarah Geronimo and Gary Valenciano to name a few 6. **Theater** - a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. - Performers may communicate through gesture, speech, song, music, and dance - examples of theatrical presentations are the following: Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream and Romeo and Juliet, Victor Hugo's Les Miserables and the local theatrical presentations of Noli Me Tangere and chosen zarzuelas and moro-moro performances. 7. **Literature** - any body or collection of written work. - refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, and sometimes deploys language in ways that differ from ordinary usage - classified according to whether it is fiction or nonfiction, and whether it is poetry or prose - Literature may be in any form such as poetry, novel, short story, essay, epic and legends among others. - Literature may be oral or written and are also sometimes meant to be performed before an audience. - Some examples of this literary pieces are The Woman Who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin, Po-on by F. Sionil Jose, Myths, Legends and Folktales by Maximo D. Ramos and Stupid is Forever by the late Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. Unit 2: Subject and Content Lesson 1- The subject of an artwork **Subject** - refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork. - The subject in art is basically the essence of the piece. - In artwork, the subject matter would be what the artist has chosen to paint, draw or sculpt. - It allows you to say whatever you want to say - Some artworks have subjects and some do not. **Representational Art or Objective Art** - represents something - it is art which is clearly identifiable as something which already exists in life - does not need to be a completely realistic depiction of the subject - refers to a painting or sculpture that is clearly recognizable for what it claims to be - It is also referred to as Figurative Art, being that it is derived from real object sources. **Non-representational or non-objective art** - refers to compositions which do not rely on representation or mimesis to any extent - Abstract art, non figurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are related terms that indicate a departure from reality in the depiction of imagery in art. - highly subjective and can be difficult to define - personal expression of an artist\'s subjective experience. **Lesson 2- The Sources of Subject** 1. **Nature** - equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general." - most commonly used source of art. 2. **People** - most interesting subject of an artwork which may be real or imagined. - may be presented as individuals or groups and may perform tasks as how they do in their everyday life. 3. **History** - depiction of factual events that occurred in the past whose purpose is either to remember important events of long ago or to teach the learners about the lessons of the past. 4. **Legends** - present to viewers of the art something tangible even when unverified. Art brings life to these stories 5. **Religion** - played an enormous role in inspiring works of visual arts, music, architecture and literature through ages. - Artists used as inspiration the religious texts as the Bible, Quran and Torah in conveying their ideas and beliefs through their art works - handmaid of religion. 6. **Mythology** - sources of subjects that come from the stories of gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome, Norse and Egyptians. - so called deities of the mythological world depict present humanlike behaviors. 7. **Dreams and Fantasy** - The wonder of the unconscious is what is being expressed by art works under this subject source - explain to the viewers the content of the art piece including the hidden meaning behind each work 8. **Technology** - modernity of the present is also an inspiration being used by artists as a source of subject. - The wondrous use of machines, the towering skyscrapers, state of the art robotics technology, top of the line transportation machineries as cars, ships and motorcycles to name a few are sources of subjects of interest under technology. Lesson 3- Ways of Presenting the subject 1. **Naturalism** - refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting - type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are. 2. **Realism** - generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural elements. - the accurate depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and the details of light and color. 3. **Abstraction** - finds its roots in 'intuition' (of the artist) and 'freedom' (for the artist as well as for the viewer). - capability of the artist to use their imagination to look beyond what we can physically see and translate intangible emotions onto the canvas. - abstraction gives the artist the freedom to trust their intuition to create art that is equally worthy of an audience. - Abstraction may be in these forms: A. **Distortion**- alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of something. B. **Elongation**- lengthened, protracted or extended. C. **Mangling**- cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with repeated blows. D. **Cubism**- use of a cone, cylinder, sphere, triangle, square, cube and circle in place of real pictorial elements. 4. **Symbolism** - use of a visible sign of an idea to convey to the viewers, readers or audiences the message of his work. - mystery is advocated 5. **Fauvism** - name applied to the work produced by a group of artists from around 1905 to 1910, which is characterized by strong colors and fierce brushwork. - were made using bold, non-naturalistic colours (often applied directly from the tube), and wild loose dabs of paint 6. **Dadaism** - protest movement in the art that is playful and experimental. - "Dada" means a "hobby horse" - most often nonsensical 7. **Futurism** - developed in Italy about the same time as cubism appeared in France. - capture the mechanical energy of modern life. 8. **Surrealism** - mirrors the evils of the present society. - means super realism which emphasizes the activities of the subconscious state of the mind. - activities of the subconscious mind mostly exemplifying violence and cruelty - aim is to reveal the deep and ugly part of human nature. 9. **Expressionism** - describing pathos, morbidity, chaos or even defeat and was introduced in Germany from 1900 -- 1910 - at the heart of making art. A. **Medium** - When an artist is ready to express himself in art and to give shape to his vision, his first thought would be on what medium to use. B. **The Technique** - The technique of the artwork shows the level of familiarity with the medium being manipulated. C. **Curation** - Derived from the word "curare" which means to take care. It is a process that involves managing, overseeing and assembling or putting together a presentation or exhibit for some type of artistic collection. **Lesson 2- The Different Media of The Visual Arts** 1. **Graphic or Two-Dimensional Arts** A. **Drawing** -fundamental skill needed in the visual arts 1. **Pencils**- Made of graphite which comes in different hardness from soft to hard or thickness from thick to needle-like. i. **Shading Techniques** - **Hatching**- series of thin parallel lines that run in the same direction. - **Cross-hatching**- A series of thin parallel lines and criss-crossing it with another set of tin parallel lines. - **Stippling**- Uses the sharp point of the pencil to make dot patterns in some parts of the drawing. - **Blending**- May be accomplished by using the finger or a paper stump to gradually change the tone from dark to light. 2. **Ink**- one of the oldest materials for drawing that is still in use. It allows for a great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and technique used in the application. 3. **Pastel**- composed of dry pigment held together by a gum binder and compressed into sticks. i. **3 Kinds of Pastel** - Soft Pastel - Hard Pastel - Oil Pastel ii. **Pastel Techniques** - **Stippling**- Using pastel of different colors to produce small marks, thus, creating a pattern. - **Feathering**- Using the point of the pastel to make parallel strokes creating a feather-like effect. - **Scumbling**- It is like layering but using pastel. The side of the pastel is lightly drawn on top of an existing color but still making the color of the first layer visible. - **Impasto**- The technique of thickly applying the pastel by pressing it hard on the paper creating an opaque effect. - **Sgraffito**- Technique that applies a thick deposit of pas 4. **Charcoal**- organic medium that comes from burnt wood. iii. **2 kinds of Charcoal** - **Compressed Charcoal**- The vine charcoal which comes in thin sticks that is easy to blend and erase. - **Manufactured Charcoal**- Made from loose charcoal mixed with a binder and pressed into sticks. 5. **Paper**- most common surface used in two-dimensional art. iv. **3 Types of Paper** - **Hot-pressed Paper**- Smooth - **Cold-pressed Paper**- Has moderate texture. - **Rough Paper**- Has the most texture (tooth). B. **Painting**- process of applying paint onto a smooth surface (ground/support) like paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster. a. **Pigment**- Part of the paint that gives color. b. **Different Media for Painting**: 1. **Watercolor**- Pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper 2. **Gouche**- pigment has been mixed with water and added with a chalk-like material to give it an opaque effect. 3. **Oil Paints**- Pigments are mixed with oil as its binder 4. **Tempera**- Pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes with the white) as binder. 5. **Fresco**- Pigment is mixed with water and applied on a portion of the wall with wet plaster. It is used for mural paintings. 6. **Acrylic**- Modern medium with synthetic paint using acrylic emulsion as binder. C. **Mosaic**- wall or floor decorations made of small tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass called tesserae. D. **Collage**- Derived from a French word "coller" which means to stick. This is a technique of making art by gluing or pasting on firm support materials or found objects. E. **Printmaking**- Process used for making reproductions of graphic works. Allows for the repeated transfer of a master image from a printing plate (matrix) onto a surface. c. **Printmaking Techniques** 7. **Relief Painting (raised**)- oldest method of printmaking. The technique involves cutting away certain parts of the surface and leaving the 'raised' part to produce the image. 8. **Intaglio Printing (Depressed)-** Instead of the surface of the plate for the image, the lines of the image are cut or incised to a metal plate. 9. **Surface Printing (Flat**)- Includes all processes in which printing is done from a flat surface. 2. **Plastic or Three-Dimensional Arts** A. **Sculpture**- Originated from the Latin word "sculpere" which means to carve. It is defined as the art or practice of creating three-dimensional forms or figures. a. **3 Kinds of Sculpture** 1. **Freestanding**- Sculptures which can be viewed from all sides 2. **Relief**- Sculptures in which the figures project from a background **Two Variations of Relief Sculpture**: - **Low Relief** (bas relief)- Figures are slightly raised/projected from its background. - **High Relief**- Almost half of the figures project from its background, more shadows are created. 3. **Kinetic** (mobile)- A sculpture that is capable of movement by wind, water or other forms of energy. Lesson 3 - The Process of Creating Sculptures A. **Subtractive Process**- Involves removing or cutting away pieces of the material to form the figure. B. **Additive Process**- The process involves the construction of a figure by putting together bits of the material or by welding together metal parts to create figures. C. **Process of Substitution**- This process is also known as casting. This method involves using a mold to produce a 3D figure in another material. D. **Different Media of Sculpture**: a. **Stone**- A natural medium. Hard and relatively permanent. b. **Wood**- Also a natural medium. It varies in hardness and durability depending on the kind of tree it came from. c. **Metal**- It has three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility and malleability. d. **Plaster**- It is finely ground gypsum mixed with water and poured into mold. e. **Terra cotta** (cooked earth)- Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature. f. **Glass**- Made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and soda lime. g. **Plastic**- Synthetic medium made from organic polymers. Lesson 4 - Architecture Art of designing buildings and other structures which will serve a definite function. A. **Construction Principles** a. **Post and Lintel**- Makes use of two vertical supports (post) and spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It was invented by the Greeks. b. **Arch**- A Roman invention that consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle. - **Barrel Vault**- A succession of arches. - **Groin Vault**- A structure that is formed by intersecting arches resulting in four openings. - **Dome**- Structure with the shape of an inverted cup. c. **Truss**- System of triangular forms assembled to form a rigid framework. d. **Cantilever**- A structure that makes use of a beam or slab that extends horizontally into space beyond its supporting post. e. **Buttress**- A structure that is built as a support for the wall. Lesson 5 - Media of Architecture A. **Compressive Strength**- Refers to those materials that can support heavy weights without crumbling or breaking down. B. **Materials that are used for Creating Building and Infrastructures:** a. **Stones and Bricks**- Stones are favored over other materials for its durability, adaptability to sculptural treatment and its use for building simple structures in its natural state. b. **Lumber** (wood)- All parts of a building can be constructed using wood except the foundations. c. **Iron and Steel**- Provide stronger and taller structures with less use of material when compared to stone or wood. d. **Concrete**- Mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of sand and gravel. Lesson 6 - Literature and the Combined Arts A. **Literature**- Art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal. B. **Types of Literature** a. **Poetry**- It used to follow strict rules s to the number and length of lines and stanzas but in recent years they have become more free-flowing b. **Fiction**- Written work that is not real and which uses elaborate figurative language. c. **Non-fiction**- Subject matter comes from real life. d. **Drama**- Includes all plays or any written works that are meant to be performed. Lesson 7 - Music, Media in Music, some Genres of Music A. **Music**- Defined as the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that express various ideas and feelings. B. **Media in Music** a. **Vocal Medium**- The oldest and most popular medium for music is the human voice. I. **Classification of Human Voice (Komien,2008):** - **Soprano**- Highest female singing voice. - **Contralto**- Female singing voice that is low and rich in quality. - **Tenor**- Highest adult male singing voice. - **Bass**- Male singing voice that is low and rich in quality. - **Baritone**- Male singing voice that is between tenor and bass. b. **Instrumental Medium**- Materials that produce/create sound I. **Traditional Instruments of Music:** - **String Instruments-** Provide basic orchestral sounds. Two kinds are: Bowed strings that produce tones by means of a bow of horse hair and Plucked strings that produce tones by plucking the strings with a finger or with a plectrum held in one's hand. - **Woodwind Instruments**- Create sounds by blowing into them. - **Brass Instruments**- Have cup-shaped mouthpieces and expands into a bell shaped end. - **Percussion Instruments**- Makes sound by hitting them. - **Keyboard Instruments**- Make sound by means of a keyboard which consist of a series of black and white keys. C. **Some Genres of Music**: a. **Classical Music**- European tradition that covered the years of 1750 to 1830. Forms such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata were standardized. b. **Folk Music-** Originated in the traditional popular culture or is written in such a style. c. **Pop Music**- Began in the 1950s and is inspired in the tradition of rock and roll. d. **Jazz**- Originated in the African-American communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. e. **Blues**- Originated from the African Americans in the deep South of the United States in the late 19th Century. f. **Rock Music**- Form of popular music that evolved from rock and roll and pop music. g. **Alternative Music**- A style of rock music that emerged from the independent music of the 1980s and gained popularity in the 1990s. Lesson 8 - Dance, Types of Dance A. **Dance**- said to be the oldest of the arts. It is the man's gestures that express emotions through rhythmic movements. B. **Types of Dance**: a. **Ethnologic** (ethnic)- Includes folk dances associated with national and/or cultural b. **Social or Ballroom**- Type of dancing that are generally performed in pairs. c. **Ballet**- Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval era. d. **Social or Ballroom**- Sometimes called contemporary or interpretative dances. They represent rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. e. **Musical Comedy** (musicale)- Refers to those dances performed by one dancer or a group of dancers. Lesson 9 - Drama and Theatre and Genres of Drama A. **Drama**- Genre of literature that is intended to be acted-out or performed on stage in front of an audience. B. **Theatre**- Combined art that includes music, dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture. C. **Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):** a. **Tragedy**- literature's greatest dramatic genre. b. **Melodrama**- Emphasizes the never ending battle between good and evil wherein good always wins c. **Comedy**- Exact opposite of tragedy. d. **Satire**- Portrays human weakness and criticized human behavior to pave the path to some form of salvation for human actions. e. **Farce**- Light humorous play in which the emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical action, exaggerated situations and improbable characters. Lesson 10 - Cinema, Genres of Motion Pictures and People Behind Motion Pictures A. **Cinema**- Series of images that are projected onto a screen to create the illusion of motion. B. **Genres of Motion Pictures:** a. **Feature Films**- Commonly shown in movie theaters. b. **Animated movies**- Use images created by artists/ animators. c. **Documentary movies**- deal primarily with facts, not fiction. d. **Experimental films**- Sequence of images, literal or abstract, which do not necessarily form a narrative. e. **Educational Films**- Specifically intended to facilitate learning at home or classrooms. C. **People Behind a Motion Picture** a. **Actors**- Play the roles of the characters. b. **Producer**- handles finances. c. **Screenwriter**- develops stories and ideas for the screen or adapts interesting written pieces of work as motion pictures. d. Director- Studies the script, plans and visualizes how the film should be portrayed and guides the actors and the production crew as they carry out the project. Unit 4: Elements and Principles of Art Lesson 1 - Line and Kinds of Line **Line**- a path made by a moving point - a series of dots - a prolongation of points or according to Paul Klee is a dot that went for a walk. - that captures its essence in the visual arts is it being an intended mark made by the artist to convey meaning beyond its physical description. **Kinds of lines** - **Straight lines**- geometric, impersonal and differ in the direction that they take. - may move from left to right, start from the top going down, slant or move up and down forming angles - **Horizontal lines** - move from left to right or vice versa. It is a line that appears to be laying down. - **Vertical Line** - start from bottom to top or vice versa. It is a line that appears to be standing. - **Diagonal lines**- On the positive diagonals indicate action and movement i.e. to move forward and act. On the negative, it conveys a feeling of uncertainty, stress and defeat. - **Zigzag lines** - Are angular lines that resulted in abrupt change in the direction of a straight line thus forming angles. - **Curved lines** - are technically curvilinear lines. Curve lines suggest grace, movement and flexibility indicative of life and energy Lesson 2 - Properties of Color and How Colors Relate and Light and Shadow - **Color** - The significance of color as an element of the visual arts cannot be over emphasized. - adds beauty and meaning to all forms of art - property of light - composed of a series of wavelengths which strike the retina of the eyes - A ray of light contains all the colors of the visible spectrum- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (ROYGBIV). - The visible spectrum was discovered by sir Isaac Newton when light was allowed to pass through a glass prism **Properties of Color** - **Hue** - It is the name given to the color, for example; red, green, violet and blue. - **Primary Hue**s- red, yellow, and blue. (these hues cannot be produced from combining any hues) - **Secondary Hues**- two primary hues are mixed in equal amount. Orange, green, violet - **Intermediate Hues**- Mixing equal amounts of the primary and secondary hues. Red orange, Blue green, and Blue violet - **Tertiary Hues**- Combining in equal mixture any two secondary hues - **Value** - refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. The value of any hues can be changed by adding a neutral such as black or white. - **Shade** - When black is combined with hue. - **Tint** - When white is added with hue. - **Intensity** - denotes the brightness or dullness of a color. It gives color its strength. Colors differ in intensity or vividness. - Hues become less intense (dull) when white is added because color becomes lighter in value. - The hues' intensity diminishes when black is added and as the value darkens. - If gray is added, the result will be a variation in intensity without any change in value. **How Colors Relate** **Color harmony**- is one method of establishing color quality in a composition. - **Monochromatic harmony** - When a single color in the composition is varied in intensity and value by adding white or black. - **Complementary Harmony** - results when two colors that are opposite each other in the color wheel are placed side by side. - **Analogous harmony** - results when hues that are adjacent or beside each other in the color wheel is used in a composition. - **Color temperature** - refers to the relative warmth or coolness of a color. - **Warm colors**- are colors that have YELLOW as its dominant component - **Cool colors**- have blue as their dominant component **Light and Shadow (Value**)- focuses on what is known as achromatic value - refers to the changes in the amount of reflected light which ranges from black to gray to white and vice versa **Chiaroscuro**- is the technique of manipulating light and shadow in painting. - Masters who have perfected the use of this technique are Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and Caravaggio. - **Rembrandt and Caravaggio** went a step further and exaggerated the use of shadows to an extreme called tenebrism or "dark manner". - **Fernando Amorsolo**, also mastered chiaroscuro, but his focus was more on the manipulation of light rather than shadow. Lesson 3 - Shape and Classification of Shapes **Shapes**- a shape is formed when two ends of a line meet to enclose an area **Picture plane** - any flat surface onto which the artwork is created. **Negative shapes** - these are between the shapes that are not occupied by any form **Classification of Shapes** - **Natural or organic shape**s - those are seen in nature like the shape of leaves, animals, mountains, flowers and seashells. - **Abstract shapes** - those that have little or no resemblance to natural objects. - **Non-objective or biomorphic shapes** - seldom have reference to recognizable objects, but most often show a similarity to some organic forms. - **Geometric shapes** - these are triangles, rectangles, squares, cylinders, cubes. **Sculpture and architecture**- are three-dimensional forms, which are identified either by mass or volume. **Single volume**- is the fundamental unit in sculpture Lesson 4 - Texture, Methods of creating Space and Movement **Texture** - refers to the feel or tactile quality of the surface of an object. **Visual texture** - in such cases where touching the artwork is not allowed, textured can be perceived by the eyes. **Space** - An illusion in the graphic arts. It is created by techniques that add depth and distance to two-dimensional art **Methods of Creating Space** - **Overlapping planes (interposition)** - create space when an object covers a part of another object which is behind it. - **Relative size** - objects that appear large/big indicate nearness and small-sized objects as distant. - **Position on the picture plane (relative height)** - In some paintings, spatial representation is based upon the position of objects relative to the bottom of the frame. - **horizon line**- point of reference. the line at the eye level - picture plane can be divided into three parts; - **Foreground** - the bottom part. - **Middle ground** - where the horizon is. - **Background** - the topmost part. **Color**- is also used to give the illusion of distance. - Warm colors advance and make objects look closer while cool colors recede making objects look farther away. - **Perspective** - deals with the effect of distance on the appearance of objects. It enables the viewer to perceive distance and to see the position of objects in space. - **Linear perspective** - give the perception distance by means of converging lines - **Aerial perspective (gradient**) - the effect of haze, mist or atmosphere on the object. Near objects are seen in detail with the full intensity of color **Space in sculpture**- may be viewed in two ways: it may be considered a single solid object or an assemblage of solids that exhibits space **Space in architecture**- is created and defined by the shape, position, and the materials employed by the architect. **Movement**- artists of the visual arts have manipulated the medium and elements in order to portray motion in their artworks. **Two ways to present motion or movement in their art** - **Actual movement** - in art, specifically in sculptures results in **kinetic art**. - may be achieved naturally using wind and water or mechanically through some energy source - **Implied movement** - results when a variety of lines are used together, repeated, change in position, or decreased/increased in size. - gives the impression of movement in a stationary two dimensional art Elements of the Combined Arts Lesson 5 - Elements of Music - **Rhythm** - is a movement or pattern with uniform recurrence of accented and accented beat - **Melody** - is the succession of tones arranged in such a way as to give it a musical sense - **Harmony** - is the sounding of a series of groups of tones in the same time. - **Concordance**- results when the combination of sounds are in agreement which makes it sound good - **Dissonance**- results when the combination is not pleasant to hear. - **Timbre** - is tonal quality or the character of the tone that is produced by an instrument or by the human voice. - **Form** - is the structure or the framework of a composition **Vocal Forms** - **Opera** is a drama set to music complete with actions, costumes and scenery - **Cantata** is a religious story told in music without actions - **Moro-moro** is a Philippine drama set to music which depicts the conflict between the Christians and the Muslims. **Instrumental Forms** - **Sonata** is a long composition for solo instruments (piano, Violin) - **Symphony** is a sonata for the orchestra - **Dynamics** - is the loudness and softness of the sound in music indicated by symbols to regulate the volume of the sound. - **pp pianissimo** - very soft - **p piano** - soft - **mp mezo piano** - half soft - **ff fortissimo** - very loud - **crescendo** - gradually becoming louder - **decrescendo** - gradually becoming softer **Elements of Dance** - **Music-** plays an important role in the dance to which it is closely related**.** - **Movement**- is how the dancers use their bodies to move and create organized patterns - **Choreography**- refers to how the steps and movements are connected for it to be performed in an organized manner. - Technique- is the skill of the dancer in executing the movements - Theme- is the content or the main ingredient of the dance - Design- is the planned organization or patterns of movement in time and space. - Costume- The type of dance performed and the costumes worn relate closely to the customs, beliefs, and environment of the people. enhance the effect of the dance. Lesson 6 - Elements of Drama Drama- is basically one of the genres of literature that is written primarily to be performed - Plot- is the overall structure of the play Exposition- is the part that familiarizes the audience with the characters and the situation they are in. Complication- happens in the middle part of the play which develops the conflict that was started in the exposition. Resolution is also called the anticlimax or the part where conditions in the story are normalized and the situation becomes stable. - Setting- is the locale and period in which the story takes place. - Characters- are the persons involved in the story. - Dialogue- refers to the words uttered by the characters in the story. - Theme is what the story means Lesson 7 - Elements of Theater Theater art- is performed live - The Playwright's role- is to work out the plot in terms of the actual actions to be performed and dialogue to be spoken by actors within the limited facilities of the stage. - The Performers- are the ones who portray the characters in a play. - The Director- works with the playwright to present which is interpreted and translated into dramatic action. - Production Design includes the scenery, props, make-up Lesson 8 - Elements of Cinema (Motion Picture) - Acting and the Stars- Acting is the art of portraying or impersonating a character in the story - Set and Directors- should know the setting of the story and build artificial sets. - Music and Musical Director - **Music** is indispensable in motion pictures - **Musical director** is in charge of selecting, composing new songs, writing orchestration, preparing background music, creating musical scores and supervising all recording - Color- in the movies is an innovation in cinematography. - Make-up, Hair and Costume Design- These people are responsible for applying the specific type of make-up, hairstyle and costume to the actors before they face the camera. - Sound, Camera and Special Effects Technicians- Sound technicians are responsible for making the dialogue clear and music of fine quality Lesson 9 - Principles of Art - Form- refers to how specific elements in the artwork are organized to produce a unified whole. Classified into: - Primary Features- This is how the artwork appears to the viewers - Secondary Features- This is how the primary features of the artwork relate to one another. - Content- refers to the message the artist wants to convey through his art. Levels of content - **Factual** is the literal interpretation of the work, its images, attributes, actions and poses. - **Conventional level** takes into consideration the basic genres and the figurative meanings usually indicated by familiar signs and symbols and the quality of work. - **Subjective level** takes into consideration the effect of form and content on the viewers of the art. - Context- refers to the various circumstances that influence how a work of art was produced and interpreted. Types of Context - Primary context pertains to the characteristic of the artist, his personality, beliefs, interests and values. - Secondary context pertains to the setting. Lesson 10 - Principles of Design Principles of design- describe the ways in which an artist has used or can use the elements of art to create beautiful compositions. - **Balance**- is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, color, texture and space. - **Symmetrical balance**- results when the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side. - **Asymmetrical balance**- is when the sides of the composition are different but still looked balanced. - **Radial balance**- is achieved when the elements are arranged around a central point. - **Emphasis**- is the part of the design that catches the viewer\'s attention - **Movement**- is the path the viewer\'s eye takes when looking through the work of art - **Pattern**- is the repetition of objects, shapes, lines, or symbols all over the space or picture plane. - **Proportion**- is the feeling of unity created when all parts relate well with each other. - Repetition- works with patterns to make the work seem active - **Rhythm**- is created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to produce a feeling of organized, continuous, sometimes flowing movement. - **Variety**- is the use of several elements of design that adds interest in order to hold the viewer\'s attention and guide the viewer's eye through and around the work of art. - **Unity**- is the feeling of harmony between and among the parts of the work of art, which creates a feeling of completeness in the composition. Lesson 11 - The Rule of Thirds and the Seven Da Vincian Principles **The Rule of Thirds** - The surface with two equally spaced vertical lines and two equally spaced horizontal lines. - These lines divide the picture plane into nine equal parts with four intersecting points. - Based on studies, placing an object in one of the intersecting points results in a pleasing composition. - Balance is achieved by placing another object at the point opposite the first one. **The Seven Da Vincian Principles** - **Leonardo da Vinci** was more than an artist - Da Vinci influenced various areas in many disciplines. - Based on the research conducted by **Michael J. Gleb** (born 1952), specifically, in his book "How to Think like Leonardo da Vinci" (1998), da Vinci's genius was based on 7 principles which he called the seven da Vincian Principles. 1. **Curiosita** is approaching life with a heightened level of wonder and continuous search to know and learn more. 2. **Dimostrazione** is the commitment to test knowledge and to persist in this task, which includes experiencing both success and failures in undertaking. 3. **Sensazione** is experiencing life through refinement of the senses. 4. **Sfumato** literally translates to "going up in smoke". 5. **Arte/Scienza** is finding a balance between art and science or logic and imagination. 6. Corporalita is taking care of one's body 7. **Connessione** is realizing that all things are interconnected.