HOA Timeline Summary PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL TIME PERIOD PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD MEGALITHS (Ancient Stone Monuments); MONUMENTAL; EARLY SETTLEMENTS STONE AGE 46,000 YA PALEOLITHIC Period Old Stone Age; Nomadic; Hunting & Gathering; Cro-Magnons Cave Painting...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL TIME PERIOD PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD MEGALITHS (Ancient Stone Monuments); MONUMENTAL; EARLY SETTLEMENTS STONE AGE 46,000 YA PALEOLITHIC Period Old Stone Age; Nomadic; Hunting & Gathering; Cro-Magnons Cave Painting MESOLITHIC Period Mid-Stone Age 10,000 YA NEOLITHIC Period New Stone Age; Agriculture, domestication BRONZE AGE MINOAN Period – Crete & Greek IRON AGE Use of Iron; Development of written language 40,000 BCE UBBIR ABORIGINAL ROCK PAINTINGS 30,000 BCE LASCAUX, FRANCE ANIMAL CAVE PAINTINGS 22,000 – 14,000 BCE PEAK & DECLINE OF ICE AGE NEW LAND RIDGES; MIGRATION 12,000 BCE CAVES NEAR WATER PROLIFERATION OF HUMANS ACROSS GLOBE 10,000 – 5,000 BCE EARLY NEOLITHIC PERIOD 1ST STRUCTURE BUILT; RELIGIOUS CENTERS 9,000 BCE GOBLEKI TEPE, TURKEY 3m HIGH MONOLITH LIMESTONE PILLARS; RELIEFS PRE-EXIST 6,000 BCE NABTA PLAYA, S. EGYPT 4m DIAMETER STONE CIRCLE, 4,500 YRS EARLIER 3,500 – 3,000 BCE NIUHELIANG RITUAL CENTER, MONGOLIA 14 (40x60m) BURIAL MOUNDS & ALTARS OVER RIDGES 2,600 BCE STONEHENGE, SALISBURY, WILTSHIRE, ENGLAND MODIFIED BY THE BEAKER PEOPLE (THEORY) “SARCEN CIRCLE;”CONTEMPORARY W/ UR &THE END OF PYRAMID AGE; BUILT & MODIFIED IN PHASES CALLANISH STONES, Scotland – Prehistoric Stones, Circular, Ritual Purpose TEMPLE OF TARXIEN, Malta – Famous for its Carved Stones UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS MENHIR MONOLITH THAT MARKS A BURIAL MOUND; Single / Parallel Rows, Upright Monolith, memorial or tribe victory Monoliths or Menhirs – prototypes of EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS DOLMEN tomb, standing stone capped with stone slab COVE 3 standing stones (2 at sides, 1 at rear) TRILITHON 2 upright stones with a lintel on top CROMLECH circular MEGALITH stone enclosure (e.g. Stonehenge, England) BURIAL MONUMENT TUMULUS PASSAGE GRAVE / BARROW; PREHISTORIC BURIAL MOUND (e.g. Treasury of Atreus, Greece) EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS The 1st Architectural Developments were TOMBS to preserve the memory of CLAN LINEAGES BARROW TOMBS SLAB STONE CHAMBER; narrow passage, artificial earth mound cover or BARROW 1ST HOUSES – TENT LIKE STRUCTURES AMERICAN INDIAN TEEPEE cooler climate; conical tent, wood poles as framework& animal skins; portable Indian shelter WIGWAM forest area; round/oval shape; tree bark as wood framework HOGAN drier area; logs as wood framework & mud; Navaho Indian dwelling SOUTH ITALY TRULLO stonework; square chambers, conical vaulted roof (e.g. Apulia, Italy | Alberobello, Bari Province) MONGOLIA YURTS circular tent made of wool felt stretched over a wooden frame OTHER PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS BEEHIVE HUT CLOCHAN; dry wall stone shelter, corbelled roof (e.g. Kerry, Ireland) IGLOO Inuit (Eskimo) snow block dome house NIGERIAN HUT mud walls, roof of palm leaves IRAQI MUDHIF made of Reed mats and Reed platform SUMATRAN HOUSE multi-family house, made of Timber & Palm leaves, has fenced pen & livestock underneath EARLY CITIES hunters started farming communities, permanent settlements JERICHO Oldest continually-inhabited city, hilltop city with stone houses (e.g. Tell Es-Sultan, Jordan) KHIROKITIA (Cyprus) Earliest Neolithic Village, hilltop city, circular limestone houses (2-9m diameter), plastered floors Page 1 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS 5,000 BCE MESOPOTAMIA (now IRAQ) MONUMENTAL; ARCTUATED Structures; Conglomeration of Babylonian & Assyrian AR Fertile Crescent; Between TIGRIS & EUPHATES RIVER Largest network of village & cities in the world Reunited Kingdom under the Kings of UR – King UR-NAMMU UBAID – Prehistoric Period of Mesopotamia FALL OF MESOPOTAMIA – DEFORESTATION & MINING – Changed region’s microclimate & caused desertification SUMERIAN (5000 – 2000 BC) Monumental Temples of Sun-dried bricks, CUNEIFORM AKKADIAN (5000 – 2000 BC) With Sumerians BABYLON (2000 – 1600 BC) or CHALDEA; Lower Mesopotamia ASSYRIAN (900 – 700 BC) City of ASHUR– Now SYRIA PERSIAN & MEDIAN (500 – 331 BC) PERSEPOLIS ORIENTATION 4 CORNERS TOWARDS CARDINAL POINTS (2) TWO ECONOMIC ORIENTATIONS UPHILL – Mining Region DOWNHILL – Agriculture Region DWELLINGS known as MEGARON, Early GREEK Dwelling; Entrance at end rather than on the long sides TELL HILLROCK; MOUND W/ MUD-BRICK HOUSE REMAINS CATAL HUYUK KONYA PROVINCE, TURKEY Largest & most preserved Neolithic Village; One of the earliest towns recorded; central of metal trade Cluster / architectural mass of rectangular, flat roof, mud houses; no streets/passageways Belief: stacked houses; build new house over old house where family member is to be buried 5,000 – 2,000 BC SUMERIANS & AKKADIANS North; Agriculture & Mining First to develop societal system / class hierarchy; alongside Ubaids SUMERIAN Monumental Temples of Sun-dried bricks CUNEIFORM 1ST Recorded Writing System ZIGGURAT, UR Stepped structure for worship (Fire Altar at the Top); 7-Storey, 21m High, 65 x 100m, 3 monumental staircases Also called “SOURCE OF LIFE” Painted Terraces – Depicts Myth – EA defeating APSU West – White – Symbolizes Mesopotamian Deity APSU; Middle – Black – Symbolizes Mesopotamian Deity EA Highest – Red – Symbolizes Sun Burnt Air; Topmost – Blue –Symbolizes Heavens AKKADIAN Under the rule of SARGON; joined & dominated Sumerians; Mountain Tribes; Metalwork; Changed Village-Based Civilization to Royalty/Ruler Concept ASSYRIAN City of ASHUR – Now SYRIA; War-like; Military Superiority (Manifested in buildings); control over Nile River & Egypt Built City Palaces and Interior Courts; took precedence over Religious Structures; Apartments in an Assyrian Palace: SERAGLIO Palace Proper HAREM for Private Family / Private Chamber KHAN Service Chamber RELIGION POLYTHEISM – worship heavenly bodies, deities CONSTRUCTION ARCH & VAULT; BATTLEMENTED CRESTINGS on top of walls VENTILATION TERRA COTTA PIPES in Assyrian palaces DECORATION Colossal Winged Bulls – low relief sculpture in stone murals, guarding chief portals LAMASSU (Bull-Man) Mythical Beast on Doorway; Protective Spirit APSASU (Female); SHEDU (Male) has 5TH Leg DUK–SHARRUKIN PALACE OF SARGON, Khorsabad, Iraq, Sargon II Squarish Parallelogram City within Walls with a 7-staged Ziggurat Palaces, temples, government bldgs., harem, stables, & public reception rooms Page 2 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BABYLONIAN or CHALDEA Decline on Assyrian Empire under NEBUCHADNEZZAR Last great Mesopotamian City before falling into the PERSIAN EMPIRE FLOODS & HEAVY RAINS in ASSYRIA & BABYLON; Hence, the use of BRICKS than earthen clay Floods & Heavy Rains = “ZIGGURATS” (2) TWO Residential Districts Adjacent to Shore Palace Compound & Ziggurat Compound RELIGION MARDUK – God of BABYLON; POLYTHEISM DECORATION Bull & Lion idols LAW OF HAMMURABI / HAMMURABI’S CODE 282 Rules written by the KING HAMMURABI First list of laws carved onto a black stone STELE (pillar) ETEMENANKI Candidate for the TOWER OF BABEL; Made to worship Babylonian god Marduk Described in the Bible, built in Babylon, by King Nebuchadnezzar II to “rival Heaven” CORNERS face the CARDINAL POINTS HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON SUMMER PALACE COMPLEX; Irrigated by Chain Pumps One of the “7 WONDERS OF ANCIENT WORLD” ISHTAR GATE Icon of Mesopotamian Architecture; 4-STOREY Portal gate, glazed brick, colorful tiles, bull & dragon décor ZIGGURAT AT BORSIPPA Rebuilt by NEBUCHADBEZZAR INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION First PROTO-URBAN ENVIRONMENT; Associated themselves with their trade No ritual sites and No burial cults Mastered GRAIN CULTIVATION – Multi-room Granaries or Silos Masters of Manipulating Water– Man-Made Lakes (4) FOUR RIVER VALLEY SYSTEM Nile River – Egypt Indus River – INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION OR HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Yellow River – Chinese Civilization Meso River CONSTRUCTION Drainage System Defensive Walls; Road Networks; Uptown and Downtown DHOLAVIRA Reverse HYDRO-ENGINEERING problem; retain water from man-made lakes for irrigation, etc. MOHENJO DARO Dominant South Indus City; prone to Flash floods Culverts & Raised Brick Platforms; Drains which lead to Settling Tanks MOHENJO DARO, RAKHIGARHI, GANWERIWALA Rebuilt 7 times; series of flash floods THE GREAT BATH City Social Center; BITUMEN WATERPROOFING; 12x7x3 pool accessed by stairs HARAPPA One of the Dominant Cities GHAGGAR HAKRA RIVER MESO AMERICA CIVILIZATION MIDDLE AMERICAN PERIOD Fall of Civilization – Wipeout via Disease from Europeans OLMECS LA VENTA PYRAMID; COLLOSAL HEAD SCULPTURES, MEXICO MAYANS TIKAL AND PALENQUE – Similar to Ziggurat AZTECS TEMPLO MAYOR – main temple in the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan INCANS MACCU PICCHU – Most Famous; Elevated/Mounted; Large Materials; Level of Accuracy; Cyclopean Walls HITTITE ARCHITECTURE 1400 – 1190 BC HITTITE EMPIRE (ANCIENT ANATOLIA) – Present-day TURKEY Located at Asia minor & Northern Syria – in a rocky land with limestone cliffs; The Hittites had plentiful natural resources for building Remains of heavy stone construction shows its architecture with a clear defensive purpose. CONSTRUCTION ROCK RELIEFS; Fortifications of CYCLOPEAN STONE MASONRY& PORTAL GATEWAYS Page 3 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (April 2021) Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) / Giza Museum 3050 BC - 900 BC; 3200 BC – 1st Cen. AD SIMPLICITY, MASSIVENESS, MONUMENTALITY; GRANEUR MONARCHY – Form of Government 30 dynasties (3rd Millennium BC to Roman Period) Egypt was Part of Persian Empire for 2 Centuries before invasion of Alexander the Great OSIRIS PILLARS – Forerunners of the Caryatids of Greece ROSETTA STONE – Granodiorite Stele; Key to Deciphering Egyptian Writing (Hieroglyphs); Decree by PTOLEMY V Contains Hieroglyphic Script (top); Demotic Script (middle), and Ancient Greek (bottom) PYLONS – Monumental Gateway to Temple, Slanting Walls, Flanking to Entry Portal (Temple of Isis, Philae) FORTRESSES – located at West bank of Nile or on Islands FORTRESS OF BUHEN– Largest Fortified town near Nubia, from here they could trade & invade lands to the South MATERIALS Stone; Mud bricks – for houses, palaces; Sand-Dried Bricks – clay& stone for pyramids & temples; Date Palm & Palm Leaves – for Roofing; Acacia – boats; Sycamore – Mummy Cases; Soft Stones ( Limestone; Sandstone; Alabaster ) & Hard Stones ( Granite; Basalt; Quartzite ) Other materials, metals and timber were imported ORIENTATION Faces Toward CARDINAL POINTS NOT CORNERS its SIDES face towards Cardinal Points CONSTRUCTION Post & Lintel; Columnar or Trabeated HYPOSTYLE HALL Row of Columns supporting Flat Roof HYPAETHRAL or KIOSK – Classical Temple; wholly / partly open to the sky; Freestanding stone canopy Flat Roofs –Due to absence of Rain; No Windows – to cut heat penetration and sandstorm BATTERED WALL Inclination from base to top of façade; Unbroken Massive Walls – Protects interior from heat DECORATION Gorge, Hollow, Bead, Roll, & Torus Moulding (inspired by reeds); Lotus, Papyrus, Palm Capitals (inspired by plants, fertility symbol) ANCIENT / OLD KINGDOM (1ST to 10TH Dynasty) – Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt CONSTRUCTION Scale Difference; imposing human scale, to separate divine & mortal world 3RD DYNASTY KING ZOSER – Politically Stable MASTABA Egyptian BURIAL MOUND; 1st Type of Egypt Tomb,Tomb means “House of Eternity” Rectangular, flat-top, Battered sides, Tomb made for the Nobility or Royal family Parts: 1) SERDAB – Inner Secret Chamber, Has Statue Of Deceased Narrow Chamber with STELAE – deceased name inscribed and an offering table 2) OFFERING CHAPEL 3) SARCOPHAGUS CHAMBER STEPPED PYRAMID of Zoser, Saqqara 1st Large-Scale Monument in Stone; Oldest Surviving Masonry Building Designed By IMHOTEP (1st Architect) MORTUARY TEMPLE OF ZOSER MEMPHIS Geographic Term: HUT–KA–PTAH / HAYKUPTAH; means “MANSION OF PTAH;” “Ptah” as Origin of the word, “EGYPT” TH 4 DYNASTY SNEFRU Built a Stepped-Faced Pyramid at MEIDUM Unfinished & Abandoned BENT PYRAMID SENEFERU (2600 BC) 54 to 43 degree inclination; 150m High RED PYRAMID 1ST TRUE PYRAMID; Red Cast Stone – His Actual Burial Place Perfect System of Tomb Chambers; Model of Subsequent Pyramids PYRAMIDS OF GIZA Most magnificent of Pyramids SIDES (NOTCORNERS i.e. Ziggurats) face towards Cardinal Points THI – Architect-In-Charge / Supervisor of Pyramid Complex Pyramid of CHEOPS KHUFU (Tallest; equated to the St. Peter Cathedral) Pyramid of CHEPREN KHAFRA or KHAFRE Great Sphinx King CHEPREN as a Man-Lion (Represents Horus) Pyramid of MYKERINOS MENKAURE (Smallest) PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX: (1) PYRAMID – Massive Funerary Structure of Stone or Brick, came in Complexes (2) MORTUARY CHAPEL; (3) VALLEY BUILDING; (4) ELEVATED & ENCLOSED CAUSEWAYS Page 4 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MIDDLE KINGDOM (11TH to 17TH Dynasty) Shifted from PYRAMIDS to TOMB TEMPLES TEMPLE TYPES: 1) MORTUARY TEMPLES – Worship, in honor of Pharoahs 2) CULT TEMPLES – Worship, in honor of god Temple of Khons – Has Avenue of Sphinx, Typical Hypostyle Hall 3) ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMB – for Nobles MENTUHETEP II – 1ST to Develop Rock-Cut Tombs Tomb of The Kings, Thebes; Tombs at Beni Hasan OBELISK, HELIOPOLIS, by SENUSRET 1ST upright square stone; electrum-capped pyramidion; hieroglyphics on 4-sides, usually in pairs, height of 9-10 times the diameter at the base, symbolizes sun-god Heliopolis VALLEY BUILDING Where EMBALMENT & RITES TOOK PLACE NEW EMPIRE(18TH to 30TH Dynasty) AMUN–RE – (Sun/Heaven god) became National Deity of the new kingdom; dozens of temple built in his honor COLUMNS & CAPITALS 1st to develop columns as more than just a load-bearing device Archetype of a DJED PILLAR (Ancient Egypt) – placing a capital ORNAMENTS Scarab Beetle – Resurrection; Solar Discs & Wings – Protection; Lotus, Papyrus Palm – Fertility; Spirals & Feathers – Eternity OBELISK, PIAZZA OF S. GIOVANNI– 4-sided monolith w/ Pyramidion cap; originally from TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK DER–EL–BAHARI( MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT) Most Impressive Rock-Cut Temple in Size; Carved off a Cliff Dedicated to Hathor, does not contain her tomb; ANUBIS SHRINE SENMUT – Built DER–EL–BAHARI GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK GRANDEST FREESTANDING STRUCTURE of all Egyptian temples built AMENEMHAT 1ST– founded Great Temple of KARNAK (Grandest of all temples) THOTMES 1ST – ADDITIONS to KARNAK temple INENI – Architect of KARNAK Temple RAMESES 1ST –began construction of the HYPOSTYLE HALL RAMESES 2ND – finished construction of the HYPOSTYLE HALL; great builder, fascinated w/ AR TEMPLE OF LUXOR, KARNAK Has AVENUE OF THESPHINX; Cult Temple Alternating Sphinxes – Androsphinx (man); Hieracosphinx (Falcon); Criosphinx (Ram) TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL, by RAMESES 3RD Pinnacle of Egyptian Rock-Cut Temple RAMESES II – Constructed by Most STUPENDOUS (INTRICATE) Rock-cut Temple; 22m Tall 4 rock-cut colossal statues of RAMESES 3RDwith Queen & Children at foot; has Baboon Sculptures MAMMISI TEMPLE Became the prototype of Greek Doric Temples RAMESSEUM, by RAMESES 2ND Funerary Temple, Dedicated to Rameses 2ND& Amon, Also has 4 Colossal Figures COLOSSI OF MEMNON One of the Wonders of the Ancient World; Erected by AMENOPHIS 3RD PTOLEMAIC PERIOD PTOLEMY 2ND Built the ancient lighthouse “LIGHT HOUSE, PHAROS” or “LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA” In honor of Alexander the Great Architect SOSTRATUS OF CINDUS PTOLEMY 3RD Founded the “GREAT SERAPEUM, OF ALEXANDRIA” – Housed the LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA Dedicated to SERAPIS, Largest of all Serapa in Alexandria Architect PARMENISKOS PERSIAN EMPIRE: PALACE COMPLEX OF PERSEPOLIS EGYPTIAN GODS RA, RE – sun OSIRIS – death, judgement ISIS – motherhood, protection HORUS – falcon, royalty SETH, SET – storms, chaos, evil ATUM, TUM – sun, creator of all things MIN – fertility MAAT – order AMUN, AMEN, AMON – 'the unseen one' MUT – mistress of heaven KHONSU – moon 'the traveller' HAPI – the Nile's fertility NUT – the firmament SHU – air GEB – earth PTAH – creation, craftsmanship Page 5 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PERSIAN EMPIRE (500–550 BCE Achaemenid Dynasty to 331 BCE conquest by ALEXANDER THE GREAT – looted & burned the city after) Major influence on Western & Central Asia – took advantage & expanded after the collapse of EGYPT, ASSYRIAN, & BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Characterized by a SYNTHESIS OF ARCHL ELEMENTS of surrounding countries, such as Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece CLIMATE Dry & Hot Climate = Open Column-Type Temples; MATERIALS Rarely rains in Persia, hence the use of TIMBER & COLORED LIMESTONE RELIGION MONOTHEISM – believers of good & evil, ethical forces MATERIALS Greek + Egyptian influence; Stone mostly for fire-temples & palace platforms due to scarcity CONSTRUCTION Massive stone or marble blocks WALLS Double mud-brick walls for stability COLUMNAR &TRABEATED with Flat Roof Timbers rather than vaults, sometimes domed CLERESTORY LIGHTING of Temples ARCHES Circular & Pointed Arch PERSIAN TILES World famous for their texture & colors MOULDINGS Ogee, Bead, & Hollow molding COLUMNATION &CAPITALS Introduced the use of columns; DOUBLE-BULL / GRIFFIN / HORSE Capitals & Ionic Scroll SASSANIAN Link between older Mesopotamia & Byzantine; Palaces with elliptical vaults & domes set on Squinches & stuccoed masonry walls PERSEPOLIS Fars Province, Iran, Darius; Not war but negotiation, Multi-cultural; Dynastic Burial Site; Hillside Tombs City of Persians; Built an extensive ROAD NETWORK, Drainage & Water System on its Complex PALACE COMPLEX OF PERSEPOLIS (300m x 45m) BIGGEST PALACE IN MESOPOTAMIA Eight (8) Parts of the Palace Complex: 1.) PALACE OF DARIUS has reliefs Started & Finished by DARIUS 2.) TREASURY ARMORY & ROYAL STOREHOUSE; Former Reception Hall before the Throne Hall was finished Started & Finished by DARIUS 3.) APADANA Grand columnar AUDIENCE HALL in a Persian Palace Started by DARIUS ; Finished by XERXES 4.) GATE OF XERXES Only access to Throne Started & Finished by XERXES 5.) PALACE OF XERXES Twice bigger than the Palace of Darius Started & Finished by XERXES 6.) COUNCIL HALL Three (3) entries to the Royal Apartments; one led to the Harem Started & Finished by XERXES 7.) HAREM ROYAL LADIES’ RESIDENCE Started & Finished by XERXES 8.) THRONE HALL 2nd Largest; HALL OF 100 COLUMNS Started by XERXES ; Finished by ARTAXERXES the 1st HYPOSTYLE HALL OF XERXES 72 black marble columns supports flat roof PALACE PLATFORM OF PERSEPOLIS Grand Steps leading to Apadana (Audience Hall) of Persepolis GREEK ARCHITECTURE 850 BC - 476 AD REFINEMENT OF LINE & SIMPLICITY OF DETAIL; CLARITY, STRENGTH & REPOSE Mainland Greece, Cyclades, & Crete Island, Italy & Sicily; Archipelago & Islands: Sea as means of Trade Rugged Mountains Made Communication Difficult; Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans, states Destroyed by Volcanic Eruptions & Fire; Sea Trade takeover by Mycenaean CLIMATE Rigorous cold to relaxing heat; Clear atmosphere & intense light – conducive to create precise forms RELIGION Nature worship; Greek gods & Roman counterparts, deities Religious rites; Ritual dances; Sacred games; Sacrifices; Greeks sought advice from oracles – oracle at Delphi ORIENTATION Entrances& Temples faced EAST Greek Architecture has Spiritual Appeal; Judicial activities, dramatic presentations, public ceremonies took place in the open air Perfected Proportions In Construction Systems; Sophisticated Optical Corrections Mathematical Ratios CONSTRUCTION First Evidence of WOODEN STRUCTURE Upright Posts, Supporting Beams & Sloping Rafters  POST & LINTEL Construction  Roof Truss – made large spaces to be unhindered by columns  COLUMNAR &TRABEATED  Major Public Bldgs. – Built with Limestone & Marbles held in  Doric, Ionic, & Corinthian Orders place by Bronze/Iron Pins set into molten lead MATERIAL MARBLE main material DECORATION MOULDINGS; Refined & delicate in contour, due to fineness of marble and the clarity of atmosphere and light METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING No windows CLERESTORY – At roof & upper portion of wall; &SKYLIGHT – Made of thin, translucent marble Page 6 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREECE: Now TURKEY (3000 BC - 1100 BC)AEGEAN CIVILIZATION also called, ANCIENT ATHENS– Refers to BRONZE AGE; Greek Civilization around Aegean Sea Consists of MINOAN AND MYCANAEAN Flourished in Crete, after King Minos of Knossos – Knossos was the largest city Trade and communications produced a unity of culture and economic stability ORIENTATION Temples- Facade at EAST RELIGION Primitive stage of nature worship; Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games, ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars MATERIALS Terracotta, Limestone & Marble, Timber, Stone PLAN HIPPODAMIAN GRID SYSTEM; Rectilinear Town Layout By: Ionian Hippodamus of Miletus (5th Cen. BC) CONSTRUCTION Trabeation; Corbelled Arch; Bulbous Echinus & Square Abacus Capitals CYCLOPEAN WALLS Large Stones w/o Mortar On Clay Bedding Types of Wall Construction CYCLOPEAN BLOCKS; POLYGONAL; RECTANGULAR / DOWELED DECORATION Plastered Walls with Colored Frescoes (1800 BC – 1300 BC) MINOAN PERIOD (Early Bronze Age) – HELLADIC PERIOD GRACEFUL, BEAUTIFUL, &COLORFUL Grand Palaces & “Court-Centered Bldgs.”; More of Traders than Warriors. Hence, palaces had no fortification walls Centered in Crete; famous for PALACE COMPLEX, KNOSSOS; named after King Minos of Knossos PALACE COMPLEX, KNOSSOS Largest 3-Acre Complex; Largest Palace built by Minoans Contained residences kitchens, storage rooms, bathrooms, ceremonial rooms, workshops & sanctuaries Drainage System, Baths, Toilets, 16 Storage Rooms (for oil, wool, & grain) Theatres & Ritual Centers Decorated with FRESCOES; Tapered down CYPRESS COLUMNS PALACE OF KING MINOS Labyrinth Construction to retain Minotaur Son; Created by DAEDALUS (1550 to 1100 BC) MYCANAEAN PERIOD (Late Bronze Age) – LATE HELLADIC PERIOD Sea-faring people, city was close to the sea; Pirates; active in Sea Trading; became a unified social order; building techniques from Minoans; Architecture centered on MEGARON (Great Hall) Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans built more fortresses (cyclopean walls) With CITADELS than religious shrines; has LION GATE ENTRANCE MEGARON (HOUSE) Single-storey, central room, portico entry, columns, support roof; has THALAMUS (BEDROOM) THOLOS or BEEHIVE TOMBS – “false dome” construction with inner chambers Large Circular Burial TOMB OF AGAMEMNON / TREASURY OF ATREUS Tholos; Most Finely Built BEEHIVE TOMB; made of Fine-cut Ashlar Blocks Has 2 half column at Entry with chevrons & spirals; Six (6) Chamber Tomb; 15m Circular Chamber; 36m X 6m DROMOS / Passageway to Tholos (650 / 480 BC – 323 BC) CLASSICAL PERIOD HELLENIC PERIOD Emergence of DORIC, IONIC, & CORINTHIAN ORDERS Greek Enterprise relied on SEA TRADE; Persians relied on Road Networks; Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan The "polis" emerged – City-states developed on the plains between mountains Sparta and Athens; different forms of government: Oligarchic, Tyrannic, Democratic; MATERIALS Marble Carpentry, Terracotta, stone, & timber CONSTRUCTION TEMPLE Chief building type; Columnar & Trabeated ENTASIS Optical Illusion, Swelling Columns Perfected Corrections LACUNARIA Sunk Panels at ceilings of Temples DECORATION Sculptures, Ornamented Buildings with Color & Murals Page 7 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE GREEK ORDERS Capital – Latin: “Caput”; came from Greek: “Kranion,” means “Skull”; inspired from Egypt Tomb Columns DORIC Top square abacus, bottom round echinus, oldest & massive of the orders; widely used Order IONIC Formalization of PROPORTION SYSTEM from Spiral volutes, made in ionian islands, for smaller bldgs. & interiors; Derived from symbolic headdress/poles with vegetation; Has Dentils, Egg-&-Dart and Bead-&-Reel Moulding; Three-Fasciae Architrave; Fluted Column Shaft; Torus with Horizontal flutes; PINACOTHECA Gallery of Paintings; 1st Acropolis Temple built in Ionic Order& in Pentelic Marble CORINTHIAN – city of Corinth, Callimachus (inventor), 2 tiers of Acanthus leaves, similar to Ionic but more slender & ornate TEMPLE OF APOLLO EPICURIUS – Ictinus, Bassae (Corinthian Order 1st used) PARTHENON, Athens, Greece (447 – 438 BC) Also called, HEKATOMPEDOS; Rebuilt after Persians Ionic Capital – Temple in honor of Athena (Nike), the city patron goddess NOT FLAT – Curved, Large Sphere (20mm Entasis) 2n+1 proportion used – to determine number of columns on sides Designed by ICTINUS & CALLICRATES Sculptures by PHIDIAS Restoration made by drawings of JACQUES CARREY PLAN OR PARTS OF THE PARTHENON: NAOS or CELLA Enclosed Principal Chamber, Cult Image kept here ADYTON Innermost Chamber in Cella; Reserved for Priests or Oracles PRONAOS or ANTICUM Open Vestibule before Cella EPINAOS or POSTICUM Rear Vestibule OPISTHODOMOS Small Room in Cella as for a Treasury Notable Architects PARTHENON & TEMPLE OF APOLLO ICTINUS PARTHENON also; TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE CALLICRATES Sculpting Works of PARTHENON PHIDIAS & SCOPAS PROPYLEA & ERECTHEUM / ERECHTHEION MNESICLES TEMPLE OF ZEUS, OLYMPIA LIBON OF ELIS PARTS OF A TEMPLE Basic element of a temple is its colonnade PROSTYLE PORTICO Has Columns across the entire front of Temple AMPHIPROSTYLE Temple with Prostyle Porticoes at both ends ANTA Refers to the thickening of the projecting end of one of the lateral walls; And if columns are set between them / Column in Antis TRYGLYPH One Triglyph per column and per intercolumnation METOPE Decorated with Paintings / Relief; depicts story on local heroes / myths CREPIDOMA Podium, Also called, STEREOBATE; Building Foundation & Platform STYLOBATE top portion of Stereobate / Crepidoma; TYPES OF COLONNADE SURROUNDING NAOS PERIPTERAL One row of Columns; DIPTERAL – 2 Rows; TRIPTERAL – 3 Rows PSEUDOPERIPTERAL Colonnade at one/each end; Columns engaged/attached at sides PSEUDODIPTERAL Dipteral but without inner colonnade NUMBER OF COLUMNS at Entry of Greek Temple HENOSTYLE One Column HEXASTYLE 6 Columns DISTYLE 2 Columns HEPTASTYLE 7 Columns TRISTYLE 3 Columns OCTASTYLE 8 Columns TETRASTYLE 4 Columns ENNEASTYLE 9 Columns PENTASTYLE 5 Columns DECASTYLE 10 Columns Page 8 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ACROPOLIS TEMENOS; Upper City; Citadel; City on a Height Elevated land on Hill; Multiple Buildings; Sacred enclosure at highest part of a Greek city (Research Parts of Acropolis) ERECTHEUM Named after ERECTHEUS: Mythical Founder of Attica; Earth-born King of Athens; Has Human-Like Columns GREEK LEGEND: Founding Myth of Athens; Erectheus selects patron god for city; Athena vs. Poseidon; Athena gifted city the 1st Olive Tree- for food, oil, & firewood; Poseidon gifted Saltwater Spring from Rock- promising no drought TYPICAL STRUCTURES PROPYLEA Entry Gateway TEMPLES RELIGIOUS Architecture mostly; Early Temples made of Mud Brick with Thatched Roof AGORA Market or Meeting Place; Main Square ( ROMAN: FORUM ) STOA Long Colonnaded Building; Portico, used as promenade or meeting place around public places STOA OF ATTALOS, In the Agora of Athens, Greece – Used both Doric & Ionic PRYTANEION Senate House; Executive House; Seat of Prytaneis; Public Town Hall, Assembly Hall ( ROMAN: CURIA ) BOULEUTERION Council House with Stepped Benches Surrounding Central Platform STADION Elongated Sports Venue, for Foot Race HIPPODROME Open or Roofed Track, for Chariot & Horse Race PALAESTRA Wrestling School/House & Athletics, can be inside a Gymnasium& Thermae GYMNASION Centre for PHYSICAL EXERCISE, Sports, Playing Areas & Baths ODEION Roofed Musical Theatre; for vocal and instrumental music performance THEATRON Open-air theatre where plays, choral & dance presentation Parts of a Theatre ORCHESTRA Stage CAVEA Seating Area SKENE Stage Bldg PARADOS Side Passage DIAZOMA Aisles CERCIS Wedge Sections PARASCENIUM Wings (323 BC - 30 BC) HELLENISTIC slowly transcend to Roman Period DIGNIFIED & GRACIOUS STRUCTURES; SYMMETRICAL, ORDERLY CIVIC STRUCTURES – With Roman Architecture inspiration ORIENTATION Entrances faced EAST DECORATION Mouldings PROSTAS or ANTEROOM – Greek Dwelling from Street Via Passage or Courtyard PASTAS – Dwelling Type, Courtyard at Center Of South Side, Columned Veranda PERISTYLE – Dwelling Type, Open Courtyard Surrounded by Columns on all Sides More Luxurious then Prostas or Pastas House INTERCOLUMNATION Applies mainly to Hellenistic and Roman Temples PSEDA PYCNOSTYLE 1.5 Diameters SYSTYLE 2 Diameters EUSTYLE 2.25 Diameters DIASTYLE 3Diameters ARAEOSTYLE 3.5 Diameters Page 9 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 750 BC - 100 BC / 300 BC - 365 AD / 2nd Cen. - 4th Cen.  PRETENTIOUS (of EXAGGERATED WORTH & STATURE)richly ornate but less fundamental (as oppose to Greeks)  Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization in Europe, West Asia and North Africa  Roman Empire were tagged as engineers than architects; Provinces run by governors; Applied roman system of laws  Not sea-faring people – Depended on conquest by land to extend their power  Ostentatious Interiors –(300 BC – 365 AD) Elaborately Ornamented, Exteriors Unadorned  Emphasis on Monumental Public buildings; Developed complex, of several stories; Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials  Large-scale undertakings, like city walls and sewers, Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by using channels 800 -300 BC RISE OF ROMAN EMPIRE 2 PERIODS: 750 BC to 146 BC ETUSCAN or ETRUSCAN Influenced by Etruscans’ arch vault and dome w Greek’s columns 146 BC to 365 AD CLASSICAL ROMAN Developed constitutional republic; Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice ITALIAN PENINSULA – Central and commanding position on Mediterranean Sea For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called consuls 27 BC Rule of Emperor AUGUSTUS Succession of military dictatorships of which Julius Caesar’s was most famous 114 AD Emperor TRAJAN Empire grew 4000km wide with 60 million inhabitants; Built fortified walls, such as Hadrian’s Wall in England 300 AD to 400 AD Etruscans introduced CONCRETE; Stone or brick rubble with POZZOLANA (Volcanic Ash) POZZOLANA A Thick Volcanic Earth Material as Mortar ROMAN CONCRETE Pozzolana + Lime + Sand + Water + Gravel VITRUVIUS – MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO Wrote “DE ARCHITECTURA (ON ARCHITECTURE) – TEN BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE” Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas (Durability, Usefulness, and Beauty) ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE 750 BC - 100 BC Etruscan Civilization – Now ITALY Influenced by Greek AR, developing at the same period Early Etruscan Houses were Oval in plan, wattle & daub construction with a thatched roof Etruscan towns and cities were square & divided into grid, surrounded by thick walls; situated to take advantage of water supply ORIENTATION Temples oriented SOUTH; Temples Faced FORUM MATERIALS Perishable Nature of the materials Wattle & Daub Construction – Bundled Sticks & Mud overlay Tufa Blocks & Ashlar Masonry in foundations, buildings, & walls "TUFA" is a porous volcanic rock common in Italy & "ASHLAR" describes large, squared stones CONSTRUCTION Specialized in MASONRY; introduced ARCUATED SYSTEM &introduced the use of CONCRETE TUSCAN Order or TOSCANA – created & derived from the Greek Doric order; Simplified Version Rectangular Houses – Built after on a stone foundation with wooden framing & unbaked mud brick SUBTERRANEAN TOMBS, Foundation Walls, Models of Huts & Houses, & Fragments of Terracotta Roof Decoration 2 Types of Earliest Etruscan Burials: 1) Pit Burial With Urn 2) Trench Burial For The Deceased NOTABLE ARCHITECTS PANTHEON AGRIPPA TEMPLE OF VESPATIAN DOMITIAN COLLOSEUM VESPASIAN & DOMITIAN TEMPLE OF VENUS and BASILICA OF TRAJAN APPOLODORUS OF DAMASCUS CONQUERED JERUSALEM EMPEROR TITUS Page 10 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD Expanded under rule of HADRIAN VASTNESS, OSTENTATION, ORNATENESS City had streets, squares, fountains, gates, & public buildings; based from CASTRUM – Old Roman Fortress / Military Town North–South Axis Main / Primary Street; shorter axis CARDO East West Axis Road / Secondary Main Street DECUMANUS ORIENTATION Temples – Facade FACED FORUM RELIGION POLYTHEISTIC, several cults; Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from those of Greek gods LANGUAGE LATIN – Official Language MATERIALS Concrete for vaults of magnitude never equalled until 19th century steel PRIMARY FACING MATERIALS Marble, Granite & Alabaster STONE Tufa, Peperino, Travertine, Lava Stone, Sand, Gravel MARBLE Mostly white EARTH For terra cotta and bricks STUCCO, FRESCOES, & MOSAICS CONSTRUCTION Greek orders used as decorative features; Temple, Palaces, Baths Invention of CONCRETE; Plumbing, Heating, and Water Supply Arch, Vault, Dome – Round Arch and Pier; Vaulting Systems; Tunnel and cross vault; Columnar & Trabeated style of Greeks PROTHYRUM Entry Gateway COLUMNATION TUSCAN (Doric with base) Simplified version of Doric order COMPOSITE (Ionic volute + Corinthian leaves) Most decorative Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian COLUMNS Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined use of column, beam and arch (arctuated) Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively, were used by Romans as decorative features which could be omitted ROOF & CEILING / TYPES OF VAULT Wagon Vault / Tunnel Vault – Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel walls throughout its length Wagon with Intersecting Vault Barrel Vault Cross Vault– Formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of equal span - used over square apartment or bays Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola – Used over circular structures DECORATION MOSAICS – Small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to form a pattern OPUS ALEXANDRIUM Geometric pieces of COLORED STONE OPUS MUSIVUM Mosaic work; COLORED GLASS or ENAMEL OPUS TESSELATUM Use of Small Tesserae – uniform small cubes of stone, marble, glass, ceramic OPUS VERMICULATUM Emphasize outline around an object OPUS SECTILE Forms figural patterns, follows outline of design WALL MASONRY METHODS OPUS – Opera in Plural; Latin For “Work;” Stonework & Walling Construction OPUS INCERTUM Irregular work; irregularly-shaped / random uncut stones; small stones, loose pattern resembling polygonal walling. Rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints OPUS SIGNINUM Unpatterned aggregates cemented in lime or clay OPUS SPICATUM Masonry Units in Herringbone Pattern or “Spike Work” OPUS QUADRATUM Masonry work; Square Blocks set in Parallel Courses; with / without mortar joints OPUS RETICULATUM Diamond-shaped Bricks forming Net-like Pattern; fine joints running diagonally OPUS TESTACEUM Triangle-Form; also called LATERICIUM OPUS MIXTUM Mixed Work; Reticulatum on center & Latericium on Edges OPUS QUASI–RETICULATUM Page 11 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE DWELLINGS ATRIUM HOUSE Roman Dwelling which has main central space, open to the sky CASA DI TREBIUS VALENS DOMUS PATRICIAN TOWNHOUSE – its entry at street front, enclosed at back, walls on flanks VILLA Large 2-part Classical Roman Country House; Pars Urbana (Living Area) &Pars Rustica (Working Area) VILLA DE MISTERI CURIA Senate House; in Greek: PRYTANEION INSULA / INSULAE 3- or 4- storey tenement type buildings; Prototype for the modern condominium CASA DI DIANA, ITALY IMPORTANT STRUCTURES / CIVIC BUILDINGS TEMPLE RECTANGULAR TEMPLE MAISON CAREE, NIMES CIRCULAR TEMPLE PANTHEON, ROME, ITALY World’s Largest Unreinforced Concrete Dome Serves as temple, church, and tomb for centuries PALACE PALACE OF DIOCLETIAN, SPLIT CROATIA – Part Fortified Camp, Part City, & Part Villa FORUM MARKETPLACE; Open Space Town Center within grid pattern streets (GREEK: AGORA) Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops IMPERIAL FORUM No streets, No spatial/axial connections between the spaces; bonded elements; colonnaded sequence and enclosed spaces FORUM ROMANUM – Oldest Republican Forum in Rome; Open Spaced and Rectangular BASILICAS For MEETINGS & LAW / legal matters to be carried out and a place for business transactions Large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum Used as Hall Of Justice for Romans BASILICA IN THE FORUM, POMPEII BASILICA OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, LEPCIS MAGNA BASILICA OF MAXENTIUS / BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE / BASILICA MAXENTII, ROME TRIUMPHAL ARCHES Arched urban public monument; commemorates a great event, usually victory in war ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, THE FORUM, ROME ARCH OF CONSTANTINE, ROME PONS (Bridge) BRIDGE OF AUGUSTUS, RIMNI, ITALY AQUEDUCT Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the city; Latin: “Aquae Ductus;” or “conveyance of water” PONT DU GARD, NIMES, FRANCE SEGOVIA AQUEDUCT, SPAIN DRAINAGE – ex. CLOACA MAXIMA – World’s Earliest Sewage System Main Storm Drainage System CIRCUS Enclosed U-Shaped Arena for Chariot & Horse Racing (HIPPODROME in GREEK) CIRCUS MAXIMUS, ROME QUADRIGAS 4–Horse Roman Chariot THEATERS Theatrical Works Production & Performance; Arena with Stage and Auditorium AMPHITHEATERS Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized contests; for entertainment COLOSSEUM, ROME Superimposed Orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, & Composite Order) Page 12 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE THERMAE PUBLIC ROMAN BATH; Romans liked to keep clean and fit; Built elaborate public baths open to men & women THERMAE OF CARACALLA BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN, ROME HYPOCAUST System of flues in floor / walls for central heating via furnace Furnace that provided warm baths to the thermae PARTS OF THE THERMAE APODYTERIA Dressing Room LACONICUM (Dry); SUDATORIUM (Wet) Sweat Room, Rubbing With Oil TEPIDARIUM Warm Bath CALDARIUM Hot Bath FRIGIDARIUM Cold / Unheated Bath UNCTUARIA Oils and Perfumes Room OTHER Parts of the Thermae PALAESTRA Wrestling Area AMBULATIO Exercise BALNEUM Bathing Pool NATATIO Swimming Pool DESTRICTARIUM Massage SCHOLA Conversation HELIOCAMINUS Solar–heated room EXEDRAE Libraries & Lecture Halls XYSTUS Gardens, Parks STADIUM or WATERFALL TABERNAE Shops, Restaurant 476 AD THE FALL OF ROME – START OF THE DARK AGES Hun Invasion (also Barbarians, Germanic Tribes, Visigoths, Vandals, & Saxons); Weakened Army – Betrayed by Hun Refugees raised and trained to become Roman soldiers Political Corruption; Financial Crisis; Rise of the East (Roman Byzantium) Empire Rise of Christianity – Edict of Milan by Constantine – Loyal to the Religion than to the Emperor SEPARATION OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN EMPIRE OF ROME 3rd Century Crisis – Became too large to be ruled by one emperor – Emperor DIOCLETIAN – divided into a TETRARCHY WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE – Destroyed by Invasions from Germanic Tribes EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE – or BYZANTINE / BYZANTIUM EMPIRE; due to its largely Greek-speaking population Ruled by Constantine I – Became the Capital City of Constantinople (330 AD) Page 13 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ( 5th to 15th CENTURY ) DARK AGE / MEDIEVAL AGE / MIDDLE AGE ARCHITECTURE WESTERN EUROPE – Demographic, cultural, & economic deterioration MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE European Middle Age Architecture; comprising of Architecture from the BYZANTINE, PRE-ROMANESQUE, ROMANESQUE, & GOTHIC PERIOD MIDDLE AGE 476 CE European history between Classical Antiquity and the Renaissance DARK AGE 476 CE – 1100 Early part of the Middle Ages CHIEF STRUCTURES HOUSES Used readily-available materials; Usually 2-rooms for people & animals; No chimneys, heated by central fire; lost to the Great fire in London CRUCK-FRAMED HOUSE Open Timber Ceiling; Thatched Roof / Slate; Daub & Wattle Walls; White Color from Slaked Lime & Chalk MOTTE & BAILEY 10th–12th Cen. NORMAN CASTLE MOTTE Steep Earth mound surrounded by a ditch & surmounted by a timber stockade and tower BAILEY Outer wall of a castle; enclosed courtyard STONE KEEP KEEP / DONJON Innermost & Strongest Tower structure of Castle; Place in times of siege CASTLES Fortified group of buildings dominating the surrounded country and held by a prince / noble on feudal times ENCIENTE (Curtain / Fortified Wall) with TALUS (Slope) BATTLEMENTS / EMBATTLEMENT – Parapet with MERLON (solid)&CRENEL (open) for Defense &Décor MOAT Deep Ditch filled with water surrounding a fortified town DRAWBRIDGE Bridge that can be raised to allow or prevent access to fortified town LOOP HOLES or ARROWSLIT; Small / narrow slits in medieval walls for archers fire arrows at attackers FORTIFIED TOWERS Defensive Medieval structure MURDER HOLES Holes in the ceiling of a fortification’s gateway / passageway MACHICOLATIONS Projecting parapet / gallery on top of castle wall; supported by Corbeled arch; has floor openings to cast molten lead/oil/stones upon enemy beneath CASTLE vs. PALACE Castel, Village Palais, Royal Residence For Defense, Design Is Secondary For Comfort, Defense Is Secondary To Prove Supremacy To Prove Royalty FORT / FORTIS Such as HILLFORTS; STARFORTS; became obsolete with the introduction of CANNONS & EXPLOSIVE SHELLS Page 14 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EARLY CHRISTIAN 313 AD - 800 AD / 200 – 1025; 4th to 12th Cen.; Final Phase of Roman Architecture; SIMPLICITY; HORIZONTALITY 313 CE – CONSTANTINE; up to 800 CE – Coronation of CHARLEMAGNE EASTERN ROME CHRISTIANITY was practiced before in CATACOMBS before the rise of Christianity – EDICT OF MILAN WESTERN ROME PAGANISM; Christians were persecuted RELIGION Christianity – State Religion ORIENTATION Facade –EAST; Priest stood behind altar – facing East Entrance –WEST ORNAMENT MOSAIC & FRESCO PLAN BASILICAN PLAN; RECTANGULAR CONSTRUCTION HOUSE-CHURCHES Early Religious Venue GREEK CROSS PLAN Churches CHURCHES RIBBED VAULTING & Timber Trussed Roof First to introduce a BELFRY (CAMPANILE) & BAPTISERIES Arctuated & Trabeated; Roman Mouldings & Glass Mosaics VAULT or DOME Structural System / Feature ARCHIVOLT – Semi–Circular Arches; used widely spaced columns Mouldings Recycled from Romans 3 TYPES OF DOME The Dome was the Prevailing Motif of Byzantine AR SIMPLE – Pendentives and domes are of same sphere COMPOUND– Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high drum SPECIAL DESIGNS – Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Shape CEMETERIA changed to CATACOMBS ROMAN BASILICA (HALL OF JUSTICE) Converted into CHURCHES or patterned after one – Entry moved to short side Still has Roman Character; but simpler and executed coarsely Example: BASILICA DI SAN CLEMENTE, ROME On A Canonical Sense BASILICA Name given to certain churches granted special privileges by the POPE / VATICAN Criteria are based on special spiritual, historical, and/or architectural significance Highest permanent designation for a church building MAJOR BASILICA PAPAL BASILICAS; Highest-Rank of Roman Catholic Churches ARCHBASILICA OF ST. JOHN IN THE LATERAN ST. PETER’S BASILICA BASILICA OF ST. PAUL OUTSIDE THE WALLS BASILICA DI SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE MINOR BASILICA There are 13 Minor Basilicas in the Philippines as of 2015 Basilica Minore Del Santo Nino, Cebu Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Quiapo Metropolitan Cathedral–Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Manila Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila Basilica of Our Lady of Manaoag, Pangasinan Page 15 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BAPTISTERY BAPTISTERY, RAVENNA Octagonal Bldg., Separate from Church for Baptism Has Mosaics Representing Christ’s Baptism CONVERTED BASILICAN CHURCHES Built under burial place of a SAINT Marked by the CONFESSION with a BALDACHINO above PARTS OF A CHURCH ATRIUM Forecourt with Fountain of Ablution (dedicated to sinner); has natural light NARTHEX Transition from Atrium to Nave; VESTIBULE NAVE Central Aisle SIDE AISLES 1/2 Nave width CHOIR End of Nave; partially enclosed by a Saint ALTAR Under the BALDACCHINO BEMA Stage (at Front row) reserved for the Clergy APSE Semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir or sanctuary Facing EAST, Entrance to WEST Church Layout / Concept: Man’s Journey to God SANCTUARY Represents HEAVEN / END OF TIME SCHOLA CANTORUM Represents PURGATORY / also END OF TIME NAVE Represents ROAD TO SALVATION; Anno Domini (A.D.) – “In the year of the Lord” FORECOURT Represents LIFE WITHOUT GRACE Page 16 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 850 BC - 476 CE / 330 AD - 1453 AD / 527 - 565 AD / 4th Cen. SIMPLE EXTERIOR; RICH INTERIOR Flourished because of JUSTINIAN the 1st; City has 12-meter high defense walls; SUCCESSFULLY DEFENDED Empire from the Arabs; Exiled ICONOPHILES ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT Accession of Iconoclast Emperor LEO III; forbade the use of statues or icons (Defacement) Recognized the recurring Earthquakes as God’s Anger – Sign of the Times / Judgement Day Hence, cleansed the church of Images and exiled Iconophiles (1453) FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE Conquered by MUHAMMAD II on May 29, 1453; Divide from Religious people; Civil Unrest ORIENTATION Facade faced WEST PLAN DOMED; CENTRALIZED Plan; Circular Or Polygonal CONSTRUCTION Mostly Church Construction; Simplicity in Exterior, Richness in Interior Built from Ruins of Roman Buildings; Varied Roman Moldings and Glass Mosaics Timber Trusses for Roof; Arcuatedand Trabeated Construction INTRODUCTION OF DOMES made from stone, brick, and concrete SIMPLE Sphere COMPOUND Above Pendentive MELON–SHAPE With Fluting Treatment DOSSERET BLOCK Abacus / Supplementary Capital above column under arch; transcends columns to be slender Posts CHURCH PLAN GREEK CROSS – Intersecting the Nave at a right angle is called a TRANSEPT Centrally Planned central nave with aisles on either side, separated by a colonnade, and an apse at one end TRANSEPT Instead of a BEMA; Became a Secondary Aisle GREEK CROSS Dominant middle- and late-period Byzantine churches’ design Featuring a square center with an internal structure shaped like a cross, topped by a dome DECORATION Adopted Roman system of MOSAICS – hand-laid construction; and FRESCOES of Victorian Decoration PENDENTIVE Pictures of 4 EVANGELISTS – Apostles Matthew, Mark, Luke & John DOME Mosaic or Fresco of head and shoulder of Christ APSE Mosaic or Fresco of Virgin Mary and Child Jesus WALLS Mosaic or Fresco of Saints or Life of Christ / Biblical Stories CAPITAL & ORNAMENT Byzantine Capital & Ornament; Arch with DOSSERET Block; ABACUS or IMPOST Block PEACOCK Ornament Symbolizes Immortal Life KNOT Ornament Symbolizes Eternity Page 17 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE NOTABLE STRUCTURES BASILICA DI SAN VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY Prime example of West Byzantine AR ST. MARK’S BASILICA, VENICE, ITALY Golden Mosaics – “Church of Gold”; Greek Cross Plan HAGIA IRENE (Holy Peace) Only surviving Byzantine Church; defined by its large Atrium NOT converted into a MOSQUE; Model Church of HAGIA SOPHIA Built by Constantine the 1st, Reconstructed by Justinian the 1st HAGIA SOPHIA HOLY GRAND MOSQUE (Holy Wisdom) Official Name; Symbol of the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul; 6th Cen. Byzantine church; 13th Cen. Catholic Church, Mosque in 1453 until Current 2020 Built by Justinian I; Designed by Anthemius of Tralles, & Isidorus of Miletus SULTAN AHMED MOSQUE / BLUE MOSQUE Built by AHMED the 1st; Interior predominantly Painted Blue Adorned by IZNIC STYLE Ceramic tiles made of Quartz / Quartzite; Has 5 Main Domes, 6 Minarets, and 8 Secondary Domes BYZANTINE BATH of Upper Town, Thessaloniki / Bath of the Citadel or KULE HAMMAM; Surviving Byzantine Bath, Greece ST. BASIL’S CATHEDRAL / CATHEDRAL OF VASILY THE BLESSED Orthodox Church in Red Square of Moscow, Russia; Now a Museum Most distinct features are the Bulbous-shaped domes and unusual details Officially known as the CATHEDRAL OF THE INTERCESSION OF THE MOST HOLY THEOTOKOS ON THE MOAT Or POKROVSKY CATHEDRAL 1555–1561; Built by IVAN THE TERRIBLE (Ivan IV Vasilyevich) Architects IVAN BARMA and POSTNIK YAKOVLEV ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Also MUSLIM or SARACENIC Architecture; Belief in ALLAH; MUHAMMAD as Prophet MOSQUES & TOMBS – MASJID or MUSJID; Most important / distinct buildings type; place of public worship Surface Ornaments Walls w/ Stone Carvings, inlays & Mosaics; Glazed Tile (Interior / Exterior) MUQARNAS STALACTITE Ornaments; icicle-like elements hanging from the ceiling Squinches Supports under Dome; Bulbous Dome; Horseshoe Arch; Ogee Arch; Tunnel Vaults Mnemonic Inscriptions from QURAN; Arabic Scripts Superimposed Ornaments Abstract Patterns, Foliage Motifs, & Calligraphy; Floral Ornaments, Geometric Shapes ORIENTATION MECCA – Where all the Mosques point at Kinds of Mosque FAMIMASJID or JAMI; Congregational or Friday Mosque; for main weekly service; usually larger than a Masjid MADRASAH Collegiate or Teaching Mosque IDGAH Place of Community Prayer; open praying area with nothing but a QIBLA Wall & a MIHRAB TOMB MOSQUE Parts of a Mosque MINARET Tower; where MUEZZIN calls Muslim to prayer IWAN / IVAN / LIWAN Vaulted Portal to Atrium opening to the central courtyard of a Mosque LIWANAT Colonnade SAHN Atrium / Open Courtyard FAWWARA Or MEDA; Washing Fountain before prayers DIKKA Reading Desk MIMBAR Or MINBAR; Pulpit where IMAM delivers Sermons MAQSURA Screen; protective barrier of MIMBAR QIBLA Wall in a Mosque where MIHRAB is set; oriented to MECCA MIHRAB Niche with MIMBAR; decorative panel designating the QIBLA Page 18 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Notable Examples MASJID AL–HARAM Mosque, Mecca – “The Great Mosque” World’s Largest Mosque; Haj Pilgrimage Site KA’BA / KAABAH “House of God;” At the center of Al-Haram Mosque; corners face Cardinal Points Thought to be the center of the world with the gate of heaven directly above Small Cubical Stone Building (contains sacred black stone) in the Great Mosque’s Courtyard DOME OF THE ROCK, Jerusalem Islam’s Oldest Monument; used as a Shrine for Pilgrims; Octagonal Plan Patterned after Byzantine Style; sacred rock where Muhammad ascended to heaven OTHER AREAS MOORISH Islamic AR of North Africa; regions of Spain under Moorish Domination Developed in the Western Islamic World (Spain, Portugal) Built Large Mosques and Elaborate Fortress-Palaces Horseshoe, Polylobed, Lamrequin Arches ZELLIJ/ AZUELJO Decorative Tile work The MEZQUITA MIHRAB; Hypostyle Hall PALACE FORTRESS OF ALHAMBRA, Granada, Spain MUGHAL ONDO-ISLAMIC / India & Islam; GOLDEN AGE of Islamic AR in North India Amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkic, & Indian Architecture; peak during reign of Shah Jahan Bulbous Domes; Slender Minarets, Delicate Ornamentation PARCHIN KARI Marble inlay art JAMA MASJID (The Great Mosque) One of the biggest in India Tomb of SHAIKH SALIM (Sufi Saint) at centre of court DIWAN–I–KAS Hall of Private Audience, divided by overhanging mouldings called CHAJJA DIWAN–I–AM Hall of Public Audience BADSHAHI MOSQUE Designed by AURUNGZEB; last of the great Mughal Architects LAHORE FORT Shows Hindu Influence Built by Emperor AKBAR FATEHPUR SIKRI (City of Victory) Capital of Mughal Empire Built by Emperor AKBAR HUMAYUN’S TOMB, New Delhi, India –Oldest of Mughal Monuments; forerunner of Taj Mahal TAJ MAHAL, Agra, India “Crown Palace;” Most Renowned Sample of Mughal AR (Placed on a) CHAHAR BAGH; a platform at the end of a walled garden divided by canals Marble main material Built by SHAH JAHAN for wife, MUMTAZ MAHAL PIETRA DURA Inlay of floral motifs (cut, fitted, & polished colored stones to create images) JALI used as decor; Perforated Stone or Screen with Geometric patterns; PARCHIN KARI OTTOMAN KHAN or CARAVANSERAI Inns for Travelers HAMMAMS Public Baths HAGHIA SOPHIA CAMLICA MOSQUE Largest Mosque in Turkey; Completed in 2019 BLUE MOSQUE (mistaken for Camlica Mosque; difference Blue Mosque–4 Minarets; Camlica–6 Minarets) SELIMIYE MOSQUE, Turkey – Ultimate Ottoman Külliye AR expression; Architect SINAN Page 19 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ( 800 – 1180 ) SOBER& DIGNIFIED HORIZONTALITY Emphasis CHURCH AR “Roman–like;” imitating Roman AR; Major developments in ITALY, FRANCE, & GERMANY Known in England as NORMAN ARCHITECTURE MATERIAL Stones & Bricks ORIENTATION Churches & Cathedrals; Facade at WEST CONSTRUCTION Started from simple Timber Roof to Barrel Vaults; Principle of Equilibrium– intro of RIB & PANEL VAULTING Blind Arches & Pilasters; Round Arches, Vegetable-form Mouldings; Sparse Ornaments Simple Vaults, and (sometimes) Corinthian Capitals LATIN CROSS PLAN Basilican type planning; formed with wings called Transepts & the Choir Church with MONASTERIES and BELL TOWERS; Towers at West & East Side Narrow Opening PORTAL DESIGN with TYMPANUM &TRUMEAU TRUMEAU Center column at door entry Arcaded with WHEEL / ROSE WINDOW introduction & ORDER (Recessed Door Jambs) Quadripartite &Sexpartite Vault –Vault intersection were adorned with BOSS Every Church Has An Adjacent Chapter Room Monastery Consisting Of: Abbot’s House Monastic Church Monks / Nuns’ Rooms Cloister Court Refectory Inner Court Hospital Common Court ADDITIONAL: ITALIAN ROMANESQUE NORTHERN ITALY Facade with Projecting Porch SOUTHERN ITALY & SICILY Strike of Colored Marble; Muslim Influence Notable Examples PIAZZA DEL DUOMO / PIAZZA DEI MIRACOLI (Present Name), Pisa; Tuscany, Italy PISA COMPLEX Icon of Romanesque AR Designed Pisa’s Cathedral Square: BUSCHETO PARTS OF THE PISA COMPLEX Pisa Cathedral Campanile(Bell Tower) by BONNANO PISANO Baptistery(Separate bldg. for Baptismals) by DIOTSALVI Campo Santo (Cemetery) ENGLISH ROMANESQUE DURNHAM CATHEDRAL Largest & Finest example of NORMAN AR. in England (UNESCO) WORCESTER CATHEDRAL Has 2 Transepts crossing the Nave (as with Salisbury & Lincoln) CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL Romanesque & Perpendicular Gothic elements combined (UNESCO) FOUNTAINS ABBEY; MONASTERY Largest & Best Preserved Medieval Ruins in the UK (UNESCO) SPANISH ROMANESQUE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA Romanesque & Baroque; Religious Pilgrimage site Housing Relics of St. James and the Portico de la Gloria (UNESCO) LOARRE CASTLE Representative example of defensive AR in the Romanesque Style (UNESCO) FRENCH ROMANESQUE NORTHERN & SOUTHERN FRANCE Pointed Arch; No Side Aisles; Flanking Towers both sides ST. MARY MAGDALENE CATHEDRAL VEZELAY ABBEY NOTRE DAME DU PORT Use of inlaid décor formed of different colored lavas (UNESCO) GERMAN ROMANESQUE Western Apse; Entry on Lateral Sides AIX–LA–CHAPELLE CATHEDRAL Tomb house of Charlemagne NOTRE DAME LA GRANDE WORMS CATHEDRAL, Central Europe Castle–like; representative cathedral of the period; Has two (2) Apses Page 20 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 12th to 16th Cen.; LOFTY & ASPIRING Quality; LIGHTENING & HEIGHTENING of Structure; VERTICALITY Emphasis Departure from Classical AR; Structural Honesty & Economy; “period of intense religious passion” LATIN CROSS PLAN; Arranged for convenience; Used Stained Glass Windows depicting Biblical Stories – Rose window at WEST Facade MATERIALS Stone& Timber DOORS Jambs OPENINGS Pointed Arches; Style Ogivale; Arctuated WINDOWS Tracery COLUMNS On Higher Pier GOTHIC COMPOUND PIER – Colonettes facing the Nave go upward to Vault; Colonettes inside become part of the ribs of the Vaults in the side aisles MOULDINGS Varied Per Country ORNAMENTS Stained Glass, Figure & Sculpture WALLS Rubble Masonry W/ Flying Buttresses ROOF Slate or Lead Coverings; Ribbed & Panel Vaulting CONSTRUCTION Pointed Arches, Slender Piers, Flying Buttresses, Together With Stained Glass Windows LANCET ARCHES GARGOYLES FLYING BUTTRESSES CROCKETS VAULTED CEILINGS STEEPLES TOWERS PINNACLES; SPIRES OTHER BUILDING TYPES CATHEDRAL Large, principal church of a DIOCESE (District under the Pastoral Care of a Bishop) CATHEDRA Seat of Bishop CASTLES CHATEAU D’AMBROSE, FRANCE – Built on mounds above rivers; thick walls & small windows PALAIS DE JUSTICE; PALAIS DE JUSTICE DE ROUEN, FRANCE MANOR HOUSE IGHTHAM MOTE, ENGLAND – Moated Merchant’s House ENGLISH GOTHIC vs. FRENCH GOTHIC ENGLISH GOTHIC EARLY ENGLISH Also known as Lancet, 1st Pointed or Early Plantagenet Use of Lancet-shaped Arches and PLATE TRACERY PLATE TRACERY – Using Masonry into Which Shapes Has Been Cut WORCESTER CATHEDRAL – Early English DECORATED STYLE Also Geometrical & Curvilinear, Middle Pointed, Edwardian, or Later Plantagenet Rich tracery; Ornamental Vaulting; Refined Stone Cutting Techniques WESTMINSTER ABBEY – Decorated PERPENDICULAR Also Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or Lancastrian; Intricate Stonework; Elaborate Fan Vaults Perpendicular Tracery – Lacework of Vertical Glazing Bars GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL, Gloucester, England– Perpendicular Gothic BATH ABBEY; Somerset, England; KING’S COLLEGE CHAPEL; Cambridge, England – Fan Vaults FRENCH GOTHIC: Three Phases of French Gothic PRIMAIRE LANCETTE Pointed Arches; Geometric Tracery Windows SECONDAIRE RAYONNANT Circular Windows; Wheel Tracery TERTIAIRE FLAMBOYANT Flowing & Flame-like Tracery Page 21 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ENGLISH GOTHIC ( French Gothic ) Famous Architect HENRY YEVELLE HUGH HERLAND Geometric TRACERY Ornamental stonework on upper part of gothic window 3 Circles – Trefoil; Quatrefoil; Pointed Quatrefoil Major Eras Geometric; Intersecting; Reticulated; Flowing; Perpendicular Intersecting Tracery Intersecting Lancet Lines Reticulated Tracery Transition from Geometric to Flowing Style Perpendicular Tracery Grid–like due to Black Death / Plague SALISBURY CATHEDRAL Highest Spire in England; Double Transepts WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL Longest Gothic Cathedral in Europe (170 m) YORK CATHEDRAL Has the Great EAST Window; Largest Stained Glass from Medieval times WELLS CATHEDRAL WINDSOR CASTLE Royal Residence; Fortification, Palace, & Small Town Features WESTMINSTER ABBEY Building Complex – Church, Monastery, Palace, & Tombs CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL DURHAM CATHEDRAL The Earliest of Cathedrals; initially with a Rib-Vault System FRENCH GOTHIC ( French Gothic ) Famous Architect VILLARD DE HENECOURT MAJOR ERAS LANCET Style Early Gothic; Pointed Arches & Geometric Tracery Windows RAYONNANT Style Decorated / High Gothic; Circular Windows w/ Wheel Traceries NOTRE DAME DE PARIS(1220–69) Architects: Robert of Luzarches; Thomas & Renault of Cormont AMIENS CATHEDRAL(1220–69) ARs: (also)Robert of Luzarches; Thomas & Renault of Cormont RHEIMS CATHEDRAL Coronation of French Kings; Mary Figures; Houses Mary’s Tunic Relic BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL Has the Loftiest / Elevated / Highest APSE CHARTRES CATHEDRAL Finest example of French gothic; Known for its Famous 176 Stained Glass Windows; Epitome of New Cathedral Design where the Nave outside is obscured behind a tangle of buttresses FLAMBUOYANT Style Late Gothic; Flame–like of Free Flowing Tracery NOTRE–DAME d’ EPINE BELGIAN GOTHIC Numerous Spires, Towers, Belfries, & Steep Gables ANTWERP CATHEDRAL 400 ft. / 122 m Spire GERMAN GOTHIC ( German Gothic ) Famous Architect PETER PARLER General use of BRICKS; Single Western Apse; NO Triforium & Clerestory; ULM CATHEDRAL 162 m Spire; Tallest Cathedral in Europe / the World COLOGNE CATHEDRAL Tower is higher than Spire ITALIAN GOTHIC ( Italian Gothic ) Famous Architect ARNOLFO DE CAMBIO Flatness of Roofs; Projecting Entry Porches; Small windows w/ Tracery NO Flying Buttresses; Colored Marble Stripes instead of Mouldings; Abundance of Pinnacles; MILAN CATHEDRAL 3rd Largest Church in Europe SIENNA CATHEDRAL Known for its Stripe Marbles at (mostly) interior & exterior DOGE’S CATHEDRAL Residence of Doge of Venice; Supreme authority of former Republic of Venice SPANISH GOTHIC– French & Moorish Influences; Single span with Vaulted Interior; Pierced Stone Tracery; use of Horse Shoe Arch RETADO / REREDO ICONOSTASIS; Intro of REJAS BURGOS CATHEDRAL BARCELONA CATHEDRAL SEVILLE CATHEDRAL Largest MEDIEVAL Cathedral in SPAIN Page 22 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE ( 1420 – 1550 ; 15th–18th Cen.) “REBIRTH” or Revival of CLASSICAL ARTS; DIGNITY & FORMALITY Different Arts & Sciences Flourished; Cathedrals; in Symmetry with Dome Personality of the architect has increased in importance Pure Renaissance AR was based on regular order, symmetry, impressive facades and a central axis with grandiose plans Palazzos, & Chateaux; Frescoes, Carvings, Scroll Decors; Column, Beam, & Arch Construction; focus on HORIZONTALITY HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  Blocked East trade routes by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople led to sea explorations by Spain and Portugal in 1450  Invention of Gunpowder > Transformed Warfare > Necessitates New Building Types> PALAZZI (Palace-Type Building)  Invention of Printing > Mass Production & Circulation of Books > Understanding of Science and the Arts  Martin Luther and John Calvin &Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England>Break in the Evolution of European Church AR  Departure from Gothic, With the Employment of Classic Roman “Orders of Architecture” IMPORTANT STRUCTURES Churches & Palaces PLAN Symmetrical ROOF Barrel Vault; Dome W/ A Drum; Flat Roofs WALL Ashlar; Rustication (Exterior) COLUMNS Classic Order OPENINGS Semi-Circular Arch MOULDINGS Adapted From Romans DOOR Jambs Recessed ORNAMENTS Fresco (Wall & Ceiling); SGRAFFITO(Scratched & Colored Plaster) GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA “Regola Delli Cinque Ordini D’architettura” Proportional derived from actual measurements of ROMAN MONUMENTS Return &Standardization of the 5 CLASSICAL ORDERS DOME ON A DRUM; 2nd Celebration of Domes; Rusticated Masonry PHASES OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD EARLY RENAISSANCE Adoption of Classical Detail & Ornamentation BRUNELLESCHI– Formulated the pictorial device of LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Dome of Florence Cathedral (Duomo – Principal Work) & Riccardi Palace By: BRUNELLESCHI RICCARDI PALACE – Example of Rusticated Bldg. with heavy crowning Cornice (in which Florentine Style is noted) LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI– Largely Influenced People on reviving Roman Style via his Book, “DE RE AEDIFICATORIA;” Helped promote AR from an Artisan’s Trade to a Profession Santa Maria Novella & Sant’Andrea, Mantua By: LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI SANTA MARIA NOVELLA – One of the 1st churches where consoles were placed In the Facade over the side Aisles to connect them w/ the Nave SANT’ANDREA, MANTUA – Type of Modern Renaissance Church; Single Nave w/ Transepts; Interior Ornamented w/ a single order on Pedestals supporting a Barrel Vault HIGH RENAISSANCE Pinnacle of Classical Simplicity & Harmony in Renaissance Art & Architecture DONATO BRAMANTE TEMPIETTO OF SAN PEDRO – Martyrium, Place of Martyrdom / Shrine w/ Relics dedicated to a Martyr; Crucifixion Site of St. Peter; considered one of the High Renaissance Bldgs. of Rome By: DONATO BRAMANTE LATE RENAISSANCE Featured a general relaxation of the severe simplicity & order of the High Renaissance ANDREA PALLADIO– Author of “FOUR BOOKS OF AR”; systemized relationship of ground plan, section & elevation of a bldg. VILLA ROTONDA – Transforming a House into a Classical Temple By: ANDREA PALLADIO GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA – Other Works: Sant’Andrea, Rome & 2 small Cupolas at St. Peter GESU CHURCH – Jesuit Mother Church in Rome By: GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI FARNESE PALACE – Famous Florentine Sculptor & Painter of the SISTINE CHAPEL, VATICAN Finished the Farnese Palace &carried out the Dome of St. Peter By: MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI Page 23 of 40  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ST. PETER’S BASILICA Orientation at EAST; Officially the BASILICA DI SAN PIETRO, VATICANO Architects increased the importan