AQA GCSE Physical Education 8582 Subject Specific Vocabulary PDF

Subject specific vocabulary The following subject specific vocabulary provides definitions of key terms used in our GCSE Physical Education (8582) specification. Your students should be familiar with, and gain understanding from, all these terms. Ability Inherited, stable traits that determine an...

Subject specific vocabulary The following subject specific vocabulary provides definitions of key terms used in our GCSE Physical Education (8582) specification. Your students should be familiar with, and gain understanding from, all these terms. Ability Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill. Adaptability The potential to change with ease. Abduction Movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction Movement towards the midline of the body. Adrenaline Natural hormone released to speed heart rate up. Aerobic Exercise in the presence of or using oxygen. Aerobic training zone The aerobic training zone allows the aerobic system to be trained. To define aerobic training zone: 1. Calculate maximum heart rate (220 bpm) minus age: 220-age. 2. Work at 60-80% of maximum heart rate. © 2023 AQA 1 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Aggression A deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, which can be physical or mental (see direct and indirect aggression). Agility The ability to move and change direction quickly whilst maintaining control. Agonist (prime mover) Muscle or group responsible for the movement. Altitude A geographical area (of land) which is over 2,000 m above sea level. Altitude training (traditional) Training at altitude where there is less oxygen. The body adapts by making more red blood cells to carry oxygen. The additional oxygen carrying red blood cells is an advantage for endurance athletes returning to sea level to compete. Altitude sickness Nausea caused by training at altitude. Alveoli Air sacs in the lungs. Amateur This term defines someone who: takes part in an activity as a hobby, rather than for financial gain has another main job outside of sport takes part for fun could be at a lower level. Anabolic steroids Artificially produced male hormones mimicking testosterone. They promote muscle and bone growth and reduce recovery time. Often used by power athletes, eg sprinters. Anaerobic Working in the absence of enough or without oxygen. © 2023 AQA 2 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Antagonist Acts to produce the opposite action to the agonist. They work in antagonistic pairs. Arousal A physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/readiness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement/alertness. Articulating bones Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint. Artery Blood vessel with small lumen and thick muscular walls. Carries blood away from the heart. Axis Imaginary line through the body around which it rotates. Types of axis: longitudinal (or vertical) – head to toe transverse – through the hips sagittal – through the belly button. Backflow The flowing backwards of blood. Valves in the veins prevent this from happening. Balance The maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support. Reference can be made to whilst static (still) or dynamic (whilst moving). Balanced diet It is defined as eating: the right amount (of calories) for energy expended according to how much you exercise different food types to provide suitable nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Beta blockers Drugs that are used to steady nerves by controlling heart rate. They have a calming and relaxing effect. © 2023 AQA 3 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Blood doping A technique to increase the amount of red blood cells in the body. This involves red blood cells being: removed frozen and stored thawed and reinjected (after the body has replenished the lost red blood cells). Blood pressure The pressure that blood is under. Types of pressure: systolic - when the heart is contracting diastolic - when the heart is relaxed. Body composition The percentage of body weight which is fat and non-fat (muscle and bone). Body mass index (BMI) A measure that uses your height and weight to calculate whether your weight is deemed healthy. Calorie A unit which measures heat or energy production in the body, normally expressed as Kcal. Capillary Thin (one cell thick) blood vessel that allow exchange of materials between the blood and the tissues of the body. Carbohydrate The body's preferred energy source. Cardiac cycle The process of the heart going through the stages of systole and diastole (see Blood pressure) in the atria and ventricles (see Heart chambers). Cardiac output The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute or stroke volume x heart rate. Cardio-vascular endurance (aerobic power) The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles. © 2023 AQA 4 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Cartilage Strong connective tissue that acts a buffer between bones; absorbing shock and preventing friction on the end of bones. Circuit training A series of exercise stations whereby periods of work are interspersed with periods of rest. Circumduction Turning or circular motion around a joint (which occurs in more than one plane). Closed season Post (transition). It is defined as: period of rest to recuperate players doing gentle aerobic exercise to maintain general fitness fully rested and ready for pre-season training. Commercialisation To manage or exploit (an organisation, activity, etc) in a way designed to make a profit. The specification refers to commercialised activity as being sponsorship and the media only. Coordination The ability to use different (two or more) parts of the body together (smoothly and efficiently). Competition season (peak) It is defined as: playing season taking part in matches every week maintenance of fitness related to the activity but not too much training as it may cause fatigue, which would decrease performance concentration on skills/set plays to improve team performance. Continuous training Involves working for a sustained period of time without rest. It improves cardio- vascular fitness. Sometimes referred to as a steady state training. Contract to compete Unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules. Unwritten agreement within sports where participants agree to do their best. © 2023 AQA 5 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Deep breathing Relaxation technique which involves a performer exaggerating their breaths in and out. Dehydration Excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body. Direct aggression Aggressive act which involves physical contact with others, eg a punch. Diuretic drugs Drugs that remove fluid from the body, elevating the rate of bodily urine excretion. Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) The pain felt in the muscles the day after exercise. Dorsiflexion Raising of the toes towards the tibia. Embolism Blockage of a blood vessel. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) Sometimes referred to as oxygen debt (now an outdated term), EPOC refers to the amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise. EPOC enables lactic acid to be converted to glucose, carbon dioxide and water (using oxygen). It explains why we continue to breathe deeply and quickly after exercise. Erythropoietin (EPO) A type of peptide hormone that increases the red blood cell count. Etiquette A convention or unwritten rule in an activity. It is not an enforceable rule but it is usually observed. Expire Breathe out. © 2023 AQA 6 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Extrinsic feedback Received from outside of the performer, eg from a coach. See Kinaesthetic feedback for an opposite comparison. Extension Movement that causes the angle at a joint to increase. Extrinsic motivation The drive to perform well or to win in order to gain external rewards (eg prizes, money, praise). Extrovert Sociable, active, talkative, out-going personality type usually associated with team sports players. Fartlek training Training using different intensities or over different terrains e.g. sprint, jog, walk, jog, sprint etc. Fatigue Either physical or mental, fatigue is a feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to a build-up of lactic acid or working for long periods of time. Feedback Information a performer receives about their performance. Feedback can be given during and/or after performance. Fitness The ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment. FITT FITT is used to increase the amount of work the body does, in order to achieve overload (see SPORT). FITT stands for: frequency – how often you train intensity – how hard you train time – the length of the training session type – the specific method, eg continuous training. Flexion Movement that causes the angle at a joint to decrease. © 2023 AQA 7 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Flexibility The range of movements possible at a joint. Gamesmanship Attempting to gain an advantage by bending the rules to their limit (but not breaking them). Goal setting (SMART goals) A method to increase motivation and reduce anxiety. Goals should be SMART: specific – specific to the demands of the sport/muscles used/movements used measurable – it must be possible to measure whether they have been met accepted – they must be accepted by the performer and (possibly) others involved, eg coach realistic – they are actually possible to complete time bound – over a set period of time. Goal types (performance goals and outcome goals) Performance goals Personal standards to be achieved. Performers compare themselves against what they have already done or suggest what they are going to do. There is no comparison with other performers. Outcome goals Focus on end result/winning. Guidance A method to convey information to a performer. Guidance methods: visual (seeing) verbal (hearing) manual (assist movement – physical) mechanical (use of objects/aids). Haemoglobin The substance in the red blood cells which transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide. Health A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (as per the World Health Organisation- WHO). Ill health refers to being in a state of poor physical, mental and/or social well- being. © 2023 AQA 8 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Heart attack It occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked. Heart chambers They include the right and left atria and ventricles. Heart rate The number of times the heart beats (usually measured per minute). High intensity interval training (HITT) It’s an exercise strategy alternating periods of short intense anaerobic exercise with less intense recovery periods (see Interval training). Hooliganism Disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events. Home field advantage Gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings, with the majority of the spectators supporting you. Hydration Having enough water to enable normal functioning of the body. Hypertension High blood pressure in the arteries. Hypertrophy The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in the size of its cells. Indirect aggression Aggression which does not involve physical contact. The aggression is taken out on an object to gain advantage, eg hitting a tennis ball hard during a rally. Information processing Making decisions. Gathering data from the display (senses), prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision. © 2023 AQA 9 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Inspire Breathe in. Interval training Periods of training/work that are followed by periods of rest, eg work, rest, work, rest (see High intensity interval training). Intrinsic feedback Feedback received via receptors in the muscles. Sensations that are felt by the performer, providing information from movement. Intrinsic motivation The drive that comes from within- e.g. for pride, for satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment, for self-worth. Introvert A quiet, passive, reserved, shy personality type, usually associated with individual sports performance. Isometric contraction Muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not alter. The contraction is constant, ie pushing against a load. Isotonic contraction Muscle contraction that results in limb movement: concentric contraction - shortening of the muscle eccentric contraction - lengthening of the muscle. Level playing field The same for all competitors. Lever A rigid bar (bone) that turns about an axis to create movement. The force to move the lever comes from the muscle(s). Each lever contains: a fulcrum - fixed point, effort (from the muscle(s) to move it) load/resistance (from gravity). Lifestyle See sedentary lifestyle. © 2023 AQA 10 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Masculinity Displaying masculine (male) stereotypical behaviour. Maximal heart rate Calculated by: 220-age Mechanical advantage Calculated by: effort ÷ weight (resistance) arm The efficiency of a working lever, Calculated by: effort ÷ weight (resistance) arm ; high mechanical advantage involves weight being lifted with relatively small muscular force. Media Diversified technologies which act as the main means of mass communication. These include: printed media (eg newspapers) broadcast media (eg TV and radio) internet/social media (eg Facebook) outdoor media (eg billboards). Mental health and well-being A state of well-being in which every individual realises his/her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community (as per WHO). It works in conjunction with physical and social health. Mental rehearsal (a type of imagery) Relaxation technique which involves the performer picturing themselves performing the skill perfectly or imagining positive outcomes before attempting it. Minerals Inorganic substances which assist the body with many of its functions, eg bone formation (Calcium). Motivation (intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation) The drive to succeed or the desire (want) to achieve something/to be inspired to do something. This can be: intrinsic – the drive that comes from within (eg for pride, satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment, self-worth) or extrinsic – the drive to perform well or to win in order to gain external rewards (eg prizes, money, praise). © 2023 AQA 11 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Movement at a joint Classified into: flexion – decrease in the angle of the bones at a joint extension – increasing the angle of bones at a joint abduction – movement away from the midline of the body adduction – movement towards the midline of the body rotation – movement around an axis plantar flexion – pointing the toes at the ankle/increasing the ankle angle dorsi flexion – toes up at the ankle/decreasing the ankle angle circumduction – turning or circular motion around a joint (which occurs in more than one plane). Muscular endurance (similar to dynamic strength) Ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions, avoiding fatigue. The ability of the muscles or muscle group to contract over a period of time. Narcotic analgesics Drugs that can be used to reduce the feeling of pain. Nutrition The intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs. Good nutrition is an adequate, well balanced diet, combined with regular physical activity. Obese A term used to describe people with a large fat content, caused by an imbalance of calories consumed to energy expenditure. A body mass index (BMI) of over 30 or over 20% above standard weight for height ratio. One rep max The maximal amount that can be lifted in one repetition by a muscle/group of muscles (with the correct technique). Outcome goal A goal that focuses on the end result only. PED Performance enhancing drug. Peptide hormones © 2023 AQA 12 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Drugs that stimulate the production of naturally occurring hormones (eg EPO), which increase red blood cell count/oxygen carrying capacity. Performance goal A goal where personal standards are to be achieved. There is no comparison with others Physical health and well-being All body systems working well, free from illness and injury. Ability to carry out everyday tasks. It works in conjunction with social and mental health. Physiology Study of how our cells, muscles and organs work together, and how they interact. Plane Imaginary flat surface running through the body along which movement can take place. Types of planes: Frontal plane: The imaginary flat surface dividing the body into front and back. Sagittal plane: The imaginary flat surface running through the body along which movement can take place, dividing the body into left and right, allowing flexion and extension movements. Transverse plane: The imaginary flat surface running through the body along which movement can take place, dividing the body into top and bottom allowing rotation around the longitudinal axis. Plantar flexion The action of pointing the toes in a downwards motion. Positive self-talk Developing cognitive positive thoughts about your own performance. Post season (transition) Period of rest/active recovery/light aerobic work after the competition period (season). Power/explosive strength (anaerobic power) (The product of) strength and speed, ie strength x speed. © 2023 AQA 13 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Pre-season (preparation) It is defined as: period leading up to competition usually using continuous/fartlek/interval training sessions to increase aerobic fitness weight training to build up strength and muscular endurance developing techniques specific to the sport in order to be fully prepared for matches at start of season and therefore be more successful. Principles of overload Frequency, intensity, time and type (see FITT). Principles of training Specificity, progressive overload, reversibility and tedium (see SPORT). Prime mover (agonist) Muscle or muscle group responsible for the movement. Pulse raiser Any activity that raises heart rate. Usually as part of a warm up, eg light jog. Qualitative More of a subjective than an objective appraisal. Involving opinions relating to the quality of a performance rather than the quantity (eg score, placing, number). Quantitative A measurement which can be quantified as a number, eg time in seconds or goals scored. There is no opinion expressed (qualitative). It is a fact. Reaction time The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus, ie the time from the initiation of the stimulus (eg starting gun in 100 m) to starting to initiate a response (eg starting to move out of the blocks in 100 m). Recovery Time required to repair the damage to the body caused by training or competition. Rehydration Consuming water to restore hydration. © 2023 AQA 14 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Reliability Relating to the consistency and repeatability of a test (ie to produce same or similar scores). Repetitions The number of times an individual action is performed. A set is a group of repetitions. Residual volume Volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration. Role model A person looked to by others as an example to be imitated. Rotation Movement where a limb rotates around its long axis (of the bone). A circular movement where part of the body turns whilst the rest remains still. Season A period of time during which competition takes place or training seasons, dividing the year up into sectional parts for pre-determined benefits. Training seasons include: pre-season (preparation) competition season (peak) post-season (transition). See the terms in brackets for definitions. Sedentary lifestyle A lifestyle with irregular or no physical activity. Serotonin Feel-good hormone released during exercise. Skeletal system Skeletal system provides a framework of bones for movement, in conjunction with the muscular system. Skill A learned action/learned behaviour with the intention of bringing about pre- determined results, with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy. © 2023 AQA 15 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Skill classification Categorisation of sporting skills in accordance with set continua. These include: Basic/complex continua o Basic skill (skill classification): A skill which is quickly learned as there are very few decisions to be made when performing the skill. o Complex skill (skill classification): A skill which requires a lot of decision making, requiring a high level of coordination and thinking. Open/closed continua o Open skill (skill classification): A skill which is performed in a certain way to deal with a changing or unstable environment, eg to outwit an opponent. o Closed skill (skill classification): A skill which is not affected by the environment or performers within it. The skill tends to be done the same way each time. Self-paced/externally-paced continua o Self-paced skill (skill classification): The skill is started when the performer decides to start it. The speed, rate or pace of the skill is controlled by the performer. o Externally-paced skill (skill classification): The skill that is started because of an external factor. The speed, rate or pace of the skill is controlled by external factors, eg an opponent. Gross/fine continua. o Gross skill (skill classification): Using large muscle groups to perform big, strong, powerful movements. o Fine movement (skill classification): Small and precise movement, showing high levels of accuracy and coordination. It involves the use of a small group of muscles. Social health and well-being Basic human needs are being met (food, shelter and clothing). The individual has friendship and support, some value in society, is socially active and has little stress in social circumstances. It works in conjunction with physical and mental health. Somatotype A method of classifying body type. Body types: ectomorph: A somatotype characterised by being tall and thin. Individuals with narrow shoulders and narrow hips. ndomorph: A somatotype, characterised by a pear shaped body/fatness. Individuals with wide hips and narrow shoulders mesomorph: A somatotype, characterised by a muscular appearance. Individuals with wide shoulders and narrow hips. Speed The maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time, putting the body parts into action as quickly as possible. Calculated by: distance ÷ time © 2023 AQA 16 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Spirometer trace A measure of lung volumes, which includes: tidal volume – volume of air inspired or expired/exchanged per breath inspiratory reserve volume – the amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume expiratory reserve volume – the amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume residual volume – the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration. Sponsor An individual or group that provides financial support to an event, activity, person, or organisation. Sponsorship Provision of funds or other forms of support to an individual or event in return for some commercial return. SPORT (the principles of training) Specificity Making training specific to the sport being played/movements used/muscles used/energy system(s) used. Progressive overload Gradual increase of the amount of overload so that fitness gains occur, but without potential for injury. Overload is the gradual increase of stress placed upon the body during exercise training (more than normal). Reversibility Losing fitness levels when you stop exercising. Tedium Boredom that can occur from training the same way every time. Variety is needed. Sportsmanship Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport. Static stretching Holding a stretch still/held/isometric. Stimulants Drugs that have an effect on the central nervous system, ie they increase mental and/or physical alertness. © 2023 AQA 17 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Strength The ability to overcome a resistance. This can be explosive, static or dynamic: explosive – see Power static – static ability to hold a body part (limb) in a static position. Muscle length stays the same/maximum force that can be applied to an immoveable object dynamic – see Muscular endurance for similarity. Stroke volume The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction. Sub-maximal Working below maximal intensity level. Suppleness As with flexibility, the range of movement possible at a joint. Synovial joint An area of the body where two or more bones meet (articulate) to allow a range of movements. The ends of the bones are covered in articular cartilage and are enclosed in a capsule filled with fluid. For the purposes of this specification, the following structural features and roles should be known: synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid synovial fluid – provides lubrication joint capsule – encloses/supports bursae (sacks of fluid) – reduce friction cartilage – prevents friction/bones rubbing together ligaments – attach bone to bone. Tangible Something that can be seen and touched, eg a trophy. Target zone The range within which athletes need to work for aerobic training to take place (60-80% of maximum heart rate). Tendon Strong, flexible tissue that attaches muscle to bone Training A well-planned programme which uses scientific principles to improve performance, skill, game ability, motor and physical fitness. © 2023 AQA 18 of 19  GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582 – SUBJECT SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Training thresholds The actual boundaries of the target zone. Validity The extent to which a test or method measures what it sets out to measure. Vasoconstriction When arterioles feeding the areas not needing so much blood constrict (become smaller in diameter) to restrict blood flow to that area. Vasodilation When arterioles feeding the areas needing more blood dilate (become wider in diameter) to increase blood flow to that area. Vein Blood vessel with wide lumen, containing pocket valves. Carries blood back towards the heart. Viscosity Thickening of the blood. Visualisation (a type of imagery) A relaxation technique to control mental thoughts which involves the performer imagining themselves in a calm, relaxing place. Vitamins Organic substances that are required for many essential processes in the body, eg Vitamin A for structure and function of the skin. Weight training The use of weights/resistance to cause adaptation of the muscles. Well-being Involves physical, mental and social well-being. The dynamic process that gives people a sense of being comfortable, healthy or happy. Version 2.0 September 2023 © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 19 of 19  Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature I declare this is my own work. GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION Paper 1 The human body and movement in physical activity and sport Wednesday 17 May 2023 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 15 minutes Materials For Examiner’s Use For this paper you must have: a ruler. Question Mark 1 to 6 Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Pencil should only be used for drawing. 7 Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 8 Answer all questions. 9 You must answer questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 10 If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 11 this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 12 Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be 13 marked. 14 Information 15 The marks for questions are shown in brackets. 16 The maximum mark for this paper is 78. Questions should be answered in continuous prose. You will be assessed on 17 your ability to: 18 – use good English 19 – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. 20 TOTAL *jun238582101* IB/M/Jun23/E6 8582/1  2 Do not write outside the Answer all questions. box Only one answer per question is allowed. For each question completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer. CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown. If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select as shown. 0 1 Which one of these structures attaches muscles to bones? [1 mark] A Cartilage B Ligaments C Membranes D Tendons 0 2 Which one of these describes stroke volume? [1 mark] A The volume of blood in the veins B The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute C The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction D The volume of blood within the heart *02* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  3 Do not write outside the 0 3 Which one of these muscles is found in the leg? box [1 mark] A Deltoid B Gastrocnemius C Latissimus dorsi D Rotator cuffs 0 4 Lisa is doing light aerobic training to maintain a level of general fitness. In which one of these training seasons is she working in? [1 mark] A Competition B Post-season C Pre-season 0 5 Which one of these describes an isometric contraction? [1 mark] A The muscle expands in size B The muscle increases in length C The muscle remains the same length D The muscle decreases in length Turn over ► *03* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  4 Do not write outside the 0 6 Which one of these movements takes place in a frontal plane? box [1 mark] A Bicep curl B Discus throw C Front somersault D Star jump 6 0 7 Figure 1 shows a human skeleton. Figure 1 Identify the bones labelled A, B and C in Figure 1. [3 marks] A B C 3 *04* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  5 Do not write outside the 0 8 Figure 2 shows an athlete in two different positions (A and B) as the athlete performs box a tricep dip. Figure 2 A B Use Figure 2 to help answer the following questions. 0 8. 1 Identify the joint action taking place at the elbow as the arm moves from A to B. [1 mark] 0 8. 2 Identify the main antagonist at the elbow as the arm moves from A to B. [1 mark] 0 8. 3 Identify the type of isotonic muscle contraction that is taking place at the elbow as the arm moves from A to B. [1 mark] 3 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► *05* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  6 Do not write outside the 0 9 Dynamic strength is required to perform in a 1000m rowing race. box Define ‘dynamic strength’. Justify why dynamic strength is important in a 1000m rowing race. [4 marks] Definition Justification 4 1 0 Chris is an experienced 25-year-old 800m runner. Table 1 shows Chris’s heart rate in beats per minute (bpm) at the start and during an 800m race. Table 1 Distance (m) Heart rate (bpm) 0 80 200 130 400 140 600 160 800 200 *06* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  7 Do not write outside the 1 0. 1 Draw a line graph on the graph paper below to show Chris’s heart rate at the start box and during an 800m race. Label the axes. [2 marks] Question 10 continues on the next page Turn over ► *07* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  8 Do not write outside the 1 0. 2 Chris has a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute (bpm). box Explain why Chris’s heart rate is higher at the start of the race than his resting heart rate. [2 marks] 1 0. 3 Explain three factors that can affect Chris’s speed of recovery. [3 marks] Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 1 0. 4 Chris’s breathing rate will change during the race. Define tidal volume. Explain the changes that occur to Chris’s tidal volume during the 800m race. [3 marks] Definition Explanation 10 *08* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  9 Do not write outside the 1 1 Describe the pathway of blood from when it enters the heart on the right side box to where it leaves the heart on the left side. [5 marks] 5 1 2 EPOC is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Explain how EPOC is caused. Give a sporting example when EPOC is likely to occur. [4 marks] Cause Example 4 Turn over ► *09* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  10 Do not write outside the 1 3. 1 Define abduction. box Use an example of a sporting action in your answer. [2 marks] Definition Example 1 3. 2 Name the type of joint where abduction can take place. [1 mark] 3 1 4 Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) can occur after vigorous exercise. Evaluate the use of ice baths to prevent DOMS. [4 marks] 4 *10* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  11 Do not write outside the 1 5 Figure 3 shows a person performing a back squat. box Figure 3 1 5. 1 Identify the class of lever system used at the knee whilst performing the back squat in Figure 3. [1 mark] Question 15 continues on the next page Turn over ► *11* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  12 Do not write outside the 1 5. 2 Draw a fully labelled diagram to show the class of lever identified in Question 15.1. box [2 marks] 1 5. 3 Explain why the lever in Figure 3 has a low mechanical advantage. [2 marks] 5 *12* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  13 Do not write outside the 1 6. 1 A weightlifter must calculate their workload intensity correctly. box State how a weightlifter would calculate their workload intensity. [1 mark] 1 6. 2 Describe how a weightlifter would calculate their workload intensity if they were trying to improve their muscular endurance. [2 marks] 1 6. 3 Discuss whether the One Rep Max Test is a relevant test for a gymnast. [4 marks] 7 Turn over ► *13* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  14 Do not write outside the 1 7 Poppy is a 100 metre sprinter. box 1 7. 1 Speed is important to Poppy. Name and describe a test that measures speed. [4 marks] Test Description 1 7. 2 Define reaction time. Outline one reason why reaction time is important to Poppy. [2 marks] Definition Reason 6 *14* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  15 Do not write outside the 1 8 Describe the process of high altitude training. box Use a sporting example in your answer. [3 marks] 3 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► *15* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  16 Do not write outside the 1 9 Evaluate the importance of agility and flexibility in a 200m freestyle swimming race. box [6 marks] Extra space 6 *16* IB/M/Jun23/8582/1  17 Do not write outside the 2 0 Using the principles of training, analyse how the long-term benefits of training are box important to a games player. 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