Intellectual Revolution That Defined Society PDF

Intellectual Revolution That Defined Society At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: Discuss how ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin and Freud contributed to the spark of Scientific Revolution Analyze how Scientific Revolution is done in various parts of the world like in...

Intellectual Revolution That Defined Society At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: Discuss how ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin and Freud contributed to the spark of Scientific Revolution Analyze how Scientific Revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America, East Asia, Middle East and Africa among other civilizations Science Defined Science is as old as the world itself. It is always interwoven with the society. So, how can science be defined? Science as an Idea Includes theories and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.  Science as an Intellectual Activity Encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural world Involves systematic observation and experimentation Science as a Body of Knowledge A subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. Referred to as School Science Science as a Personal and Social Activity Explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop a better understanding of the world around them. A means to improve and to survive in life Interwoven with peoples’ lives. Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution Is claimed to have started in the early 16th – 18th Century in Europe. A period of enlightenment when the developments of the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. Caused the birth of modern science Was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life at the same time deeply trying moment leading to painful death of some Has formed the natural world and the world of ideas. Scientific Revolution Europe – Invention of the printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning and the growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests. All great civilizations of the ancient world had their own sophisticated traditions and activities related to science, technology, medicine and mathematics Has led to the creation of new research fields in science and promoted the establishment of a strong foundation for modern science.  Influences to Scientific Revolution Science Ideas Scientific Revolution Humans Society Some Intellectuals And Their Revolutionary Ideas Scientists are driven by 3C’s Curiosity Creativity Critical thinking To explore the physical and natural world. Their love for science is driven by their deep passion To Know and To Discover  Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science Discoveries and Technology Creativity SCIENTISTS SCIENCE IDEAS Passion to Curiosity Know SCIENCE DISCOVERIES Passion to Critical Thinking Discover TECHNOLOGY Three Notable Scientists Influential to the Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus Did not do extensive experiment but his ideas were example of Thought Experiment Despite his duty as canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland, he had plenty of time to sustain his interest in Astronomy. Strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome (1946) by Johannes Müeller which contain the author’s observations of the heavens and some commentary on earlier works esp that of Ptolemy’s. In 1510 completed his Idea and Model of the universe and circulated a summary in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little Commentary) Nicolaus Copernicus The publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 and is often cited as the START of the Scientific Revolution In his model, the Sun is the centerpiece of the universe.  Copernican Model of the Universe The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year. The moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the Earth 2 Planetary Motions The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun The orbits of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the Sun Problem: The position of the stars – cannot be placed in a fixed position like crystals in a distance sphere  Think about these Questions… 1. What is the contribution of Copernicus in the philosophy of science? 2. Do you think thought experiment is still useful in science in the present time? 3. Do you think the Church should intervene in science activities? Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model Charles Darwin  Charles Darwin Famous for his theory of evolution Coming from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family, he went to best schools but was observed to be a mediocre student and struggled to make it through medicine and ministry (clergyman). Darwin’s life soon changed when one of this professors recommended him to join a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.  Charles Darwin His book The Origin of Species was published in 1589 is considered to be one of the MOST important works in scientific literature. His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species. Another published book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet controversial. In his book, he introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. Divergent or Branching Evolution  Think about these Questions… 1. What is Darwin’s contribution to science? 2. How can Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence the following fields in modern times: Religion Biology Sigmund Freud  Sigmund Freud A famous figure in the field of Psychology Made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an important observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s inner life – Method of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalytic Theory A scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness that were not understood by medicine during his time Focuses on human sexuality and the evil nature of man Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e., make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalytic Theory  Think about these Questions… 1. What is Freud’s contribution to science? 2. Describe the Method of Psychoanalysis CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE Developments of Science in: Mesoamerica Asia Middle East Africa MESOAMERICA Includes the entire area of Central America – from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America Rich in culture an knowledge prior to the arrival of European colonizers Civilizations in Mesoamerica: MAYAN INCA AZTEC  MAYAN CIVILIZATION Lasted for approx. 2,000 years Mayan Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 1.) Advanced works in Astronomy which is incorporated into their temples and other religious structures - solstices and equinoxes, Ex. Pyramid at Chichén Itzá in Mexico – location of the Sun during Spring and Fall equinoxes 2.) Prediction of eclipse using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting 3.) Measuring time using two complicated Calendar Systems  MAYAN CIVILIZATION 4. Agriculture - Growing varieties of crops like corn and rubber production 5. Construction of elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools 6. Hydraulics System with sophisticated waterways to supply water in different communities 7. Arts – built looms for weaving cloth and devised rainbow of glittery paints made from mineral mica. 8. Mayan Hieroglyphics 9. Mathematics – number system based in numeral 20; developed the concept of zero (0) Maya Numbering System  INCA CIVILIZATION The Inca Empire, which was centered in Peru and lasted from 1438 to 1533 AD, represented the height of this civilization before the conquest of Spain Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 1. Roads paved with stones 2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters 3. Irrigation System and Technique for storing water for Agriculture 4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their Religious festivals and prepare them for planting season 5. First suspension bridge INCA CIVILIZATION Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 6. Quipu – a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret 7. Inca Textiles – since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements; cloths indicated their status 8. Agriculture - It is estimated that the Inca cultivated around seventy crop species including potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, chili peppers, cotton, tomatoes, peanuts, an edible root called oca, and the pseudo grains quinoa and amaranth.  AZTEC CIVILIZATION Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 1. Mandatory Education – Aztec children are mandated to get education regardless of social class, gender and age, a form of Universal or Inclusive Education 2. Chocolates – used as a currency. They value the cacao beans highly and made it as part of tribute to their gods 3. Antispasmodic medication – prevents muscle spasms and relax muscles which could help in surgery 4. Chinampa (Agricultural Farming) – the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals  AZTEC CIVILIZATION Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 5. Aztec Calendar – enabled them to plan their activities, rituals and planting season 6. Invention of Canoe – a light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems 7. Aztec Writing System ASIA Home of many ancient civilizations which host cultural, economic, scientific and political activities of all ages. Great Civilizations in Asia (Science, Mathematics, Technology): INDIA CHINA MIDDLE EAST  INDIAN CIVILIZATION Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 1. Metallurgical works – Iron steel manufacturing (best) 2. Medicine - Ayurveda (2500 BC)– traditional medicine; still practiced today (alternative medicine) - medicinal properties of plants - Susruta Samhita – describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India. 3. Astronomy – Theories on the configuration of the universe - Spherical self-supporting Earth - A year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each  INDIAN CIVILIZATION Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 4. Astronomy – Siddhanta Shiromani covered topics such as longitudes and latitudes of the planets, three problems of diurnal rotations, syzygies, lunar eclipses, solar eclipses, risings and settings, moon’s crescent conjunctions of planets with fixed stars; paths of the Sun and Moon 5. Mathematics (Indus Valley Civilization) – standardized measurements with high accuracy and designed ruler – Mohenjo-daro ruler 6. Notable Names: ❖ Aryabhatiya (476-550) – introduced trigonometric functions, tables and techniques; algorithms of algebra ;aprrox of “pi”  INDIAN CIVILIZATION Notable Names: ❖ Brahmagupta – suggested that gravity was a force of attraction and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and decimal digit; Hindu-Arabic Numeral System ❖ Madhava of Sangamagrama – founder of mathematical analysis  CHINESE CIVILIZATION Have greatly influenced its neighboring countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and other countries belonging to the Old Silk Road Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 1. Medicine – traditional medicine, use of plants and animals to cure diseases; acupuncture 2. Technology – Compass, Papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools, iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller among others. 3. Construction – different models of bridges 4. Seismological detector * 5. Dry dock facility  CHINESE CIVILIZATION Scientific Knowledge and Technology: 6. Astronomy – Records of supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets 7. Lunar Calendar China have made other substantial contributions to various fields. However, cultural factors prevented Chinese achievements from developing into modern science. Another reason might have been the religious and philosophical framework of Chinese intellectuals that made them unable to accept ideas of laws of nature.  MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATIONS Dominantly occupied by Muslims; Golden Age of Islam Placed more value on Science Experiments rather than plain-thought experiments which led to the development of the Scientific Method, an empirical orientation (In contrast to Greeks) Scientific Knowledge and Technology – Notable Names: ❖ Ibn al-Haytham – Father of Optics, renowned for his empirical proof of the Intromission Theory of Light ❖ Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi – gave his name to the concept of Algorithm while Algebra is derived from al-jabr  MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATIONS 1. Arabic Numeral System (although originally came from India) was refined by Muslim mathematicians such as introduction of decimal point notation. 2. Laid the foundation of Modern Chemistry played by Muslim alchemists ❖ Jäbir ibn Hayyān - considered as the “Father of Chemistry” 3. Medicine ❖ Ibn Sina – pioneered the science of experimental medicine - the first physician to conduct clinical trials - discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology - books : Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine  African Civilizations Rich in natural and mineral resources 1. Used three types of calendars: lunar, solar and stellar or a combination of the three. 2. Metallurgy – North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from the Near East Region that enabled them to benefit from the developments during Bronze Age until Iron Age. - invented metal tools used in homes, agriculture and in building structures  Egyptian Civilization Has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics and medicine Used Empirical Method of Studying Science 1. Development of Geometry – to preserve layout and ownership of farmlands of the and to build architectural structures in Egypt 2. Center of Alchemy (Ancient Chemistry) 3. Studied Human Anatomy and Pharmacology to treat diseases 4. Mathematics – good in four fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills - have knowledge in basic concepts of Algebra Writing System – Egyptian Hieroglyphics