Science, Technology, and Society PDF

Science, Technology and Society STS examines how science and technology emerge, how they enter society, how they change through social processes, and how society changes in response to science and technology. SCIENCE comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning ‘knowledge’. -a systematic and metho...

Science, Technology and Society STS examines how science and technology emerge, how they enter society, how they change through social processes, and how society changes in response to science and technology. SCIENCE comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning ‘knowledge’. -a systematic and methodical activity of building and organising knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation, or both. TECHNOLOGY comes from the Greek root word techne, meaning 'art, skill, or cunning of hand. -the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems. SOCIETY comes from the Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the noun socius. -it is a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same cultural components. On a broader scale, society consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas. Comparison between Science and Technology, and its interaction to Society ​ Science is not the same as Technology ​ Technological applications of science are influenced by other sectors such as politics and governance, religion, and business. ​ Science and Technology act and are enacted in Society. “Interconnections: A Systems History of Science, Technology, Leisure, and Fear” by Fred Philipps. ​ Interdisciplinary Research: studies in fostering innovation within science and technology. ​ Systems and Complexity Theory: It highlights the significance of these theories in understanding the interconnected nature of societal and technological changes. ​ Quantum Technology: The piece touches upon the implications of quantum advancements on society and its fears. ​ Internet's Role: The internet's contribution to increasing societal connectivity and its subsequent effects on social attitudes is a focal point.  ​ Sometimes, dangerous changes in social attitudes Science and Technology from the beginning of time ​ Evolves from the everyday efforts of the people trying to improve their way of living. ​ Humankind utilised tools, machines, and techniques without understanding how or why they worked or comprehending their physical or chemical composition. ​ Evidence of this can be found in roughly shaped stones used for chopping and scraping, dating back millions of years. Antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something ​ Historical antecedents in science and technology ​ Knowledge of the history of science and technology ​ By understanding how previous generations influenced and were influenced by developments in science and technology Science and Technology in the Philippines ​ Pre-Spanish Period simple tools or weapons of stone flakes are used but eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones. ​ Spanish Regime - development of science and technology were greatly shaped by the role of the religious orders. ​ American Regime - a system of zsecularized public school education as soon as the civil government was set up in the islands. ​ Japanese Occupation - brought educational and scientific activities ​ Science and Technology Independence since the lack of government support; the dearth of scientists of high training and ability; low morale of scientists and a lack of public awareness of Science Science and Technology Throughout History ​ Inventions of wheel ​ Development of metallurgy ​ Emergence of written languages ​ Exploration of cosmos Intellectual Revolutions can be defined as the historical changes in the thoughts, beliefs, and social institutions due to new ideas and principles. In understanding intellectual revolutions, it is worth noting that these revolutions are, in themselves, paradigm shifts. These shifts resulted from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universe behaves and functions. They challenged long-held views about the nature of the universe. Thus, these revolutions were often met with huge resistance and controversy. Copernican Revolution - Nicolaus Copernicus ​ Heliocentric Model of the Universe: places the Sun at the centre of the Solar System. ​ Met huge resistance from church, which led to the prohibition of reading De Revolutionibus ​ Was sion accepted by other scientists Galileo Galilei ​ Was then capped off by Isaac Newton Darwinian Revolution - Charles Darwin  ​ The Theory of Evolution: all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. ​ Natural Selection - evolutionary process by which organisms inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction. ​ In the case of biology and evolution, nature may be described as a lawful system that can be explained through scientific thought. Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud ​ Psychoanalytic Theory: human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges. ​ Proposed Id(insticts), Superego(morality), and Ego(reality) ​ Humans are pleasure seeker ​ Oedipus and Electra Complex - Psychoanalytic Terms ​ Was accepted to address the psychological fixations. Nicolaus Copernicus →was an astronomer who proposed the heliocentric system that the planets orbit around the Sun; that the Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow changes in the direction of this axis account for the precession of the equinoxes. → This shift marked the birth of modern astronomy and sparked the scientific revolution, transforming societal beliefs and understanding of the universe. Charles Darwin → was a British naturalist who developed a theory of evolution based on natural selection - where those that successfully adapted or evolved to meet the changing requirements of their natural habitat thrived and reproduced, while those species that failed to evolve and reproduce died off. → He introduced all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. Sigmund Freud → was the founding father of psychoanalysis a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behaviour. → Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood The Copernican, Darwinian and Freudian revolutions were pivotal moments in history that reshaped society's understanding of the world. ​ Copernicus's heliocentric model challenged the geocentric view of the universe, challenging established religious and cultural norms ​ Darwin's theory of evolution challenged traditional religious beliefs about the origin of life, sparking debate between science and religion. ​ Freudian's psychoanalytic theory sparked debates about sexuality, childhood, and therapy, profoundly reshaping societal views. The development of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg is often cited as a pivotal moment in the spread of knowledge. How did this technological advancement contribute to nation-building in Europe during the Renaissance? -​ It allowed for the rapid dissemination of ideas, leading to the Reformation and the spread of scientific knowledge. Nation Building - is a process with an end goal of establishing common interests, goals and preferences among citizens of a country towards the formation of that country where the people have no intentions of separating themselves from one another. What is Science and Technology in Nation Building? ◆ Science and Technology is essential in nation building. Scientific knowledge and technological advancements are needed to address problems and concerns such as climate change, natural disasters and epidemics. Also, they are needed to increase industrial productivity leading to economic development. Science and Technology in Nation Building -increase agricultural activity -conserve and protect the environment -produce good qualities -secure peace, order and stability -manage natural disasters -generate jobs for workers -ensure quality healthcare -efficiently deliver social services -increase economic productivity How does Science and Technology contribute to Nation Building? → Science and technology have played a crucial role in the development of the Philippines as a nation. → Throughout its history, the Philippines has been influenced by different cultures and colonial powers, each leaving its mark on the country's scientific and technological development. ​ In Section 10, Article XIV of 1987 Philippine Constitution, it is stated that "Science and Technology are essential for national development and progress". A developing country is experiencing rapid urbanisation, leading to increased demand for clean water. Scientists propose a new water purification technology that is cost- effective and scalable. How could this technology contribute to nation- building? -​ By improving public health and supporting sustainable urban development. A nation is facing an economic downturn and high unemployment rates. The government decides to invest heavily in renewable energy technologies. What is a likely outcome of this decision on nation-building? -​ It will promote economic growth and create new jobs, fostering national progress An emerging economy is investing in advanced manufacturing technologies to become a global leader in the tech industry. What is a likely outcome of this investment on the nation's development? -​ It will create high-skilled job opportunities and drive economic growth. The invention of the steam engine played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution. Which of the following best describes its impact on nation-building in the 19th century? -​ It facilitated mass production and transportation, spurring economic growth and the development of modern nation- states. Department of Science and Technology (DOST) ​ The DOST is composed of: 1) the sectoral planning councils, 2) collegial and scientific bodies, 3) S&T services and 4) research and development (R&D) institutes National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) Agency that provides central direction, leadership and coordination of scientific and technological efforts and ensure that the results therefrom are geared and utilized in areas of maximum economic and social benefits for the people Balik Scientist Program Republic Act No. 11035 or the Balik Scientist Act was signed into law in 2018. The law will provide incentives and assistance to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers to serve the country. Dr. Josefino C. Comiso (addressing climate change and environmental issues) → One of those Balik Scientist, whose goal is to: "improve the ability of the country to utilise advanced technology in addressing problems on natural resource management, especially as related to climate and environmental changes". Order of National Scientists ​ highest honour that is bestowed by the President of the Rep. of the Philippines to a Filipino man or woman of science who has made significant contributions in one of the different fields in science and technology in the Philippines. ​ As of 2018, there are 41 National Scientists. Two of them are engineer agriculturist Ramon Barba and biologist Angel Alcala. Major Personalities in Science and Technology in the Philippines 1. Reina Reyes - astrophysicist (proved that galaxies were clustered together) 2. Irene Crisologo - radar meteorologist (Weather Radar Data) 3. Julius Sempio - specialist in geoinformatics and remote sensing (detects changes in land features and land usage) 4. Andreia Carillo - astrophysicist (studies stars as fossils in an effort to piece together the Milky Way Galaxy's 13 billion-year history.) 5. Kamela Ng - molecular epidemiologist (detection of drug resistant-tuberculosis transmission) 6. Migs Canilao - anthropologist and archaeologist (track ancient gold trading rails) 7. Sarah Olivia - geophysicist Ramon Barba - Inducing flower using potassium nitrate for mango trees The role of digital technologies in preserving and documenting cultural heritage in the Philippines is crucial. Here are some examples; 1. 3D Laser Scanning 3D laser scanning captures detailed spatial data by creating a 3D representation of cultural heritage sites or artifacts. 2. Multispectral Imaging (MSI): Multispectral imaging involves capturing images Multispectral Imaging (MSI): at various wavelengths beyond what the human eye can perceive. It reveals hidden details in artworks, manuscripts, and historical objects. In the context of cultural heritage, MSI helps analyze pigments, faded inscriptions, and other features that may not be visible under normal lighting conditions. 3. Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) -Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies allow users to immerse themselves in historical and cultural contexts. -Museums and heritage sites can use VR and AR to provide educational and interpretive experiences.