Legacies of Historical Globalization PDF

TO WHAT EXTENT SHOULD WE EMBRACE GLOBALIZATION? Chapter 6 Legacies of Historical Globalization Figure 6-1 These illustrations show two symbols of the British Empire: the imperial lion and the British flag, known as the Union Jack. For...

TO WHAT EXTENT SHOULD WE EMBRACE GLOBALIZATION? Chapter 6 Legacies of Historical Globalization Figure 6-1 These illustrations show two symbols of the British Empire: the imperial lion and the British flag, known as the Union Jack. For hundreds of millions of people around the world, these symbols became rallying points — or hated signs of oppression. These two symbols were also included in Canada’s coat of arms (right) when it was adopted in 1921. C HAP T E R IS S UE To what extent do the legacies of historical globalization affect peoples of the world? EARLY IN THE 20TH CENTURY, the British Empire, the largest in history, included more than 450 million people. About 25 per cent of the world’s people, including Canadians, were British subjects — people who were ruled by the British monarch. The British flag and the imperial lion shown in the illustrations on the previous page were symbols that were repeated in colonial monuments and popular media throughout the empire. Canada’s coat of arms, for example, includes both symbols. Examine the illustrations and Canada’s coat of arms — and think about the messages the symbols of empire might have sent. What feelings might these symbols have inspired in Britain? Why do you think the lion symbol is so prominent on the KEY TERMS Canadian coat of arms? What might this reveal about Canadian legacy attitudes in 1921, when the coat of arms was created? Which other peoples are represented by the symbols on Canada’s ethnocentrism coat of arms? Eurocentrism What feelings might these symbols have inspired among depopulation Indigenous — and non-Indigenous — people in British colonies around the world? deindustrialization What attitudes on the part of Britain do you think these gross domestic product symbols imply? How might these attitudes have contributed to the long-term effects of imperialism and historical globalization? ‹‹‹ LOOKING AHEAD In this chapter, you will explore answers to the following questions: What are some legacies of historical globalization? How has cultural contact affected people? How has the exchange of goods and technologies affected people? How are the legacies of historical globalization continuing to affect people? of View on Globaliza y Point tion M Look back at the notes you recorded as you began each of the previous chapters. What aspects of globalization do you feel most strongly about? Use words or images — or both — to answer this question. Date your ideas and add them to the notebook, learning log, portfolio, or computer file you are keeping as you progress through this course. 137 VOICES  WHAT ARE SOME LEGACIES OF HISTORICAL GLOBALIZATION? It is this consciousness of the A legacy is something that has been passed on by those who lived in inherent superiority of the European the past. Legacies can include political structures, such as parliamentary which has won for us India. However democracy; buildings and monuments, such as houses of worship and well educated and clever a native may be, and however brave he may statues or plaques; and oral histories and stories, as well as tangible artifacts. prove himself, I believe that no They may also include cultural traditions and celebrations, such as the one [military] rank we can bestow on him shown in the photograph on this page. In some respects, a legacy is an effect would cause him to be considered an caused by past events. equal of the British officer. Much that has shaped your identity can be traced to the legacies that — Lord Kitchener, British have been passed on to you. Your language, for example, is a legacy from commander-in-chief in India, 1902–1909, on Indian soldiers your past. So are your traditions, and the symbols of those traditions, as in the British army well as many of your values and your attitudes toward other people. Think about your own legacies. Create a mind map showing how the legacies you value have affected your identity. Place the word “legacies” VOICES  in the centre. Around this, fill in important legacies you have received. Think in terms of your language(s), beliefs, family, friends, community, and country, as well as global connections. Keep this mind map handy so you They resemble us, but in appearance are can return to it later. the colour of pumpkin-porridge... They are rude of manners and without any graces or refinement. Ethnocentrism and Eurocentrism They carry a long stick of fire. Ethnocentrism — a word that combines “ethnic” and “centre” — refers to With this they kill and loot from many nations. a way of thinking that centres on one’s own race and culture. Ethnocentric people believe that the only valid worldview is their own, and they judge — Zulu epic poem “Emperor Shaka the Great,” which drew on the other people according to their own beliefs, customs, and traditions. In memories of Zulu oral historians the early 20th century, for example, more than half of Canadians were of British heritage, and some of them looked down on people who had immigrated from non-British countries, such as Ukraine and China. Figure 6-2 On Australia Day in 2006, What values and attitudes do you use to judge people who are different Australians celebrated the landing of from you? Where do these attitudes come from? Are these attitudes one of the first fleet from Britain more than your legacies? 200 years earlier. In the centre of this photo is the Australian flag. In what Eurocentrism is a form of ethnocentrism that uses European ethnic, ways does this celebration honour the national, religious, and linguistic criteria to judge other peoples and their legacies of historical globalization in cultures. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, for example, some this former British colony? Canadians of European heritage looked down on immigrants from Asia. In 1907, for instance, R.B. Bennett — who later became prime minister — told British Columbians that their province “must remain a white man’s country.” Lord Kitchener, who is quoted on this page, was a popular British military hero. He successfully led British forces in Africa and commanded British troops in India. How do Kitchener’s words reflect his Eurocentric views? How would views like these have fostered a legacy of ethnocentric and Eurocentric attitudes in the British Empire? 138 To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? MHR Building Empires Between 1876 and 1914, the imperial powers greatly expanded their global Figure 6-3 Colonial Expansion, possessions. During that time, many Indigenous peoples — especially those 1876–1914 in the South Pacific, Asia, and 1876 1914 Africa — came under the control Imperial Power Area People Area People of one of the imperial powers. (Millions of sq. km) (Millions) (Millions of sq. km) (Millions) Examine the data on the Britain 22.5 251.9 33.5 393.5 chart (Figure 6-3). Suggest what these empires might have looked France 0.9 6.0 10.6 55.5 like in 1924 if the trend that you Germany 0 0 2.9 12.3 see had continued. What event occurred in 1914 to interfere with United States 0 0 0.3 97.0 empire building? How might the legacies of historical globalization Japan 0 0 0.3 19.2 be different today if the empire- building trend had continued? Russia 17 15.9 17.4 33.2 Ideas How ethnocentric are you? The students responding to this question are Katerina, who lives in St. Albert and whose grandparents emigrated from Ukraine in 1948; Gord, a member of the Beaver First Nation near High Level; and Ling, who was born in Hong Kong but is now a Canadian who lives in Edmonton. Katerina Ling Gord How would you respond to the question Katerina, Gord, and Ling are Your Turn answering? What is your own experience with ethnocentrism? Do you recognize when you are being ethnocentric? Do you live in a culturally diverse community? How do you think your experiences with diversity affect your attitudes? MHR To what extent do the legacies of historical globalization affect peoples of the world? 139  The Scramble for Africa By the late 19th century, large parts of Africa remained independent of Figure 6-4 European Imperial Rule in Africa, 1914 control by European empires. This changed in 1884, when representatives of the United States, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spanish Morocco Denmark, France, Germany, Britain, Italy, the 1912 Tunisia Netherlands, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Morocco 1881 Spanish 1912 Russia, Spain, and Sweden-Norway met in Sahara Algeria Berlin, Germany, to divide Africa among 1912 1830 Libya Egypt Rio de Oro 1912 1912 1882 themselves. They wanted to avoid conflicts Mauretania 1903 French with other imperial powers, protect existing trade routes, and gain control of the continent’s Africa French West Africa Anglo- Eritrea Somaliland Gambia 1807 1890s-1900s Egyptian 1889 1891 Port. Guinea 1886 Sudan British natural resources, which included gold, Nigeria 1899 Somaliland Ivory diamonds, and rubber. Who was missing from ial 1897 Sierra Coast 1886- Ethiopia ator Leone 1899 1807 Liberia 1914 Kamerun this conference? Equ 1886 Italian Gold Coast 1821 Sp. Guinea Uganda British Somaliland 1889 Once European political and military Togoland 1885 1885 Belgian 1889 East Africa power bases were established in Africa, traders h Dahomey 1890 Congo 1888 nc 1885- Ruanda and settlers followed. No one consulted the Fre Legend 1908 Urundi German 1920 East Africa Zanzibar British 1885 Indigenous peoples whose lands and resources French Angola Northern were taken over by Europe’s imperial powers. 1840 Rhodesia 1911 Mozambique Spanish 1891 Southern Portuguese German Rhodesia Madagascar The arrival of Europeans — an oral history Southwest Bechuana 1888 1896 German land Africa 1885-1896 Though few written records exist, oral histories Italian 1892 Swaziland tell of Indigenous peoples’ responses to the Belgian 1907 Union of South Africa Basutoland European arrival. The following account dates Independent 1868 Other 1910 from the 16th century, when Portuguese sailing ships first appeared at the mouth of the Congo 1890 Date Colonial 0 800 1600 Power kilometres River. When the Portuguese arrived, they were Established thought to be vumbi — ancestral ghosts — because the Indigenous people of the region believed that a person’s skin turned white after death. The account was related by Mukunzo Kioko, a 20th-century oral historian of the Pende people, who live today in the southwestern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Our fathers were living comfortably. They had cattle and crops; they had salt marshes and banana trees. Suddenly they saw a big boat rising out of the great ocean. This boat had wings all of white, sparkling like knives. White men came out of the water and spoke words which no one understood. Our ancestors took fright; they said these were vumbi, spirits returned from the dead. They pushed them back into the ocean with volleys of arrows. Figure 6-5 Queen Elizabeth II holds But the vumbi spat fire with a noise of thunder. Many men were killed. the royal sceptre, which contains the world’s largest polished diamond, the Our ancestors fled. Great Star of Africa. This diamond, The chiefs and wise men said that these vumbi were the former possessors of which is worth nearly $463 million (Cdn), the land. was cut from a larger stone discovered in a South African mine in 1905. The From that time to our days now, the whites have brought us nothing but wars and Indigenous people who lived in the area miseries. received no benefit from this discovery. Should they be compensated today for In your own words, tell Mukunzo Kioko’s story to a partner — as if you this loss of resources? are passing on the essential message of this story to the next generation. 140 To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? MHR King Léopold and the Congo In the early 1880s, King Léopold II of Belgium sparked the scramble for Africa by claiming as his own personal property all the lands drained by the Congo River and its tributaries. Today, this vast area forms two countries: the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Léopold ruled this land — and the Indigenous peoples who lived there — as his own personal colony. His sweeping claim to the region was one of the reasons the imperial powers gathered in Berlin in 1884. They recognized Léopold’s claim to the Congo but wanted to be first to stake their own claims to other areas. By 1885, Léopold had forced the Indigenous peoples of the Congo region to give up much of their land and to work harvesting natural rubber. Rubber became a source of great personal wealth to Léopold because, at the time, demand for this product was growing. Manufacturers in North America and Europe needed rubber to make tires for bicycles and the newly invented automobile. Indigenous people who resisted were brutally punished. Some were Figure 6-6 During his rule over the Congo region, King Léopold II of Belgium beaten; others had their ears, hands, or feet cut off; and many were killed. never visited the area that was the In addition, many starved or died of diseases. Some experts estimate that source of his great wealth. If he had as many as 10 million people — equivalent to the combined population of visited the area, do you think things Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia — died during might have been different? and immediately after Léopold’s rule. Léopold tried to prevent knowledge of these atrocities from reaching the outside world. His employees were forbidden to leave the Congo, and news reporters were forbidden to enter. Léopold also bribed publishers to write positive stories, and he accused critics of working for other colonial powers that wanted to grab some of the profits for themselves. Although some rumours did leak out, Léopold’s strategy worked for more than a decade. Do you think a strategy like this could work today? Why or why not? Léopold finally handed control of the Congo to the Belgian government in 1908. But this did not end the suffering of the Indigenous peoples. Many Indigenous leaders became representatives of the Belgian government. But CHECKFORWARD many of these leaders were puppets who served as go-betweens linking the In Chapter 8, you will read colonizers with Indigenous communities. In return for favours from the more about the legacies of historical globalization Belgian government, these leaders collected taxes and supplied labourers to in Africa. the colonizers. REFLECT AND RESPOND With a partner, create a two-column chart like the this activity, you may find it helpful to review material one shown. In the first column, list three pieces of included in Chapter 5. Then think about the situation evidence supporting the idea that the imperialism of in the world today. In the second column, suggest a the late 19th and early 20th centuries was grounded in continuing legacy of these attitudes. An example has ethnocentric and Eurocentric attitudes. In completing been filled in. Legacies of Ethnocentric and Eurocentric Attitudes in Africa Evidence (Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries) Continuing Legacy (Situation Today) Imperial powers divided Africa without Conflict in places like Democratic Republic of considering Indigenous peoples Congo and Somalia MHR To what extent do the legacies of historical globalization affect peoples of the world? 141 FOCUS ON SKILLS ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS FOCUS ON SKILLS Suppose you are carrying a stack of dishes from the dinner table. You trip on your dog’s favourite toy and drop the dishes, which shatter. The immediate effect of this accident is clear — a mess of broken dishes. But what was the cause? Did you trip because your parents asked you to clear the table? Because no one moved the toy out of the way? Because you were in a hurry and tried to carry too many dishes at once? And what about the long-term effects of this incident? What might they be? An analysis of this incident shows that what appears to be a straightforward cause-and-effect relationship can raise complex issues. Think about this question: To what extent did the causes of the imperial powers’ division of Africa affect the future of the Indigenous peoples of that continent? The following steps can help you respond to this question, which deals with causes and effects. As you progress through this course, you can use the same steps to help you understand the complex cause-and-effect relationships that link other events and outcomes. Steps to Analyzing and Interpreting Cause-and-Effect Relationships Step 1: Clarify your opening opinions and assumptions European imperialism, which had been going on for Review the chart titled “Legacies of Ethnocentric centuries? and Eurocentric Attitudes in Africa,” which you What were the most significant short-term effects completed earlier. Then consider your assumptions of the scramble for Africa? What were the most about the legacies of the imperial powers’ scramble significant long-term effects — legacies that have for Africa. Discuss these with a partner. Think about lasted to the present day? How might the short- and the relationship between the causes of each piece of long-term effects be connected? evidence listed on your chart and the legacies — or What evidence do you need to complete your effects — you identified. analysis and arrive at a reasonable interpretation of the causes and effects? How will you find this Step 2: Create a graphic organizer evidence? A cause-and-effect organizer like the one shown on the following page can help you analyze an event that has many causes and effects. It can also help you VOCABULARY TIP interpret complex cause-and-effect patterns. Create The words “effect” and “affect” are often confused because an organizer like this and use it to record, organize, both can be nouns and verbs. Deciding when to use each understand, and interpret information and opinions as depends on the meaning you want to convey. you respond to the question. If necessary, you may add Effect more boxes to show causes and effects. Assimilation was one effect of imperialism. A noun meaning “result.” Step 3: Analyze your initial findings European imperial powers effected change in their colonies. A verb meaning “brought about” or “caused.” Work with your partner to respond to the following questions, which will help guide your analysis: Affect My friend’s lack of affect made it hard to figure out what she Rank the factors that led to the imperial powers’ was thinking. scramble for Africa in order of importance. What A noun meaning “emotion.” criteria did you use to arrive at this ranking? How European imperialism affected people around the world. do these factors relate to the broader patterns of A verb meaning “influenced.” 142 To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? MHR  FOCUS ON SKILLS FOCUS ON SKILLS FOCUS ON SKILLS FOCUS ON SKILLS FOCUS ON SKILLS FOCUS ON SKILLS Step 4: Research multiple perspectives Step 5: Interpret your findings Research sources of information (e.g., first-hand When you conclude your research and analysis, historical accounts, oral histories, maps and other revise your organizer so that it clearly shows your visual evidence) that are likely to provide differing interpretation of the causes and effects. points of view and perspectives on the causes and Then create a brief summary of your position effects of the division of Africa by the imperial powers. on the extent to which the causes of the imperial To help evaluate these points of view and powers’ division of Africa affected the future of the perspectives, you may use a bias chart similar to the Indigenous peoples of that continent. Present this one found in Chapter 2 (p. 56). orally to your classmates. As you listen to other What differing perspectives do various speakers or students’ presentations, keep your graphic organizer writers offer on the causes and effects that relate handy so you can revise it when you hear convincing to the event? arguments. In each resource, who is the speaker or writer? What is her or his point of view? How does the speaker or writer interpret the causes of the event? RESEARCH TIP The effects of the event? Does the speaker or writer represent a larger To answer the question posed in this feature, you will need to interpret factual information and explore various points community or collective? What is its perspective? of view and perspectives on this information. As you do this, What connections does the speaker or writer keep in mind that causes can be effects of previous events make between causes and effects? Are these and effects can be causes of future events. connections logical? Are they biased? Causes Cause-and-Effect Organizer Effects Division of Africa by Imperial Powers Summing up As you progress through the chapters of this related issue and the course, you will encounter many situations where analyzing causes and effects will help you explore the theme of continuity and change. Following the steps set out in this activity will help you analyze and interpret these issues. It will also help you successfully complete the challenge for this related issue. MHR To what extent do the legacies of historical globalization affect peoples of the world? 143  HOW HAS CULTURAL CONTACT AFFECTED PEOPLE? ECT # ONN  ION Nineteenth-century Europeans were not the first to create powerful B  empires, to come into contact with peoples different from themselves, and 7E    to leave legacies among the people they conquered. In earlier times and in The Algerian   different places, the Ottoman — or Turkish — Empire ruled large parts of War of Independence   was a long, bitter, and brutal  Asia and Europe. China once had a complex and powerful imperial system, struggle. To find out more    and the Roman Empire conquered and imposed political institutions on about it, go to this web site  much of northern Europe and North Africa.  and follow the links   In North Africa, for example, Algeria has served as a gateway between    Europe and Africa for centuries. The region was conquered by Rome in   the first century CE, then by the Umayyads, who started building a large  WWW%XPLORING'LOBALIZATIONCA Muslim empire in the seventh century. In the 15th century, the area came under Spanish control, but the Spanish were driven out by the Ottomans in the 16th century. In 1830, the region became a French colony. Each of these empires left legacies in the region. After a long struggle with the French, Algeria became independent in 1962. By the early 20th century, the European empires had fundamentally changed the lives and cultures of the people under their rule. The map in Figure 6-7 illustrates that these changes were global in reach. Which regions of the world were under the control of European empires? How might this control have affected Indigenous people living in these regions? Figure 6-7 Colonial Possessions, Think about world news today. What news stories reflect the legacies of the 1914 European empires? Greenland Iceland Arkhangelsk Scapa Flow Russian Empire Sitka Canada Glascow Dutch Liverpool Kiel Harbour Southampton London Bremerhaven Vancouver St John’s Karafuto Seattle Montreal Brest Odessa Portland Bordeaux Marseilles Valdivostok Boston Halifax Port Arthur San Francisco United States New York Tunis Ottoman Empire Wei Hai Wei Korea Japan Gibraltar San Diego Baltimore Cadiz Valetta Limassol Persia Afghanistan China Qingdao Yokohama Bermuda Tunis Nagasaki Jacksonville Alexandria Suez Canal Shanghai Libya Port Said Bahrain Karachi Rio de Egypt Guangzhou Mexico Havana Guantánamo Oro French Arabia Oman India Calcutta Burma Macao Formosa Hong Kong San Juan West Africa Bombay Veracruz British Honduras Kingston Puerto Rico Bathurst Gambia Eritrea Massawa Rangoon Siam Hue Philippines (U.S.) Caracas Sudan Aden Goa Madras French Manila Colón Port of Spain Portuguese Sierra Gold Guinea LeoneCoast Nigeria French Indochina Ethiopia Colombo Ceylon Panama Canal Zone British Dutch Guiana Freetown Lagos Equatorial Malaya Brunei North Borneo Colombia Guiana French Guiana Seychelles Liberia Accra Kamerun Africa Uganda Sarawak Belém Singapore Ecuador Belgian British East Africa Congo German Mombasa Kaiser Wilhelms Land Cabinda East Zanzibar Dutch East Indies Africa Batavia Peru Brazil Luanda Nyasaland East Timor Papua Bengeula Darwin Angola Mozambique Bolivia St Helena Rhodesia Madgascar German Beira Mauritius Southwest Union of Noumea Rio de Janeiro Paraguaná Africa South Australia Brisbane Chile Africa Durban Uruguay Montevideo Perth Cape Town Port Elizabeth Adelaide Concepción Buenos Aires Sydney Auckland Melbourne Argentina Wellington New Legend Zealand Stanley Empires Independent country Britain Portugal Independent country formerly France Denmark under European control Germany Netherlands Major shipping route Belgium Turkey Main trade in raw materials Spain Russia Main trade in manufactures Italy Japan Major base and coaling port 144 To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? MHR POINTS OF VIEW POINTS OF VIEW POINTS OF VIEW POINTS OF VIEW What legacies do imperial powers leave among the peoples they conquer? The following speakers, from different regions of the world and at different times, respond to this question. DADABHAI NAOROJI ,president of the THE DALAI L AMA , in a statement to the Indian National Congress in 1886, 1893, Foreign Affairs Committee of the German and 1906, at the conclusion of a speech Parliament on June 19, 1995. delivered in London in 1871. The British rule has been: morally, a great blessing; In Tibet my people are being marginalized and politically, peace and order on one hand, blunders on discriminated against in the face of creeping Sinicization the other; materially, impoverishment, relieved as far [assimilation into Chinese culture]. The destruction as the railway and other loans go. The natives call the of cultural artefacts and traditions coupled with the British system “Sakar ki Churi,” the knife of sugar. That is mass influx of Chinese into Tibet amounts to cultural to say, there is no oppression, it is all smooth and sweet, genocide. The very survival of the Tibetans as a distinct but it is the knife, notwithstanding. I mention this that people is under constant threat... Fundamentally, the you should know these feelings. Our great misfortune is issue of Tibet is political. It is an issue of colonial rule: the that you do not know our wants. oppression of Tibet by the People’s Republic of China and resistance to that rule by the people of Tibet. ATIKU ABUBAKAR , vice-president of Colonial rule, in whatever form, did more than subjugate Nigeria, in a speech at the University of the sovereignty of African states and societies. It ensured California on March 25, 2004. that Africa’s experience in the evolution of the modern international system was largely from a disillusioned perspective... The nature of colonial rule itself left devastating social and economic and psychological effects on African people. Overpowered and denied the opportunity to develop their potentials along the lines of their unique social, cultural peculiarities, African countries were forced to grow according to the whims and preferences of their colonial masters. Explorations 1. In your own words, rewrite each speaker’s statement of colonial rule? Support your judgment by selecting to capture its main idea. words or phrases from the three quotations, as well as information you have learned so far. 2. On the basis of what these three speakers have said, what do you think is the single most important legacy MHR To what extent do the legacies of historical globalization affect peoples of the world? 145  Legacies and Patterns of Historical Change Over time, the imperial powers changed the culture of the peoples in their colonies. In many cases, the patterns of change were similar. The official languages of a country and the makeup of the population, for example, may be legacies of imperial rule. Think about Canada today. What legacies of French and British imperial rule continue to exist in this country? One way imperial powers altered the lives of the Indigenous peoples in their colonies was to change the languages they spoke. In all the European empires, the pattern of change was much the same: the language of the imperial power came to dominate. This is one of the reasons European languages are so common in former colonies, such as Canada. Today, French is spoken in North Africa; Spanish and Portuguese are spoken in Central and South America; and English is spoken in Ireland. Figure 6-8 These photographs show symbols of continuing legacies of Although the official language of Vietnam, colonial influence in Argentina, which became a Spanish colony in the early 1500s. The street signs in Buenos Aires show that Spanish is now which was once part of French Indochina, is now the official language of the country. The Argentine government palace — Vietnamese, French is still spoken in that country. Casa Rosada — resembles in style many Spanish and European buildings. And though English is not an official language in And the Argentinian flamenco dancer is carrying on a tradition that India, it is still widely used in national, political, originated in the Andalusia region of Spain. and commercial communications. Origin of Immigrants Figure 6-9 Legacies of migration to Canada, 1913 During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, millions of people were on Origin Number the move, often from the home country of a European empire to one of its Austrian 3232 colonies and sometimes from one colony to another. These migrants were British 158 398 searching for a better life and, at times, fleeing famine or conflict in their Chinese 6298 home country. From 1871 to 1914, for example, 30 million people migrated Finnish 3508 from Europe to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South German 5710 America, Algeria, and South Africa. Jewish* 11 574 In 1913 alone, more than 400 000 people immigrated to Canada — Italian 27 704 a record that still stands today. As the chart in Figure 6-9 shows, about Polish 13 339 40 per cent of these immigrants came from Britain. Few were of African, Asian, Russian 28 758 or South Asian origin because rules limited immigration from Africa, Asia, and Ukrainian 18 907 South Asia. How did this limit reflect a legacy of British imperial rule? American 97 712 Migrants were leaving what they knew and setting off into the Source: Statistics Section, Citizenship and Immigration Canada unknown. What legacies of historical globalization might have been Note: Does not include groups with fewer powerful enough to persuade people to leave their country of birth? than 3000 immigrants. What factors might have attracted them to the countries to which they *Discriminatory immigration policies immigrated? How were these factors legacies of historical globalization? listed Jews by religion, not nationality. 146 To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? MHR Legacies of displacement When European imperialists moved into a colony, they paid little VOICES  attention to Indigenous peoples’ relationship with the land where they lived. Indigenous peoples were displaced — forced off their land — when The Earth is the foundation of colonizers needed land for settlements, railways, mining and lumbering, Indigenous peoples, it is the seat of and large plantations. spirituality, the fountain from which In addition, traditional forms of government and community our cultures and languages flourish. The Earth is our historian, the keeper boundaries were often ignored by European colonial empires. “National of events and the bones of our frontiers laid down by European colonizers largely ignored the boundaries forefathers. Earth provides us with of Indigenous peoples,” said Julian Burger, a United Nations human food, medicine, shelter and clothing. rights advocate. “Consequently, many groups straddle frontiers, and are It is the source of our independence, it is our Mother. We do not dominate administered by more than one government.” her; we must harmonize with her. The colonizers’ disregard for Indigenous people’s lives, beliefs, and — Poka Laenui (Hayden Burgess), traditions left legacies of civil war and starvation. It also destroyed cultures Hawaiian sovereignty activist and communities. and head of the Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs Return to the mind map you created earlier. For each of the legacies you identified, add a word or phrase that describes how you would feel if you lost that legacy. If you identified language, for example, you might write “anger at loss of identity.” PROFILE PROFILE PROFILEPROFILE CHINUA ACHEBE PROFILE THINGS FALL APART When Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe published Things Figure 6-10 Born in 1930 in Ogidi, Fall Apart in 1958, the book became a bestseller. More Nigeria, Chinua Achebe was the son than eight million English copies of the book have been of Igbo parents who had converted to sold, and it has been translated into 50 languages. Christianity. Achebe went to university in Ibadan and worked as a broadcaster, Things Fall Apart tells the story of Okonkwo, a leader publisher, teacher, and writer. of the Igbo people of the Umuofia region of present-day Nigeria. Parts of Nigeria had been colonized by various European imperial powers, but in the late 19th century, In 2000, Achebe explained how Igbo society was the British took over. Okonkwo speaks of the loss of completely disrupted by the coming of the European identity that his people suffered as a result of British government and missionaries. colonialism and imposed Christianity. With the coming of the British, Igbo land as a whole was [The white man] says that our customs are bad; and our incorporated into a totally different polity, to be called own brothers who have taken up his religion also say that Nigeria, with a whole lot of other people with whom the Igbo people had not had direct contact before. The result of our customs are bad. How do you think we can fight when that was not something from which you could recover, really. our own brothers have turned against us? The white man is You had to learn a totally new reality, and accommodate very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. yourself to the demands of this new reality, which is the state We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. called Nigeria. Various nationalities, each of which had its Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer own independent life, were forced by the British to live with act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us people of different customs and habits and priorities and together and we have fallen apart. religions. And then at independence, fifty years later, they were suddenly on their own again. They began all over again to learn the rules of independence. MHR To what extent do the legacies of historical globalization affect peoples of the world? 147  Legacies of depopulation The forced migration of African slaves led to the depopulation of many CHECKBACK parts of the continent — and the effects of this population loss were You read about slavery and devastating. Families and communities were shattered. Those forced into indentured labour when you slavery were often young and strong. In the future, they would have become explored historical globaliza- tion in Chapter 5. leaders. Their skills and labour would have helped support their family and community. And unlike many of today’s migrants, who send money and goods to help family members at home, slaves could do nothing for those left behind. In 1834, the British abolitionist movement triumphed and slavery was abolished throughout the empire. As a result, colonies that had relied on slave labour looked elsewhere for cheap workers. One source was indentured labour — and India, which was then a British colony with many poor and desperate people, became a source of these workers. From 1834 until the system was abolished in 1920, millions of Indians were recruited as indentured labourers. They were sent to work on Figure 6-11 This drawing shows African slaves working on a Barbados plantations in other British colonies, such as Trinidad, Jamaica, Malaysia, sugar plantation. The slaves cut the Myanmar, and South Africa. When their indenture period ended, they sugar cane, then processed it to often remained in their new land, forming large communities. What factors produce molasses, which was distilled into rum. What are at least two ways might have prevented their return home? in which this process contributed to When the French and Dutch later abolished slavery, plantation owners globalization? in their colonies also turned to India for indentured labour. Just as slavery depopulated Africa, the indenture system depopulated India — with similar effects. Famine and disease also played a role in depopulating India. From 1876 to 1879, for example, between 6 and 10 million Indians died of starvation. And from 1896 to 1902, as many as 19 million people may have died of starvation and disease. How might famine have influenced people’s decision to sign on as indentured labourers? REFLECT AND RESPOND Language changes, migration, displacement, and completed earlier. Remember that a single cause may depopulation are legacies of historical globalization. have many effects. What choices by Europe’s imperial powers (the Consider the causes you identified. Which would causes) led most directly to each of these legacies you say had the greatest effect on colonized people? (the effects)? To respond to this question, use a Explain the reasons for your judgment. cause-and-effect organizer similar to the one you 148 To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? MHR HOW HAS THE EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES AFFECTED PEOPLE? Many of the foods and beverages you consume today — potatoes, tomatoes, tea, coffee, chocolate, and bananas — are available because of the CHECKBACK worldwide exchange of goods, technologies, and ideas that started in the You read about the grand exchange in Chapter 5. late 15th century. This exchange sparked chains of events that often led to dramatic changes in cultures around the world. For thousands of years, for example, the First Nations of North America’s Plains relied on the buffalo — or bison — for many of the necessities of life. As the illustration on this page shows, every part of this wild animal, which could weigh up to 900 kilograms, was used. When the Spanish arrived in Mexico in the early 1500s, they brought horses with them. Indigenous peoples realized how useful this animal could be, and a lively trade in horses began. This trade gradually expanded northward, and by the mid-1700s, horses had become an important part of FYI the culture of the First Nations who live today on the Canadian Prairies. A prehistoric horse had existed in North First Nations peoples quickly learned to ride, train, and breed horses. America, but this animal died out during the Horses helped Plains peoples travel and transport goods faster and farther Ice Ages. By the time the Spanish brought than ever before, and these animals became important symbols of wealth European horses to the continent, the prehistoric horses had been unknown in and status. As the Plains peoples became expert riders, they were able to North America for at least 10 000 years. hunt buffalo much more efficiently. At about the same time, Europeans were starting to move into the West, and guns became more and more common on buffalo hunts. By the mid-1800s, commercial hunters had come to view the buffalo as a money-making commodity. These hunters had begun killing buffalo to feed the European demand for buffalo hides, which were used as blankets and to make leather. In addition, the American government encouraged the slaughter of buffalo to make way for settlements and farming on the American Plains. In 1800, an estimated 30 million buffalo roamed the North American Plains. A hundred years later, this number had dwindled to less than 1000. Buffalo were nearly extinct — and the way of life that relied on this animal had been destroyed. Figure 6-12 Uses of the Buffalo Skin (hides): clothing, bags and cases for carrying and Meat: food (heart, liver, kidneys, and tongue storing, horseshoes, knife sheaths, drums, saddles, were also eaten) bridles, bedding, tipi covers, saddlebags Ribs: arrow shafts Sinew: threads, strings for hunting bows, games Shinbone: knives, tools for scraping hides Hair: plaited into halters, stuffed Shoulderblade: digging tool, hammer into saddle pads Skull: painted and used in religious ceremonies Tail: brush to kill flies and mosquitoes Bone marrow: fat, fuel for fires Stomach: cooking pot, water bucket Bone-ends: paint brushes Hoofs: boiled for glue, made into rattles Hide from neck: warrior shields Bladder: food bag Horn: spoons, drinking cups, ladles Dung and chips: fuel Brains: for tanning skins Bones: saddle horns, implements for dressing skins, Teeth: necklaces needles, games Beard: decorating a hunting bow Source: Adapted from Defining Canada: History, Identity, and Culture. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2003. MHR To what extent do the legacies of historical globalization affect peoples of the world? 149  Contact and Cultural Change in India When Queen Elizabeth I of Britain granted the British East India Company a monopoly on trading in India and Asia in 1600, the company’s chief interest was in making money through trade. From India, the company imported cotton cloth, tea, and spices, such as pepper, cardamom, ginger, and turmeric. From the company’s perspective, the people of India were useful facilitators of this trade. Figure 6-13 Spices like these were originally traded along the Silk Road. The British East India Company In Europe, they were extremely expensive, so only the wealthy could As the British East India Company came to control trade with India, afford to use them. Transporting them company officials in that country became more and more powerful. To to Europe by ship reduced their cost protect their monopoly, company officials formed political alliances with and made them more affordable. As they became more widely used, they traditional Indian rulers, whom they counted on to persuade their subjects transformed European cooking. to co-operate with the company and keep goods flowing smoothly. The company also created its own army. Officers were usually British, but enlisted men, called sepoys, were Indians. This army not only supported the company’s Indian allies, but also protected its monopoly by keeping out rival trading companies, such as the Dutch East India Company, which had been formed in Holland. British East India Company officers such as Robert Clive, who became known as “Clive of India,” sometimes became heroes in Britain as a result of their actions in India, where they used military might, bribery, and extortion to ensure that trade continued to flow smoothly — and in the company’s favour. Although the term “transnational corporation” did not exist at the time, some historians today have called the East India Company the world’s first transnational. The company’s vast and prosperous trading network, as well as its military might, made it one of the most powerful commercial organizations the world has ever seen. Imagine that one of today’s transnational corporations decided to create an army to protect its interests. What do you think the effects of this action would be? Explain the reasons for your judgment. 150 To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? MHR Figure 6-14 India, 1858 Figure 6-15 India, 2006 Jammu & Kashmir China Afghanistan Srinagar China Afghanistan Punjab Amritsar Himachal Pradesh Lahore Tibet Punjab Uttaranchal Arunachal Sikkim Bhutan Haryana Sikkim Nepal Pakistan Delhi Pradesh Delhi Oudh New Delhi Uttar Nepal Bhutan m Agra Pradesh Sind Assa Rajasthan Assam Naga Bihar Kanpur Bihar Meghalaya land Bundelkhand Bengal Imphal Gujarat Chota Calcutta Kandla Ahmadabad Madhya West Pradesh Jharkhand Bengal Manipur Central Nagpur Gujarat Bhopal Mizoram Provinces Orissa Chhattisgarh Kolkata Bastar Nagpur Orissa Tripura Arabian Bombay Diu Maharashtra Sea Pegu Daman Myanmar Hyderabad Mumbai Bangladesh Rangoon Dadar & Hyderabad Goa Madras Ba y o f Nagar Haveli Vishakhapatnam (Portuguese) Mysore Bengal Andhra Ar ab i an Goa Karnataka Pradesh Bay o f S ea Panaji Bangalore Ben g al Marmagao Chennai Ceylon Port 0 400 800 Lakshadweep Mahe Tamil Pondicherry Andaman & Blair Pondicherry kilometres Cochin Nadu Nicobar Kerala Madurai Islands Legend Indian Ocean 0 400 800 Tuticorin Sri Lanka British possessions, 1858 kilometres The Raj The sometimes brutal business practices of the East India Company, the FYI high taxes it imposed on Indian people, the corruption of many company The East India Company sometimes officials, and numerous other factors sparked alarm in both India and used brutal measures to guard its trade Britain. Finally, in 1858, the British government took over direct rule of interests. Company officials would, for India and the period known as the Raj — a term taken from the Hindi example, cut off the thumbs of Indian word for “rule” — began. weavers who were caught selling their cotton cloth to traders from other companies. This harsh punishment Cotton and deindustrialization in India prevented people from continuing to work as weavers and instilled fear in others As the Industrial Revolution took hold in Britain, British manufacturers who might have been thinking of ignoring needed raw materials to supply the factories that produced their products. company rules. They also needed markets where they could sell their surplus manufactured goods, such as cloth, iron, and pottery. Their solution was to sell these goods to people in British colonies. As a result, colonies took on added importance. They became not only a source of raw materials, but also an important market for British-made goods. In Britain, technological developments such as the spinning jenny and the cotton gin enabled manufacturers to produce vast amounts of cotton cloth — and cotton became an important British export. But cotton cloth was also an important Indian export, and Indian cotton competed directly with the British-made fabric. In 1700, the British government bowed to the demands of British weavers and banned the import of all dyed and printed cloth from India. Over the next 200 years, other laws also restricted trade in cotton. The goal of these laws was to protect the British textile industry against competition from cloth produced in other countries, such as India and the United States. The British actions crushed the Indian cotton industry. Indians who had, for centuries, made a living growing, harvesting, spinning, and Figure 6-16 As early as 1000 BCE, weaving cotton could no longer do so. The British laws, and similar laws people in India were growing and harvesting cotton, spinning it into that affected other industries, helped contribute to deindustrialization — thread, and weaving this thread the loss of industry — in India. into cloth. Long before the era of Think about the situation of an Indian cotton weaver whose family had historical globalization, this fabric was transported to Europe along the Silk been weavers for generations. How might British laws restricting cotton Road. imports have affected his life and identity? His family’s? His community’s? MHR To what extent do the legacies of historical globalization affect peoples of the world? 151  The cotton trade and Mohandas Gandhi Known as Mahatma — Great Soul — Mohandas Gandhi successfully led VOICES  India to independence in 1947. His strategy of peaceful non-co-operation with the British was based on the principle of swadeshi, a Hindi word that means “self-sufficiency.” With God as my witness, I solemnly Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbandar, on the west coast of India. declare that from today I shall confine Educated in India, he became a lawyer in England and lived in South myself, for my personal requirements, to the use of cloth manufactured in Africa for 20 years. There, he worked for the rights of Indians, many of India from Indian cotton, silk, or wool, whom were the descendants of indentured labourers. When Gandhi and I shall altogether abstain from returned to India, he became a leader of the Indian National Congress using foreign cloth, and I shall destroy Party, which was one of the earliest — and most influential — nationalist all foreign cloth in my possession. movements in European colonies. — Mohandas Gandhi’s pledge, which Gandhi believed that every Indian should be self-sufficient — and he was sent to the governor of Bombay — now Mumbai — on April 30, 1919 used cotton as a powerful symbol of both British oppression and Indians’ desire for self-sufficiency and independence. He said that one way for people to become self-sufficient was to hand-spin cotton thread to make their own Figure 6-17 This photograph of cloth. If Indians wore homespun cotton, he said, they would not only free Mohandas Gandhi spinning cotton themselves of the need to buy British-made cloth, but also help solve India’s thread was taken in 1946 by the unemployment problem. famous American photojournalist Margaret Bourke-White. What Gandhi extended this belief to other products. He believed that Indians aspects of Gandhi’s identity does her should eat locally grown food and buy locally manufactured products. In photograph capture? 1924, he explained his beliefs this way: What I object to is the craze for machinery, not machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labour-saving machinery. Men go on “saving labour” till thousands are without work and thrown on the streets to die of starvation. I want to save time and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, but for all. I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of a few, but in the hands of all. Today machinery helps a few to ride on the backs of millions. The impetus behind it is not philanthropy to save labour, but greed... Swadeshi... is a call to the consumer to be aware of the violence he is causing by supporting those industries that result in poverty, harm to workers and to humans and other creatures. REFLECT AND RESPOND Are the effects of new technology always beneficial? A contemporary example might be downloading music from the Internet. Who did — and did not — benefit Explain your response to this question. Support your immediately when it became possible to download position by including historical and contemporary music? Who might — and might not — benefit in the examples and by citing short- and long-term effects. long term? 152 To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? MHR HOW ARE THE LEGACIES OF HISTORICAL G