War and Expansion in the United States PDF

War and ExpanSion in the Un ite d States POWER AND AUTHORITY The United States expanded across North America and fought a The 20th-cen tury moveme nts...

War and ExpanSion in the Un ite d States POWER AND AUTHORITY The United States expanded across North America and fought a The 20th-cen tury moveme nts to ensure civil rights for African -~ ~:~·~~ -- mamfest de~tiny U.S. CMI Abraham Li'1coln Ema. ~ Americans and others are a secede civil war. Procla~ legacy of this period. segregation SETTING THE STAGE The United States won its independence from Britain P,aured tic.: in 1783. At the end of the Revolutionary War, the Mississippi River marked the (L) Activsts western boundary of the new republic. As the original United States f;1;ed with for worncr settlers, land-hungry newcomers pushed beyond the Mississippi. The govern- suffrage n ment helped them by acquiring new territory for settlement. Meanwhile, tensions London, between northern and southern states over the issues of states' rights and slavery (R) Thom:s continued to grow and threatened to reach a boiling point. Edisonvrj phonogrcp- Americans Move West ilmtttnt1·m~ The In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France. Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the new republic and extended its Use the graphic organizer boundary to the Rocky Mountains. In 1819, Spain gave up Florida to the United online to take notes on major events of the States. In 1846, a treaty with Great Britain gave the United States part of the Oregon United States in the 19th Territory. The nation now stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. century. M nifes t Destiny Many Americans believed in manifest destiny, the idea that the United States had the right and duty to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Government leaders used manifest destiny to justify evicting Native Americans from their tribal lands. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 made such actions official policy. This law enabled the federal government to force Native Americans living in the East to move to the West. Georgia's Cherokee tribe challenged the law before the Supreme Court. The Court, however, ruled that the suit was not valid. The Cherokees had to move. Most of them traveled 800 miles to Oklahoma, mainly on foot, on a journey later called the Trail of Tears. About a quarter of the Cherokees died on the trip. A survivor recalled how the journey began: PRIMA RY SOURC E The day was bright and beautiful, but a gloomy thoughtfulness was depicted in the lineaments of eNery face.... At this very moment a low sound of distant thunder 1 f~I on my ear... and sent forth a murmur, I almost thought a voice of divine indignatio n for the wrong of my poor and unhappy countrymen, driven by brutal power from all they loved and cherished in the land of their fathers. WILLIAM SHOREY COODEY, quoted in The Trail of rears 324 Chapter l 0  When the Cherokees reached their des- tination, they ended up on land inferior to that which they had left. As white settlers moved west during the 19th century, the government continued to push Native Americans off their land. rexas Joins the United States When Mexico had gained its independence from Spain in 1821 , its territory included the lands west of the Louisiana Purchase. With Mexico's permission, American set- tlers moved into the Mexican territory of Texas. However, settlers were unhappy with Mexico's rule. In 1836, Texans revolted against Mexican rule and won their indepen- PAC/f/C , OCEAN dence. Then, in 1845, the United States Tropic ore annexed Texas. Since Mexico still ance, claimed Texas, it viewed this annexation 20°N as an act of war. War with Mexico Between May 1846 GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps 1. Movement What was the first territory to be added to the and February 1848, war raged between United States after 1783? the two countries. Finally, Mexico sur- 2. Region What present-day states were part of the Mexican rendered. As part of the settlement of the Cession? Mexican-American War, Mexico ceded territory to the United States. The Mexican Cession included California and a huge area in the Southwest. In 1853, the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico brought the lower continental United States to TiT its present boundaries. G~ HISTORY Civil War Tests Democracy VIDEO America's westward expansion raised questions about what laws and customs Independence for Texas: The Mexican- should be followed in the West. Since the nation's early days, the northern and American War southern parts of the United States had followed different ways of life. Each section r';ii' hmhsoc,alstud1es com wanted to extend its own way of life to the new territories and states in the West. North and South The North had a diversified economy, with both farms and industry. For both its factories and farms, the North depended on free workers. The 'ni South's economy, on the other hand, was based on just a few cash crops, mainly ~ ~ wtrethe cotton. Southern planters relied on slave labor. la} main econom·I[ d'fI. lei ences between The economic differences between the two regions led to a conflict over slavery. lhe Northern and Many Northerners considered slavery morally wrong. They wanted to outlaw slav- ~ ern states7 A.An. ery in the new western states. Most white Southerners believed slavery was neces- h., SWer North 'JGOdrv · sary for their economy. They wanted laws to protect slavery in the West so that they O!Tri erSlfied econ- could continue to raise cotton on the fertile soil there. 11\rl,..~ farms and oo1/"Y ,depended The disagreement over slavery fueled a debate about the rights of the individual t,,....,~ V10rkers· "ll\ll/l 1 , states against those of the federal government. Southern politicians argued that the relied economy on few states had freely joined the Union, and so they could freely leave. Most ooPI and I cash save labor. Northerners felt that the Constitution had established the Union once and for all. Civil War Breaks Out Conflict between the North and South reached a climax in 1860, when Abraham Lincoln was elected president. Southerners fiercely An Age ofDemocracy and Progress J25.... ;-;;;... ,r·~- // ~~~i~ =· ~----.t ,. ' 4 D Confederate States - Union advances ,Ill Major battle Civil War Deaths OHIO AnJ.t.m I 400 r - - - - -- INOIANA IMIII Ru \ o\~.J'-.--::... V is ·or / 300 I 0!"...Y'KENTUCKY ~ ~-11;. ''\_.'':'.. ~, C -~Jfl:.. ~\). C 100 £?_-·#-..... , ·#,·..~.,. i!!i~" '~~ ~ 0 ~......! ~ Union Confecien,cy q 250 Milts ,~. ~2=2~/ 0 400 KilomlttF$ Gulf of Maico GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: lnterpretln1 Maps 1. Movement What can you tell about the strategy of the North to defeat the Sourh? 2. Human-Environment Interaction Which side do you think suffered the most devastation? Why? opposed Lincoln, who had promised to stop the spread of slavery. One by one, Southern states began to secede. or withdraw, from the Union. These states came together as the Confederate States of America. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, a federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina. Lincoln ordered the army to bring the rebel states back into the Union. The U.S. Civil War had begun. Four years of fighting followed, most B. AflS\ltr ~: ~ of it in the South. Although the South had superior military leadership, the North believed th.i'!~- slavery ~IJtk ·,: had a larger population, better transportation, greater resources, and more factories. himachfl~, Ema~ ,Ji, At first, the proclamation freed no slaves, because the Confederate states did not Prodal!\lll)I. accept it as law. As Union armies advanced into the South, however, they freed actianr~ " slaves in the areas they conquered. The Emancipation Proclamation also showed Linc~ns lf'olll. 1 European nations that the war was being fought against slavery. As a result, these torthe 11'¥ nations did not send the money and supplies that the South had hoped they would. In the aftermath of the war, the U.S. Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished slavery in the United States. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments extended the rights of citizenship to all Americans and guaranteed former slaves the right to vote. Reconstruction From 1865 to 1877, Union troops occupied the South and enforced the constitutional protections. This period is called Reconstruction. ~fter federal troops left the South, white Southerners passed laws that limited African J26 Chapter I 0  Americans ' rights and made it difficult for them to vote. Such laws also encouraged seirecation, or separation, of Hist ory Makers. ··· ·--'· · · ·--- blacks and whites in the South. African Americans contin- " ued to face discrimination in the North as well. The Postwar Economy The need for mass production and distribution of goods dur- ing the Civil War speeded industrialization. After the war, the United States experienced industrial expansion unmatched in history. By 1914, it was a leading industrial power. c. PosSible Immigration Industrialization could not have occurred so AnsWef drew people.dl.th.. rants to the west. including rapt Y W1 out tmrmgrants. During the 1870s, immig 2,000 a day. By 1914, more than Abraham Lincoln many 1mm1grants; by arrived at a rate of nearly United States from 1809-1 865 rarrymg raw maten- 20 million people had moved to the a~ to factones and Lincoln passionately believed in finished goods to Europe and Asia. Many settled in the cities of the Northeast preserving the Union. His upbringing market rt and Midwest. Others settled in the open spaces of the West. might help explain why. The son of ooosted agriculture s and 111dUSlry; helped The Railroads As settlers moved west, so did the nation' rural, illiterate parents, he educated rail system. In 1862, Congress had authorized money to himself. After working as rail splitter, steel industry boatman, storekeeper, and surveyor, i1 build a transcontinental railroad. For seven years, immi- he taught himself to be a lawyer. This Rea,pizing grants and other workers dug tunnels, built bridges, and laid career path led eventually to the Effects track. When the railroad was completed in 1869, railroads White House. 9 How did rail- linked California with the eastern United States. i&, In Europe, people stayed at the roads affect the By 1900, nearly 200,000 miles of track crossed the nation. level of society into which they had ~of the This system linked farm to city and boosted trade and indus- been born. Yet the United States had United States? been founded on the belief that all try. The railroads bought huge quantities of steel. Also, trains men were created equal. Small brought materials such as coal and iron ore to factories and wonder that Lincoln fought to moved the finished goods to market. They carried com, preserve the democracy he described wheat, and cattle from the Great Plains to processing plants as the ·1ast best hope of earth. in St. Lou.is, Chicago, and Minneapolis. These developments helped to make the United States a world leader. II? significance. nRMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its segregation Abraham Lincoln secede U.S. Civil War Emancipation Prodamation _' manifest destiny - CRITICAL THINKING II WRITING USINC YOUR NOTES I MAIN IDEAS J. What territory did the Mexican- 6. DlmNGUISHING FAO FROM OPINION Reread the 2. Which events contributed to U.S. expansion? I 1 American War open up to American settlers? quotation from William Shorey Coodey on page 324. What facts are conveyed in his statement? What opinions does he express about the Trail of Tears7 / 4. What were some of the ,j 1. COMPARING What were the relative resources of the economic differences between North and South in the U.S. Civil War7 1 the North and the South before the Civil War7 1. MAKING INFERENCES How might the Mexican Cession (see map, page 325) have consequences today7 5. How did the Civil War speed Evu,t Evut up America's industrialization? 9. WRITING ACTMTY [ POWER AND AUTliORITYI Imagine that ~ --tw11 ftNr -.c---======== == ~= == == == =d k= == == == == == == 7i you are making the westward journey by wagon train. Write a number of journal entries describing your experience. rm~1m nd ,11 1t i M1 MAKING A TABLE experiencing civil wars or conflicts.. Make a tllble ~ that are _information on countries today dates of the at i_ncludes the name of each country' the continent it is located on, and the conflict. An Age ofDemocracy and Progress J27  Nineteenth-Century Progress SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Electric lights, telephones, cars, C TE~~~ !-NAMts ::ia Breakthroughs in science and assembly !ine -lliil and many other conveniences techn ology transformed daily Charles Di!rv.in ~.. ~,i~oacti.... ~· r life and enter tainm ent. of mode rn life were invented theory of J during this period. evolution mass cut,, SETTING THE STAGE The Industrial Revolution happened because ;_,f inven- tions such as the spinning jenny and the steam Pictured tl/Jf engin e. By the late 1800s (L) Aarl61S. advances in both industry and technology were occu rring faster than ever before'. lor worn~, In turn, the dema nds of growing industries spurr ed even greater advan ces in suttragc r technology. A surge of scientific discovery pushed the frontiers of kn0wiedge London. forward. At the same time, in industrialized coun tries, economic grow1 h pro- (R) Thorroc:1 duce d many social changes. Edison 1·,·: phonogrct Inventions Ma ke Life Easier In the early 1800s, coal and steam drove the machines of industry. By the late 1800s, new kinds of energy were coming into use. One was Use the graphic organizer gasoline (made from oil), which powered the internal combustion engine. This online to take notes on engine would make the auto- inventors and the impact mobile possible. Another kind of energy was electricity. In the 1870s, the electric of their inventions. generator was developed, which produced a current that could power machines. Edison the Inventor During his caree r, Thom as Edison patented more than 1,000 inventions, including the light bulb and the phonograph. Early in his caree r, Ediso n started a research laboratory in Menl o Park, New Jersey. Most of his important inventions were developed there, with help from the researchers he employed, such as Lewis H. Latimer, an African-A merican inventor. Indeed, the idea of a research laboratory may have been Edison's most important invention. Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communicatio n Othe r inventors helped har- ness electricity to transmit sounds over great distances. Alexander Graham Bell was a teach er of deaf students who invented the telep hone in his spare time. He displayed bis device at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876. The Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi used theor etical discoverie s about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio in 1895. This device was impor- tant beca use it sent messages (using Morse Code) throu -:,;- hmhso oalstud te\ com gh the air, without the use of wires. Primitive radios soon beca me standard equip INTERACTIVE ment for ships at sea. HISTORY Ford Sparks the Automobile Industry In the 1880s, Germ an inventors used Explore New a gasoline engin e to power a vehicle- the automobile. Automobile technol?gy York City in the developed quickly, but since early cars were built by late 1800s. hand, they were expensive. An American mechanic named Henr y Ford decided to make cars that were affordable for most people. Ford used standardized, interchangeable parts. He ]28 Chapter l 0  An Age of Inventio ns Airplane Through trial and brot h. ers designederror 11.. Win' " " ' provided lift and b 8S that Th. d alanct. eir esign is based on n~ t hat are still used in - ~.A. Telephone ----,-~ Alexander Graham Bell ◄Automobile As. demonstrated the first telephone _ liilt Ford's major innovsetnbiyti. a on~ in 1876. It quickly became an m~rove efficiency in his lo essential of modern life. By 1900, By intrcducing the assern~ l there were 1.4 million telephones ;n the Unded State~ By 1912, e 8.7 million. he r