Unit 1 U.S. History PDF

**Manifest Destiny- The idea that the United States was destined by God to expand across the entire North American continent.** **Causes of Westward Expansion** - Mining - gold and silver - Transcontinental Railroad -- went coast to coast - Farmland -- Homestead Act gave free land 3. **T...

**Manifest Destiny- The idea that the United States was destined by God to expand across the entire North American continent.** **Causes of Westward Expansion** - Mining - gold and silver - Transcontinental Railroad -- went coast to coast - Farmland -- Homestead Act gave free land 3. **Transcontinental Railroad- 2 companies, the Union Pacific and Central Pacific, finished the first transcontinental railroad in 1869.** 4. Culture of the Plains Indian - 250,000 Native Americans lived in the Great Plains. (Sioux, Comanche, Apache, Cheyenne, Blackfoot, Shoshone, Nez Perce, Navajo.) - nomadic and warlike - life centered around two animals: Horses and Buffalo - society was organized into tribes, which were broken into bands of about 500.  - each band had a governing council, and clear gender roles.  - believed spirits controlled the natural world and had no concept of private property with respect to land.  5. Indian Wars - Until 1851, the gov't had looked at the West as "One Big Reservation - 1851, the U.S. began the "concentration" policy.  - 1860s, the policy changed to relocating tribes to isolated reservations, teaching them how to farm, and "civilizing" them.  - Many tribes resisted, particularly the Sioux. - The Indian Wars lasted for about 30 years. - Destruction of the Buffalo -- 1800 there were about 65 million, less than 1000 remained by 1885.  6. Battle of Wounded Knee - In response to the Ghost Dance Movement Sitting Bull was killed while trying to be arrested in 1890  - U.S. soldiers killed around 300 unarmed Sioux Indians. - This marked the end of the Indian Wars.  - By 1890, all Native American tribes were in reservations.  7. Dawes Act - 1887 - Broke up reservations and gave land to individual Native Americans to "Americanize" them - Dissolved tribes as legal entities - Designed to eradicate Indian culture "for their own good"  - This is called assimilation 8. The Open Range - With the removal of Indians and Buffalo, horses and cattle began to flourish on the Great Plains  - Demand for beef skyrocketed due to growing cities. - American settlers learned from their Mexican neighbors how to round up, rope, brand, and care for the cattle. - 55,000 cowboys worked on the range from 1866 to 1885.  - 1 in 4 cowboys were black - 1 in 8 cowboys were Mexican.  - A cowboy's life was constant work (ranch, roundup, long drive).  - Overgrazing, bad weather, the move to higher stock animals, and the invention of barbed wire led to the end of the open range by about 1887.  9. **Homestead Act- 1862 -- offered 160 acres to any head of household that agreed to pay \$10 and live there for 5 years. Almost 600,000 families took the offer.** 10. Exodusters- Black families that moved from the South to Kansas.  11. Life on the Plains - Since trees were scarce, settler had to build homes out of the land. (Dugout or Soddy)  - Almost completely alone, homesteads had to be self sufficient.  - Droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locusts, and Native American raids were all problems.  - Railroads took advantage of Western farmers by charging high rates to ship their crops.  - Farmers fell into debt, created bigger farms to pay the debt, but only fell further into debt.  12. The Grangers - 1867 -- Oliver Hudson Kelley started the *Patrons of Husbandry,* an organization for farmers that became known as the Grange. - By 1870, the Grange spent most of their time fighting the railroads​. - Soon the Grange and other Farmer Alliances numbered over 4 million members​. 13. Populist Party - Proposed economic reforms: increase of money supply, a rise in crop prices, lower taxes, a federal loan program​ - Proposed political reform: direct election of senators, single terms for presidents​ - Populists also called for an 8-hour workday and reduced immigration​ 14. Causes of Industrialization - Abundance of natural resources - Urbanization - New inventions - Government support for business 15. Most Important U.S. for industrialization - Coal - Iron - Petroleum (oil) 16. The Bessemer Process - **Removing carbon from iron creates steel.** - **Henry Bessemer created a faster and cheaper way to make steel.** - **Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron. It is also rust resistant.** 17. Uses for Steel - Railroads - Bridges - Skyscrapers - Barbed Wire - Farming equipment 18. New Inventions - Lightbulb -- Thomas Edison - Electricity -- Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla - Typewriter -- Christopher Sholes - Telephone -- Alexander Graham Bell - Kodak Camera -- George Eastman - Airplane -- Wright Brothers (Orville and Wilber) 19. Thomas Edison - Established the first research facility in Menlo Park, NJ. - Invented the light bulb. - Worked with J.P. Morgan to create the first electrical grid. 20. Government Support for Business - Laissez faire economics -- belief that government should not interfere in the economy - Little to no regulations -- no rules - Low taxes -- businesses have more money - Tariffs -- tax on imported goods 21. Competition and the Free Market - Businesses are owned by private individuals or groups (not the go. - Competition -- businesses compete for your money by making better or cheaper products. - Consumers make the decide what will be produced through their buying decisions. - The price of goods are based on the laws of supply and demand. 22. Social Darwinism - Social Darwinism was a philosophy that applied Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution from the *On the Origin of Species* to human society. - "natural selection" -- the strong will survive 23. Monopoly and Trust - Monopoly -- complete control over an industries production, wages, and prices. - Trusts -- turn stock over to a group of trustees that run the separate businesses as one big corporation. 24. Vertical and Horizontal Integration - Vertical integration -- by out suppliers and distributers in order to control raw materials and transportation systems - Horizontal integration -- buy out competing businesses 25. Andrew Carnegie - Scottish immigrant that entered steel business in 1873. - Attracted talented people by offering them stock. - By 1899, Carnegie Steel produced more steel than the entire country of Great Britain. - 1901, sold his business for \$480 million, making him the richest man in the world. - Before he died, donated about 90% of wealth to charity and public works. 26. John D. Rockefeller - John D. Rockefeller owned an oil business named Standard Oil. - Brought competing companies together buy creating trusts. - Rockefeller owned 90% of the oil refining industry. - Made huge profits by paying workers extremely low wages and putting competitors out of business by dropping the price of his products. 27. J.P. Morgan - J.P. Morgan was a banker that made the use of a holding company famous. - Holding company -- company that does nothing but buy out the stock of other companies. - His company, U.S. Steel, became the largest business in the world after it bought Carnegie Steel. It was also the nation's first company worth over a billion dollars. - He was the money man behind Edison's electrical grids. Creating the company, General Electric. 28. Factory Conditions - Workers worked 6 or 7 days a week - 12 or more hours a day - no sick leave - no vacations - dangerous work environment - low wages - child labor 29. What do workers in Labor Unions want? - Higher wages - Shorter hours - Better conditions 30. How do Labor Unions get what they want? - collective bargaining - strikes - arbitration 31. Important Labor Unions 32. craft/trade unions -- skilled workers only 33. industrial unions -- all workers of an industry 34. [Knights of Labor] -- (1869) open to all workers, including women and African Americans 35. [American Federation of Labor] (AFL) -- 1886, biggest union of 1800s, led by Samuel Gompers, for skilled workers 36. [Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) -- 1905, nicknamed "Wobblies" organized by radical unionists and socialists 37. Samuel Gompers - Leader of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 - Preferred to negotiate but would use strikes 38. A. Philip Randolph - Leader of the Brotherhood for Sleeping Car Porters, which was the first all black union 39. Eugene Debs - Socialist - Leader of American Railway Union - Socialists like Eugene Debs, wanted gov't control of business and equal distribution of wealth. 40. Mary Harris Jones - most famous leader of the women's labor movement - Wanted better working conditions, equal pay, and a stop to child labor. 41. Pullman Strike - 1894, lowered wages without lowering rent. - ARU went on strike. - President Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike. 42. Haymarket Square Riot - 1877 - Sometimes called Haymarket Affair - protest against police brutality in Chicago - was all cool till somebody started trippin' and threw a bomb at the cops - 170 injured, at least 14 dead - 8 arrested for bombing and 4 executed - Caused the public to turn against the labor movement 43. Sherman Anti-Trust Act - 1890 - gov't thinks large corporations are destroying economic competition so made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade - almost impossible to enforce 44. **Immigration** - **Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19^th^ and early 20^th^ centuries.** 45. **Reasons they came:** - **. Life was bad where the were** - **2. Looking for opportunity** 46. **EUROPEANS** - **Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States** - **Before 1890, most were from western and northern Europe** - **After 1890, most came from southern and eastern Europe** 47. **CHINESE** - **Between 1851 and 1882, about 300,000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast** - **Some were attracted by the Gold Rush, others went to work for the railroads.** - **[Chinese Exclusion Act] stopped Chinese immigration and prevented Chines already in U.S. from becoming citizens** 48. **JAPANESE** - **In 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers** - **The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast** - **By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the west coast** 49. **THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO** - **Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, and other islands** - **Mexicans immigrated to the U.S. to find work and flee political turmoil -- 700,000 Mexicans arrived in the early 20^th^ century** 50. **LIFE IN THE NEW LAND** - **In the late 19^th^ century most immigrants arrived via boats** - **The trip from Europe took 1 week, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia** - **The trip was arduous and many died along the way** 51. **ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK** - **Ellis Island was the arrival point for European immigrants** - **They had to pass inspection at the immigration stations** - **Processing took hours, and the sick were sent home** - **Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had *some* money (\$25), and were able to work** - **From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island's facilities** 52. **ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO** - **Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay** - **Processing was much harsher than Ellis Island as immigrants withstood tough questioning and long detentions in filthy conditions** 53. **IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS** - **As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives** - **Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration** - **Know Nothing Party -- new political party mainly focused on anti-immigration** 54. Thomas Nast- Cartoonist that tried to bring attention to the discrimination that immigrants faced and political corruption 55. **URBANIZATION** - **Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19^th^ century in the Northeast & Midwest** - **Most immigrants settled in cities because of the available jobs & affordable housing** - **By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities** 56. **REFORMERS MOBILIZE** - **The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor** - **Some reformers established Settlement Homes** - **These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services** - **Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago)** 57. **ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS** - **The "Boss" (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system** - **Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1^st^ or 2^nd^ generation immigrants so they helped immigrants with naturalization, jobs, and housing in exchange for votes** 58. **THE TWEED RING SCANDAL** - **William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful Democratic political machine** - **Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring in defrauding the city** - **Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion** - **Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail -- released after one, arrested again, and escaped to Spain** 59. **CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE** - **Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system** - **The system was based on *Patronage;* giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected** - **Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs** - **The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 created a commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance** 60. Black Voters Disenfranchised - Literacy test -- limiting the vote to people that could read, the tests were often unfair - Poll tax -- annual tax that had to be paid to vote, also affected poor whites. - Grandfather clause -- stated that if a man could still vote if his father or grandfather was eligible to vote before Jan 1^st^, 1867. 61. Jim Crow Laws - Laws that segregated people in public places based on race. - de facto vs de jure - There were also a series of unwritten rules and customs that blacks were expected to follow. 62. *Plessy v. Ferguson* -- 1896, Supreme Court case that ruled "separate but equal" facilities were legal. This decision basically legalized segregation for almost 60 years.