US History Period 5 (1844-1877)
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Questions and Answers

What were the four main causes of westward migration in the 1840s?

Desire for access to natural and mineral resources, Hope of economic opportunities, Religious refuge, and Desire for a better life, opportunity, and new beginnings.

The 1819 Transcontinental Treaty with Spain established a boundary for the United States that excluded Texas.

True

What was the main reason why Mexican authorities offered free land to American settlers in the sparsely populated region of Texas in the early 1800s?

To grow the sparsely populated region, in which cotton could be grown, Mexican authorities offered free land to American settlers.

The Alamo was a former mission compound in Texas where a force of 187 American men, under the command of Colonel William B. Travis, held off a siege by Mexican soldiers for 10 days before succumbing to the assault in early 1836.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these events marked the official recognition of Texan independence from Mexico?

<p>The Battle of San Jacinto, led by Sam Houston in April 1836</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these US Presidents initially shelved the issue of annexing Texas, fearing political disputes that would result?

<p>Andrew Jackson</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the Mexican-American War, and what was the primary issue at the heart of the conflict?

<p>The Mexican-American War was primarily triggered by a dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico. The US claimed the Rio Grande River as the border, whereas Mexico insisted on the Nueces River.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately led to the annexation of Texas into the United States, becoming the nation's 28th state?

<p>The Mexican-American War</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the territory claimed by both the United States and Britain in the 1830s, and what was the significance of this territory?

<p>The territory claimed by both the United States and Britain in the 1830s was the Oregon Territory. It was significant because of its rich natural resources, fertile land, and access to fertile land, and access to the Pacific Ocean, making it a coveted prize for both nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Book of Mormon, the foundational text of the Mormon religion, was established in Ohio in 1831, by Joseph Smith, a farmer from Vermont.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted the Mormon community, originally established in Ohio, to move to Utah in 1847, under the leadership of Brigham Young?

<p>They were bullied in Ohio because they had adopted polygamy, which was deemed to be immoral at the time. They decided to seek out a new state where they could practice their beliefs freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1848 discovery of gold in the foothills of Sierra Nevada Mountains in California triggered a massive influx of people seeking their fortunes, earning the name Forty-Niners.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major challenges did the diverse Gold Rush population face, leading to the rise of nativism? (Select all that apply)

<p>Competition for resources, jobs, and social opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary arguments used by the advocates of annexing Western lands?

<p>The primary arguments used by the advocates of annexing western lands were rooted in the concept of Manifest Destiny. They believed it was their God-given destiny to overspread the continent, believing in the superiority of American institutions and a commitment to democratic principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Homestead Act contribute to westward migration in the 1860s?

<p>The Homestead Act of 1862 granted 160 acres of free land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. This incentivized westward expansion and helped populate sparsely populated territories in the Midwest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors played a significant role in raising America's ties with Asia?

<p>The establishment of trade and commercial agreements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary principle behind the policy of popular sovereignty?

<p>The primary principle behind the policy of popular sovereignty was to allow the people of each territory to decide the status of slavery within their land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Wilmot Proviso, introduced in 1846, proposed to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired by the United States, and it passed both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1850s, which of these political parties emerged in response to tensions surrounding the issue of slavery and sought to limit new immigrants' political power, particularly those who were Catholic? (Select all that apply)

<p>The American Party</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated the abolitionist movement to become increasingly divided in the mid-1830s?

<p>The abolitionist movement became increasingly divided in the mid-1830s due to the rising tension surrounding slavery and the growing violence against abolitionist efforts. Some sought a more moderate approach, while others embraced a radical path, even advocating for disunion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, published in 1852, had a significant impact on public opinion regarding slavery, raising awareness about the harsh realities of the institution and sparking greater national attention to the issue.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Underground Railroad and how did it operate to assist enslaved people seeking freedom?

<p>The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network of safe houses and abolitionist organizers who helped enslaved people escape to freedom. They provided shelter, food, and guidance, utilizing secret escape routes and a system of coded communication, often traveling by night and relying on the support of a network of sympathetic individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event prompted a shift towards the "total war" approach during the Civil War, leading to a widespread destruction of cities, infrastructure, and resources?

<p>The capture of Richmond</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Lincoln in 1863, declared that all enslaved people in Confederate states were to be freed. However, it did not apply to enslaved people in states loyal to the Union.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Union's victory in the Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 was considered a turning point in the Civil War, as it gave the North control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two and denying the South any further access to key resources.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary challenges faced by the both the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War, despite each mobilizing their economies and societies for the cause?

<p>Both the Union and the Confederacy faced immense challenges during the Civil War. The Union had to contend with a vast geographic expanse separated by a complex railroad network, making it difficult to control the vast territory. The Confederacy, on the other hand, lacked a sizable industrial base and had a limited population, creating significant resource shortages and struggles to equip and sustain its armed forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of "total war" impact the South during the Civil War and what lasting effects did it have?

<p>The concept of &quot;total war&quot; during the Civil War significantly impacted the South, leaving behind a legacy of devastation. The relentless military campaigns and the intentional destruction of civilian infrastructure and resources led to widespread destruction and economic devastation, and ultimately served to weaken the Southern resolve to continue fighting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the aftermath of the Civil War, what were the primary questions surrounding the process of Reconstruction?

<p>Reconstruction posed a series of complex challenges for the nation, primarily focused on defining the political and legal status of former Confederate states, incorporating formerly enslaved people into society and ensuring their rights, and addressing the needs of the South, which was devastated by war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

President Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction, also known as the Ten Percent Plan, called for the re-admission of Confederate states into the Union once ten percent of their voters had pledged an oath of loyalty to the United States.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Congress respond to President Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan and what was the outcome of this conflict?

<p>Congress, primarily the Radical Republicans, rejected the Ten Percent Plan, deeming it too lenient on the Confederate states. They pushed for a more stringent approach, demanding a greater level of accountability and protection of newly freed slaves. The conflict ultimately ended with President Lincoln's pocket veto of the Wade-Davis Bill, which attempted to impose a stricter Reconstruction plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The assassination of President Lincoln, in 1865, had no significant impact on the process of Reconstruction, as Vice President Andrew Johnson seamlessly took over the reins of leadership.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions were included in President Johnson's Reconstruction Plan? (Select all that apply)

<p>The establishment of state governments in former Confederate states</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Civil Rights Act of 1866, passed over a presidential veto, granted citizenship to African Americans, affirmed their rights to property, and prevented the restriction of their rights. This act also put teeth into the 13th Amendment, which had been ratified in 1865.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the defining characteristics of the two prominent factions within the Republican Party during Reconstruction? (Select all that apply)

<p>Radical Republicans pushed for a more transformative and rigorous approach to Reconstruction, ensuring equality and rights for formerly enslaved people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, reaffirmed the principle of birthright citizenship for all individuals born or naturalized in the United States, guaranteeing equal protection under the law. It also prohibited states from interfering with these rights.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, granted voting rights to all male citizens of the United States, regardless of race. However, it did not address the issue of women's suffrage.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The impeachment of President Johnson in 1868 was unprecedented, making him the first US president to face this process. However, he was ultimately acquitted and remained in office.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Election of 1876 considered a turning point in the Reconstruction era and what was the outcome of this contentious election?

<p>The Election of 1876, a highly contested and controversial affair, signified a turning point in the Reconstruction era due to the fierce battle between Republican Rutherford B Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden, and the resulting compromise that ultimately ended Reconstruction and brought an era of federal intervention in the South to a close. The outcome was a negotiated agreement known as the Compromise of 1877, which saw the return of political control to the formerly Confederate states, ultimately marking the end of Reconstruction and a period of federal involvement in the South's affairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Reconstruction era, while leaving a lasting legacy on the social, political, and economic landscape of the South, was ultimately deemed a resounding success in ensuring equality and racial justice for formerly enslaved people.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Share cropping and what were the long-term consequences for Black Americans and the South?

<p>Share cropping was a system of agricultural labor that became prevalent in the South after the Civil War. It developed as a response to the economic devastation of the South and the lack of land ownership among formerly enslaved people. Under share cropping, Black farmers worked the land, but they were compensated with a share of the crop. This system often ensnared Black share croppers in a cycle of debt and dependence on white landowners due to factors like low wages, high-interest rates, and a limited access to resources. The consequences of share cropping had devastating impacts for Black Americans and the South. It contributed to a cycle of debt, limited access to education, and perpetuated inequality .</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist organization, emerged in Tennessee after the Civil War, using intimidation and violence to terrorize and suppress Black Americans, with the goal of reversing Reconstruction efforts and restoring white supremacy in the South.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Freedmen's Bureau, established by Congress and President Lincoln, aimed to provide social, educational, and economic assistance to formerly enslaved people after the Civil War, helping them transition into a new era of freedom and opportunity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The South, after the end of Reconstruction, experienced both progress and setbacks, with the emergence of economic growth and a rise in educational opportunities for Black Americans, as well as the persistence of racial segregation and discrimination.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary reasons why the Reconstruction era, despite its initial efforts, was ultimately deemed a failure?

<p>The failure of the Republican Party to effectively mobilize its supporters and sustain its political power in the South, leading to the rise of Democratic control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Period 5 (1844-1877)

  •  Covers Manifest Destiny, Westward Expansion, the Mexican-American War, Oregon Territory, and the California Gold Rush

Manifest Destiny

  • The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent
  • Driven by desires for natural resources, economic opportunities, and religious refuge
  •  Led to westward migration of American pioneers

Westward Expansion

  • American pioneers increasingly migrated westward in the 1840s
  • Motivations included desire for natural resources, economic opportunities, and religious refuge
  •  The 1819 Transcontinental Treaty established a boundary for the US

Texas

  •  In February 1821, Americans led by Stephen F. Austin began settling in Texas
  •  Mexico secured its independence from Spain
  •  Mexican authorities offered free land to American settlers to populate the area, increasing tension
  •  Late February 1825, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna marched north with 6,000 Mexican soldiers toward San Antonio to subdue Americans

Oregon Territory

  • Settlers migrated to the Oregon Territory in the 1830s
  • This area was jointly claimed by the US and Britain
  • Methodist, Presbyterian, and Catholic missionaries made the 6-month journey to the Willamette Valley

California Gold Rush

  • Discovery of gold in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in January 1848
  • Attracted nearly 50,000 people to California in 1849
  • Led to a diverse population of immigrants from across the world

Compromise of 1850

  • Attempts to address the issue of slavery in newly acquired territories
  •  Included the admission of California as a free state, the abolition of the slave trade in Washington, DC, and the organization of territorial governments
  •  Compromises were aimed at preserving the union

Mexican-American War

  • A border dispute over the Texas border
  •  Texans claimed the Rio Grande River as their boundary; Mexico claimed the Nueces River
  •  In May 1846, the US Congress declared war on Mexico
  • In February 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo formally concluded the war
  •  Mexico ceded New Mexico, California, and other territories to the United States

Secession and Civil War

  • Following Lincoln's election as president in 1860, Southern states seceded from the Union
  •  South Carolina was the first state to secede, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
  •  In April 1861, the Civil War began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter
  •  The war resulted in immense loss of life and destruction

Reconstruction

  • A period of rebuilding and reintegrating the Southern states into the Union after the Civil War
  • Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan was the initial presidential reconstruction plan
  • Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1877): aimed to punish the South
  • Reconstruction was driven by Radical Republicans, with the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
  • Increased violence in the South
  • The end of Reconstruction was marked by the Compromise of 1877 and the withdrawal of federal troops

Failure of Reconstruction

  • The South refused to implement many Reconstruction policies.
  • Southern white society resumed political dominance through terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan

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APUSH Period 5 - Manifest Destiny PDF

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Explore the significant events and themes of US History during Period 5, covering Manifest Destiny, Westward Expansion, the Mexican-American War, and the California Gold Rush. Discover the motivations behind American migration and the impact of the Transcontinental Treaty. Test your knowledge on this pivotal era of American history.

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