Period 5 Lecture (1844-1877) PDF

Period 5 Lecture (1844-1877) Manifest Destiny, the Mexican-American War, Growing Sectional Tension, Success and Failure of Compromise, the Civil War, Reconstruction I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. 5.2 Manifest Destiny Essential Question:...

Period 5 Lecture (1844-1877) Manifest Destiny, the Mexican-American War, Growing Sectional Tension, Success and Failure of Compromise, the Civil War, Reconstruction I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. 5.2 Manifest Destiny Essential Question: What were the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 - 1877? Context: Americans have had the desire to expand westward since colonial times, but the idea of Manifest Destiny spread in the 1840s & 50s. Americans had their sites on Western territory, as well as Latin America, Cuba, and the Caribbean. Driven by: Nationalism Population increase Rapid economic development Technological Advancements Reform Ideals I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Background: After winning independence from Spain in 1823, Mexico tried to get Anglo settlers into the northern territory of Texas. Moses Austin, and later his son Stephen F. Austin successfully obtained a land grant, bringing 300 Anglo families into the territory. 1830 - American settlers (and enslaved people) outnumbered Mexicans 3 to 1 Mexico heightened tension between the settlers and the Mexican government in 1829 Outlaws slavery Required all immigrants to be Roman Catholic Most settlers refused to obey. Mexico had closed Texas to settlers Americans ignored this and continued to move into Texas Why did Mexico want to attract “Anglos” to the territorial province of Texas? I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Revolt and Independence: 1834 - General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna installs himself as dictator of Mexico Abolishes central government in Mexico Attempts to enforce laws in Texas. December 1835, Texians (Anglo-American settlers) and Tejanos (Texans of mixed Mexican and Indian descent) captured the town of San Antonio. February 23, 1836, Mexican troops under General Antonio López de Santa Anna arrived in San Antonio to retake the city. March 2, 1836 - Sam Houston revolts and declares Texas independent. Establishes pro-slavery constitution March 6, four days after Texas declared independence, Mexican troops scaled the mission’s walls; 183 defenders were killed. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Revolt and Independence: Battle of the Alamo (Feb. 23-March 6) - Mexican troops easily defeat the Texans, killing all of the Alamo’s 200 defenders–commanded by James Bowie and Lt. Colonel William Travis and including the frontiersman Davy Crockett. “Victory or Death” Commandancy of the The Alamo Bejar, Feby. 24th. 1836 To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World- Fellow Citizens & compatriots- I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna - I have sustained a continual Bombardment & cannonade for 24 hours & have not lost a man - The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken - I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, & our flag still waves proudly from the walls - I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch - The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily & will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of his country - Victory or Death. William Barret Travis. Lt. Col.comdt. P. S. The Lord is on our side - When the enemy appeared in sight we had not three bushels of corn - We have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels and got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves. Travis I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Revolt and Independence: Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) - Texan troops surprise Mexican forces. “Remember the Alamo!” April 21, 1836 - Republic of Texas won its independence with a final battle along the San Jacinto River. Mexican legislator rejects treaty. Sam Houston applies for statehood Denied by Jackson and Van Buren for fears over the slavery question and fears over war with Mexico. John Tyler tried to annex Taylor, but US senate rejects it in 1844. “Victory or Death” Commandancy of the The Alamo Bejar, Feby. 24th. 1836 To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World- Fellow Citizens & compatriots- I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna - I have sustained a continual Bombardment & cannonade for 24 hours & have not lost a man - The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken - I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, & our flag still waves proudly from the walls - I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch - The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily & will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of his country - Victory or Death. William Barret Travis. Lt. Col.comdt. P. S. The Lord is on our side - When the enemy appeared in sight we had not three bushels of corn - We have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels and got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves. Travis I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Boundary Disputes in Maine: In the 1840s, the boundary between Maine and British Canadian New Brunswick was unclear. Sentiments against the British were generally negative after the revolution and the War of 1812 Tension broke into violence between lumber workers in the region Aroostook War, or the “Battle of the Maps” Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 - Signed between U.S. Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton Disputed territory was split between Maine and British Canada Set the boundary of the Minnesota territory Iron-rich Mesabi Range stays on US side I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Boundary Dispute in Oregon: Oregon territory had been claimed by Spain, Russia, GB, and US Spain gave up claim in Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 GB claimed land because of Hudson’s Bay Company’s profitable fur trade, but few British lived in the territory US claimed the territory based on: Exploration of Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray in 1792 Lewis and Clark expeditions in 1805 Fur trading posts in Astoria, Oregon Successful US farms in Willamette Valley By 1844, Americans believed annexation of Oregon Territory, Texas, and the Mexican owned California was their Manifest Destiny “Oregon Fever” I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Election of 1844: The Texas issue and the expansion of slavery split the Democratic Party in 1844 Northern Democrats opposed annexation Wanted to nominated former President Martin Van Buren Southern “Cotton” Whigs supported slavery and annexation Wanted to nominated former VP John C. Calhoun of S. Carolina Northern “Conscience” Whigs - opposed expansion of slavery Debated over the nominations ended in nomination of Democrat James K. Polk - expansionist Wanted annexation of Texas and California, and reoccupation of all of Oregon Territory “Fifty Four Forty or Fight!” Whig nominee Henry Clay alienated New York by being wishy washy about Texas. Allowed Democrats to win Makes annexation of Texas a mandate for the union. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. John L. O’Sullivan Declares America’s Manifest Destiny, July 1845: John Louis O’Sullivan, editor of the Democratic Review, articulated the long-standing American belief in (Manifest Destiny) the God-given mission of the U.S. to lead the world in the transition to democracy. The U.S. had a special destiny to stretch across the continent motivated many Americans to dream big dreams and migrate West. This idea motivated wars of American expansion & expansion of slavery. Aggressive nationalists invoked manifest destiny to justify Indian removal, war with Mexico, and American expansion into Texas, California, the Pacific Northwest, Cuba, and Central America. “...in a spirit of hostile interference against us, for the avowed object of thwarting our policy and hampering our power, limiting our greatness and checking the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Annexation of Texas: On his way out, Tyler pushes the inevitable annexation of Texas through Congress Pushes for a joint resolution (simple majority) rather than a treaty (⅔ vote). December 29, 1845, Texas entered the United States as the 28th state (slave state). Dividing Oregon - 1846: By the 1830s, Americans settlers began outnumbering British settlers as the traveled along the Oregon Trail. Polk pretty much immediately backs down from “54 40 or fight” slogan. Signs agreement with British to divide Oregon territory at the 49th parallel. US gives Vancouver Island and the right to navigate the Columbia River to the British Northerners viewed treaty as sellout to South because took British Columbia away as a source of future free states. To avoid war with GB and Mexico, treaty is approved. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Annexation of Texas: Following Texas’ successful war of independence against Mexico in 1836, President Martin van Buren refrained from annexing Texas after the Mexicans threatened war. Accordingly, while the United States extended diplomatic recognition to Texas, it took no further action concerning annexation until 1844, when President John Tyler restarted negotiations with the Republic of Texas. His efforts culminated on April 12 in a Treaty of Annexation, an event that caused Mexico to sever (cut off) diplomatic relations with United States. Tyler, however, lacked the votes in the Senate to ratify the treaty, and it was defeated by a wide margin in June. Shortly before he left office, Tyler tried again, this time through a joint resolution of both houses of Congress. With the support of President-elect Polk, Tyler managed to get the joint resolution passed on March 1, 1845, and Texas was admitted into the United States on December 29. Petition of New Yorkers opposed the Annexation of Texas, April 18, 1844 I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. After the acquisition of Texas, California, and Oregon Americans went through the Great American Desert to the more fertile land in the West. Fur Trader’s Frontier: Mountain Men - earliest non native individuals to open the Far West Traded with natives for furs. James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, Jedediah Smith among the first men to provide much of the early information about trails and frontiers. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Overland Trails: In 1860s hundreds of thousands moved Westward to fertile valley in California and Oregon Followed overland trails - Oregon, California, Santa Fe, Mormon. Usually begin in Missouri or Iowa 15 miles a day, took months, must get through mountains before snowfall. American Indians, disease, and depression were major dangers. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Farming Frontier: Most families moved west to start homesteads and farm. Government made it easy to get small plots of land. Moving west was a middle class game due to cost (about $2-300) Life in the West was difficult, and small communities were created modeled after the East with schools, churches, clubs, and political parties. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Mining Frontier: Starting in 1849, gold rushes brought men and some women to California, Colorado, Nevada, and the Dakotas. As a result, California's population soared. By the 1860s, almost ⅓ of miners in West were Chinese. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Urban Frontiers: Western cities arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. San Francisco and Denver were instant cities after the gold and silver rush. Cities were important for providing supplies to travelers. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Foreign Commerce: US imports and exports grew as Western agricultural products were introduced and manufactured goods continued to grow. Other factors included New England merchants responding to the boom in the Whaling industry to fuel oil lamps. Improvement in ship design made the American cutter Took only 89 days to get from California to New York Cheap steam ships July 8, 1853 - Matthew Perry seeks to re-establish trade with Japan for the first time in over 200 years. March 31, 1854 - Kanagawa Treaty - opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade and permitting the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan. Japan would begin to industrialize during the Meiji Restoration (1868). I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Expansion after the Civil War: From 1855-1877 issues of slavery and Civil War overshadow the desire to expand, but didn’t stop it. 1867 - U.S. Secretary of State (1861-1869) William Seward purchased Alaska for $7.2 million. Skeptics nicknamed Alaska “Seward’s Icebox” and “Seward’s Folly” because it was negotiated by Secretary of State William H. Seward. It was considered a waste of taxpayer money because of its remote location and lack of farmland like the Louisiana Purchase. Public opinion changed when gold was discovered in Alaska in the 1890s.. "Preparing for the heated term; King Andy and his man Billy lay in a great stock of Russian ice in order to cool down the Congressional majority"; caricature of Pres. Andrew Johnson and Sec. of State William Seward carrying huge iceberg of "Russian America" in a wheelbarrow "treaty"; refers to Seward's purchase of Alaska in Dec. 1866] Illus. in: Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper, vol. 24, no. 603 (1867 Apr. 20), p. 80. I will be able to explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way by Emanuel Leutze. 1862. this romantic tribute to the spirit of Manifest Destiny was commissioned by Congress in 1860 and may still be seen in the Capitol. 5.3 The Mexican-American War Essential Question: What are the causes and effects of the Mexican-American War? Context: After a tradition of Americans moving into Texas, the Mexican government cracked down on Americans in the area. In response, the US annexed Texas. Mexican anger over annexation combined with President Polk’s desire to expand the nation led the two countries into war. I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. Charles Sumner, How the United States Grew, 1902 The object of the bold measure of annexation was not only to extend slavery, but to strengthen the "Slave Power." The same object is now proposed by the Mexican war. This is another link in the gigantic chain by which our country and the Constitution are to be bound to the "Slave Power." It is a war against the Free States. Regarding it as a war to strengthen the "Slave Power," we are conducted to a a natural conclusion, that it is virtually and in its consequences, a war against the free States of the Union. I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. President Polk sent John Slidell to (1) persuade Mexico to sell California and New Mexico territories to the US and (2) settle the TX border as the Rio Grande. Mexico refused, and insisted the border of Texas was the Nueces River. Immediate Causes of the War: January 13, 1846, more than 3,500 troops commanded by General Zachary Taylor moved south under President Polk's order, from Corpus Christi on the Nueces River to a location on the north bank of the Rio Grande. April 25 - Mexican cavalry crossed the Rio Grande and attacked a mounted American patrol, killing 5, wounding 11, and capturing 47. Northern Whigs “Conscience Whigs” opposed the war. May 11 President Polk’s war message, "Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon America's soil." May 13, Congress declared war, with a vote of 40-2 in the Senate and 174-14 in the House. December 22, 1847, Whig Representative Abraham Lincoln introduced the "Spot Resolutions" Walt Whitman wanted to take the lands (1846) "We love to indulge in thoughts of the future extent and power of this Republic--because with its increase is the increase of human happiness and liberty... What had miserable, inefficient Mexico-- with her superstition, her burlesques upon freedom, her actual tyranny by the few over the many--what has she to do with the great mission of people in the New World with a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission! Be it ours to roll down all the upstart leaven of old despotism, that comes our way!" Walt Whitman, Editorial, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 7, 1846. I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. Immediate Causes of the War: October 16, 1845, President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to bring his troops to the Rio Grande, which was disputed territory between Texas and Mexico. May 13, Congress declared war, with a vote of 40-2 in the Senate and 174-14 in the House. December 22, 1847, Whig Representative Abraham Lincoln introduced the "Spot Resolutions" requesting President Polk to submit evidence to Congress that the land on which the initial battle occurred was indeed American property. Henry David Thoreau, who refused to pay his $1 Massachusetts poll tax because he believed the war an immoral advancement of slavery. I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. Military Campaigns: Fought by small bands of Americans in Mexican territory General Stephen Kearney took New Mexico and S. California with less that 1500 troops. N. California declared independent by John C. Fremont “Bear Flag Republic” General Zachary Taylor in Mexico Took 6,000 men to cross the Rio Grande. After victory at Buena Vista, President Polk sent Winfield Scott into C. Mexico Captured Mexico City in 1847 I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. Wilmot Proviso (August 8, 1846) - Pennsylvania representative David Wilmot proposed legislation to ban slavery in the lands acquired after the Mexican-American War. as a rider on a $2,000,000 appropriations bill intended for the final negotiations to resolve the Mexican–American War Free Soil Party - wanted to preserve land for White settlers. Reduce job competition Passed HOR twice (84-64), failed in the Senate. Impact: Intensely renewed debate over the extension of slavery. North saw it as Southern plot to extend slave power South begins to look to expand slavery in Caribbean. After the House vote, the bill moved along to the Senate on August 10; however, by accident, the Senate never voted on the bill. In a scheme to force a vote without any amendments that would repeal the Wilmot Proviso, Senator John David (Whig-Massachusetts) planned to filibuster the bill until eight minutes before the session expired, intending to vote on the bill then. However, he was interrupted in his speech and notified that the Senate clock was eight minutes faster than the clock in the House’s chambers. Consequently, the House of Representatives adjourned which triggered the expiration of the Congressional session without a Senate vote on Polk’s bill. This meant that Polk’s appropriations bill also expired along with the Wilmot Proviso. When Congress began its next session, Wilmot re-proposed his proviso, but Polk’s new appropriation bill passed without Wilmot’s rider. Despite the drama over the Wilmot Proviso only lasting three days, this event signifies a shift in American politics to one that is based on sectional lines over party lines and exemplifies an important position among anti-slavery northerners. I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. Despite numerous failures, the Mexican government refused to concede until Mexico City was taken. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb. 2, 1848): in the village of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico, the Mexican-American War officially ended. Negotiated by Nicholas Trist and favorable to US Mexico recognized Rio Grande as southern border of Texas Mexican Cession - US takes possession of California and New Mexico US paid Mexico $15 million and took responsibility for any US claims against Mexico Some Whigs opposed treaty Thought it was attempt to expand slavery. Some Southern Democrats didn’t like it because they wanted all of Mexico Wanted to expand slavery further South War News from Mexico, by Richard Caton Woodville, 1848. The newfangled telegraph kept the nation closely informed of events in far-off Mexico. 5.4 The Compromise of 1850 Essential Question: What are the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican - American war? Context: Manifest Destiny and the expansion of the US intensified the debate about the spread of slavery. Abolitionists and Northerns wanted to prevent slavery from moving Westward to protect economic activity. The South wanted new lands to expand plantation agriculture. I will be able to explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. I will be able to explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. Free Soil Movement: While abolitionists wanted to end slavery everywhere, many Northern Democrats and Whigs just wanted to prevent the expansion of slavery into the West. Keep the West a land of “opportunity” for whites. Free Soil Movement est in 1848 opposed slavery in territories. Also wanted free homesteads and internal improvements. Southern Position: South viewed restricting extension of slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights to move property. Some wanted open expansion for slavery Some wanted to extend Missouri Compromise West. Wanted more representation in Congress Free Soil Party candidates Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams (son of John Qunicy Adams) for President and Vice-President, 1848 I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. Barnburner Democrat Martin Van Buren's opposition to regular Democratic party nominee Lewis Cass. Van Buren and his son John were active in the Free Soil effort to prevent the extension of slavery into new American territories. In this he opposed the conservative Cass, who advocated deferring to popular sovereignty on the question. In "Smoking Him Out," Van Buren and his son (wearing smock, far right) feed an already raging fire in a dilapidated barn. (radical New York Democrats supporting Van Buren were referred to as "Barnburners" because in their zeal for social reforms and anticurrency fiscal policy they were likened to farmers burning their barns to drive out the rats). On the left, Lewis Cass prepares to leap from the roof of the flaming structure while several rats likewise escape below him. Smoking him out, Published in N.Y. by Peter Smith [i.e., Nathaniel Currier], 1848. Summary A humorous commentary on Barnburner Democrat Martin Van Buren's opposition to regular Democratic party nominee Lewis Cass. Van Buren and his son John were active in the Free Soil effort to prevent the extension of slavery into new American territories. In this he opposed the conservative Cass, who advocated deferring to popular sovereignty on the question. In "Smoking Him Out," Van Buren and his son (wearing smock, far right) feed an already raging fire in a dilapidated barn. (radical New York Democrats supporting Van Buren were referred to as "Barnburners" because in their zeal for social reforms and anticurrency fiscal policy they were likened to farmers burning their barns to drive out the rats). On the left, Lewis Cass prepares to leap from the roof of the flaming structure while several rats likewise escape below him. The artist seems to favor Van Buren, and his attempt to force the slavery issue in the campaign. The Free Soilers, unlike the Democrats, supported enforcement of the Wilmot Proviso, an act introduced by David Wilmot which prohibited slavery in territories acquired in the Mexican War. John Van Buren, adding another pitchfork of hay to the flames, exclaims, "That's you Dad! more 'Free Soil.' We'll rat'em out yet. Long life to Davy Wilmot." I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. Popular Sovereignty: Proposed by Lewis Cass Rather than Congress decide if a state was slave or free, the people of that new state would vote. Election of 1848: Three parties represented difference views in this election. Democrats - Senator Cass - Popular Sovereignty Whigs - General Zachary Taylor - No position on slavery in territories (winner) Free Soil - Former President Martin Van Buren - Composed of Anti-Slavery Whigs Antislavery Democrats (barnburners - threat to democratic party) I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. President Taylor supported the immediate admission of California and New Mexico as free states to help keep law and order in the territories. Compromise of 1850: Admission of California as a free state sparked talk of secession among “fire-eaters” Some even met to talk it in 1850. Henry Clay for the final time helped produce another compromise. Admit California as free state Divide remainder of Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico Popular Sovereignty Give disputed land in Texas to new territories and fed government assumes Texas debt. Ban slave trade in DC, but permits the owning of enslaved people. Adopt and enforce new Fugitive Slave Laws. Wanted to find compromise to resolve tension between N and S I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. Debates Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun - three giants in debate - held their last orations on the Congressional floor. Webster - Compromise to save union. Calhoun - No compromise, South should have equal rights in territories. Opponents of compromised were winning until Taylor died. Millard Fillmore passed the compromise. I will be able explain the causes and effects of the Mexican–American War. William H. Seward’s “Higher Law” Speech (March 11, 1850) NY Senator Seward acknowledged that the Constitution's framers had recognized the existence of slavery and protected it where it existed, but the new territory was governed by a "higher law than the Constitution" a moral law established by "the Creator of the universe." Speaking against the expansion of slavery. Demanded the unconditional admission of California as a free state. The speech hastened the Whig party's division into proslavery and antislavery factions and alienated many of Seward's natural allies. And now the simple, bold, and even awful question which presents itself to us is this: Shall we, who are founding institutions, social and political, for countless millions; shall we, who know by experience the wise and the just, and are free to choose them, and to reject the erroneous and the unjust; shall we establish human bondage, or permit it by our sufferance to be established? Sir, our forefathers would not have hesitated an hour. They found slavery existing here, and they left it only because they could not remove it. There is not only no free state which would now establish it, but there is no slave state, which, if it had had the free alternative as we now have, would have founded slavery. Indeed, our revolutionary predecessors had precisely the same question before them in establishing an organic law under which the states of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, have since come into the Union, and they solemnly repudiated and excluded slavery from those states forever. I will be able to explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. Impact of Passage: Bought time for the union. Added to North’s political power California added as free state. Popular sovereignty and fugitive slave laws increased tensions. I will be able to explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. I will be able to explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (April 19, 1850): Both GB and the US wanted to build a Central American canal Make travel from Atlantic to Pacific easier by avoiding sailing around South America Clayton-Bulwer Treaty says neither nation will take exclusive control of any canal in C. American Lasted until 1901 when the Hay - Pauncefote Treaty gave the US power to build canal. I will be able to explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. Treaty with the Apache (July 1, 1852): set parameters for and guide policies that recognize Indigenous Peoples’ rights and that harmonize those rights with non-Indigenous interests. Agreed not to harm each other. Declare particular tribes and Indian nations under the laws, jurisdiction, and government of the United States of America. Enact policies that ensure the “prosperity and happiness” of the Apache. I will be able to explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. Gadsden Purchase (1853): President Piece bought small piece of land from Mexico in 1853 for $10 million. To facilitate the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Southern sections of New Mexico and Arizona I will be able to explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. Ostend Manifesto (October 18, 1854): President Franklin Pierce tried to buy Cuba for $120 million. Spain refuses. Several Southerners tried to take Cuba by force, but they were easily stopped and executed Franklin Pierce sent delegates to Ostend, Belgium to negotiate the secret Ostend Manifesto for Cuba Leaked to press. An example of a Slave Power Conspiracy or ‘Slaveocracy’. Enraged antislavery members of congress. Walker Expedition: William Walker tried to take Baja, California from Mexico in 1853 Later, he seized power in Nicaragua in 1855 Gained recognition from US in 1856 Coalition of Central American invaded and executed Walker ended proslavery Central American Empire dreams. The Ostend Manifesto would have disrupted the balance between North and South, but its dismissal intensified regional differences. There were three different positions over slavery in the territories. The Ostend doctrine. Practical Democrats carrying out the principle Summary The Ostend Manifesto, advocated by American minister to England James Buchanan, minister to Spain Pierre Soule, and John Y. Mason, minister to France, urged the purchase or (if necessary) seizure of Cuba from Spain. The manifesto was issued in October 1854. Here Buchanan is singled out for attack for his role in the controversy. He is surrounded by four unkempt toughs seeking to rob him of his coat, hat, watch, and money. Their demands include quotations from the manifesto (given in bold below), which is posted on the fence at right. First hoodlum (an Irishman, at far left) raising a club: "If ye don't hand over yer small change in a jiffy ye ould spal-peen "I'll feel justified" in taking it out of ye wid a touch of this shillaly as "I pozziz the power.&1" Second hoodlum, armed with a club and knife: "Come lets have that ticker or you'll find that "Considerations exist which render delay" in doing so "Exceedingly dangerous" to your head." Third hoodlum, holding a large revolver: "Off with this Coat old fellow! and be quick about it or "it is not improbable that it may be wrested" from you "by a successful revolution" of this six barrel'd joker." Fourth hoodlum: "I'll take your hat Old Buck! I hain't got none as I may catch a cold in my head "its immediate acquisition" by me "is of paramount importance." Buchanan protests: "Why! Why! this is rank robbery! Help! Help! all Honest men!" Contributor Names N. Currier (Firm) Maurer, Louis, 1832-1932, artist Created / Published N.Y. : For Sale [by Nathaniel Currier] at no. 2 Spruce St., 5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences Essential Question: How did regional differences related to slavery create tension in the years leading up to the Civil War? What were the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844-1877. Context: Numerous issues including nativism, prejudice against Roman Catholic immigrants, and responses to industrialization created conflict in the United States. Many of these conflicts grew along regional lines, with the most dominant issue being the expansion of slavery into the territories. I will be able to explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877. Major Rivers, Roads, and Canals, 1825–1860 I will be able to explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877. Irish: From 1847-1855, nearly 2 million total came to U.S. Tenant farmers left home because of Crop failures Famine - most of Ireland’s farmland was owned by British landlords. While the Irish worked the land, the landlords decided what was to be done with the harvest. Came to U.S. with few skills Competed with African Americans for domestic work and manual labor Stayed where they landed and made communities where they retained pieces of culture like religion (Roman Catholicism) and language. Boston, New York, Philadelphia Understood elector politics, and many became politically active Organized immigrants and entered Democratic party By 1880s the Irish controlled NYCs Democratic organization, Tammany Hall Outward Bound, The Quay at Dublin, 1854. Painted by J. Nicol. Printed by M. & N. Hanhart; Published by Henry Graves & Co., 6, Pall Mall, London, May 24th, 1854, & Williams Stevens & Williams, Broadway, New York. Thousands fled famine in Ireland by coming to America in the 1840s and 1850s. I will be able to explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877. Germans: Came to US due to economic hardships and failed democratic revolutions in Germany Many were skilled as artisans and farmers Moved throughout Old Northwest to establish homesteads. Supported public education and opposed slavery. Formed close - knit communities where German language was commonly spoken Often Roman Catholic or Lutheran “Little Germany” Cincinnati’s “Over-the-Rhine” district in 1887. I will be able to explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877. I am not a Know-Nothing. That is certain. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we begin by declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal, except negroes." When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence of loving liberty-to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocracy. - Abraham Lincoln’s letter to Joshua Speed (August 24, 1855) John D. Hughes, Irish Famine, 1847...I may be told that the famine in Ireland as a mysterious visitation of God's providence, but I do not admit any such plea. I fear there is blasphemy in charging on the Almighty, what is the result of his own doings. Famine in Ireland is, and has been for many years, as the cholera in India, indigenous. As long as it is confined to a comparatively few cases in the obscure and sequestered parts of the country, it may be said that the public administrators of social and political economy are excusable, inasmuch as it had not come under their notice; but in the present instance, it has attracted the attention of the whole world... there is no general scarcity, there has been no general scarcity of food in Ireland, either the present, or the past year, except in one species of vegetable. The soil has produced its usual tribute for the support of those by whom it has been cultivated; but political economy found the Irish people too poor to pay for the harvest of their own labor, and has exported it to a better market, leaving them to die of famine, or to live on alms... with what exemplary patience the peasantry bear their sufferings, with what admirable resignation they fall down through weakness at the threshold of his warehouse, without having even attempted to burst a door, or break a window. I will be able to explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877. Opposition to Immigration: Nativism - Response to immigration. Anglo Americans concerned immigrants would take jobs, dilute culture. Lots of religious tension (Protestants vs Roman Catholics) Formed secretive antiforeign society - Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner - turned into “Know-Nothing” party. Platform based on anti-Catholicism, xenophobia, and nativist principles. Strongest in the Northeast’s urban areas where most immigrants arrived to work in the newly established factories. Irish & Germans were targeted for taking jobs. Women protested working conditions, especially in Lowell, Massachusetts & were replaced by immigrants, which angered the Know-Nothing Party. Selected Millard Fillmore as their presidential candidate in 1856. A New Phase Of An Old Affair, April 26, 1854 This is the first secret political society that we have any knowledge of, ever formed in this country, and is antagonist to the principles of this government, so peculiar for the free and public discussion of all political questions. In the United States, where all are permitted to think and speak as they please upon public subjects, there is no necessity for secret associations, especially if the object of that association are worthy of support, and we confidently expect to see this new organization sconted and opposed by every good citizen. The Native American party sprang into existence some ten years ago, at a time of great excitement, produced almost entirely by themselves, and organized under a name and banner dear to the heart of every American; and under the prestige of its glorious name and surface principles, it bid to become a formidable party. It was soon, however ascertained to be the offspring of a bigotry and persecuting spirit that would have done credit to the projectors of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and as such, was discarded by all true republicans...The most "native" of us are descendants of foreigners, and foreigners have contributed as much in proportion to their numbers, towards the welfare of this country as " natives." I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Industrial Technology: Pre-1840: Factory production was mostly New England textile mills Post 1840 - industrialization spread to other Northeastern states. Produced shoes, sewing machines, clothing, firearms, precision tools, iron products for railroads and more. Sewing Machine by Elias Howe (Sept. 9, 1846) - moved clothes production to factories Telegraph by Samuel F.B. Morse (May 24, 1844) - sped up communication I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. The Sewing Floor of Thompson’s Skirt Factory, 1859. The burgeoning textile industry provided employment for thousands of women in antebellum America—and also produced the clothes that women wore. This view of a New York City shop in 1859 illustrates the transition from hand-sewing (on the right) to machine-stitching (on the left). It also vividly illustrates the contrast between the kinds of “sewing circles” in which women had traditionally sought companionship to the impersonal mass production line of the modern manufacturing plant. Note especially the stark exhortation on the wall: “Strive to Excel.” I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Railroads: Canal building of 1820s and 1830s replaced by railroad building across NE and midWest America's largest industry Complex businesses arose Local and state govt’s helped RR grow through tax breaks Promoted Western agriculture, united West and Northwest Panic of 1857: Financial panic caused sharp decrease in MW agricultural products and rise in unemployment in NE Southerners believed this made plantation economy supreme. The Railroad Revolution. Note the explosion of new railroad construction in the 1850s and its heavy concentration in the North. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (Sept. 18): Southerners accepted California as free state because of Fugitive Slave Law. Federal gov’t now handled fugitive slave cases. Law penalized state officials who did not arrest alleged freedom seekers & levied a $1,000 fine for non-compliance. Anyone accused of being escaped was denied right to trial by jury Anyone aiding escaped enslaved people faced heavy penalties: could be imprisoned for 6 months & subject to a fine. Activists still worked to free enslaved people. Personal Liberty Laws: any man or woman claimed as a fugitive slave, “all the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus and of trial by jury.” It also prohibited the use of state or local jails for holding an accused fugitive slave $200 reward. Ranaway from the subscriber on the night of Thursday, the 30th of September. Five negro slaves... Wm. Russell. St. Louis, Oct. 1, 1847 I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Lemmon v. New York (1860): a freedom suit initiated in 1852 by a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The decision mandated the release of eight slaves, including six children, brought into New York by their Virginia slave owners, Jonathan and Juliet Lemmon, who were in transit while relocating to Texas. Louis Napoleon, a free African-American resident of New York and activist with the Underground Railroad, was alerted to the arrival of the slaves by a black porter at the boarding house about the slaves who had been brought there. Attorney John Jay (1817-1894) represented the state in the 1852 case. Future President Chester A. Arthur represented the state on appeal by the former slaveowners. 1848 - New York passed its personal liberty law - enslaved people were freed. The Court of Appeals affirmed by a vote of 5-3 in March 1860, holding that the slaves were free. The Lemmons assigned their rights to the State of Virginia, which had planned to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. By then the American Civil War had begun and the case was never heard. $200 reward. Ranaway from the subscriber on the night of Thursday, the 30th of September. Five negro slaves... Wm. Russell. St. Louis, Oct. 1, 1847. Transportation of Slaves in Free States In 1852, Jonathan Lemmon was a resident of Virginia, and the owner of several slaves. Desiring to change his residence to Texas, the most convenient method of taking his slaves there was by bringing them to this City, and then sending them by a vessel to their destination. He sent them here, and the fact that they were slaves becoming known among the colored population, the relator, Louis Napoleon, a colored man, went before Judge Paine, of the Superior Court, and obtained a writ of habeas corpus,* commanding Mr. Lemmon to bring the slaves into Court. After hearing the merits of the case, Judge Paine held that there was no ground for holding them, and that they were free under our State law. He accordingly discharged them from custody, and their colored friends soon afterwards sent them to Canada. Immediately after the slaves were liberated a subscription was started, which was headed by Judge Paine, who gave a liberal sum, to reimburse Mr. Lemmon for the loss of his property, and the full value of the slaves was returned to him. *habeas corpus is writ to bring a person before a judge so that the legality of their detention or arrest might be decided… I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Underground Railroad: Loose network of activists who helped enslaved people escape to freedom in North. “Conductor” Harriet Tubman (“Moses”) - During 19 visits into the South, she rescued more than 300 slaves It consisted of an informal chain of “stations’’ (antislavery homes), through which scores of “passengers’’ (runaway slaves) were spirited by “conductors’’ (usually white and black abolitionists) from the slave states to the free-soil sanctuary of Canada. Estimates indicate that the South in 1850 was losing perhaps 1,000 runaways a year out of its total of some 4 million slaves. Slavemasters rested their argument on the Constitution, which protected slavery, and on the laws of Congress, which provided for slave-catching. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Literature on Slavery: Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 5, 1851): Inspired by the new Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Showed horrors of slavery to North and Europe South condemned it and saw it as North’s incurable prejudice against Southern way of life. Led more northerners to support the abolition movement. Abraham Lincoln: “So, you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war” Excerpt from Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852 An't yer mine, now, body and soul?" he said, giving Tom a violent kick with his heavy boot; "tell me!" In the very depth of physical suffering, bowed by brutal oppression, this question shot a gleam of joy and triumph through Tom's soul. He suddenly stretched himself up, and, looking earnestly to heaven, while the tears and blood that flowed down his face mingled, he exclaimed, "No! no! no! my soul an't yours, Mas'r! You haven't bought it,—ye can't buy it! It's been bought and paid for, by one that is able to keep it;—no matter, no matter, you can't harm me!" "I can't!" said Legree, with a sneer; "we'll see,—we'll see! Here, Sambo, Quimbo, give this dog such a breakin' in as he won't get over, this month!" The two gigantic negroes that now laid hold of Tom, with fiendish exultation in their faces, might have formed no unapt personification of powers of darkness. The poor woman screamed with apprehension, and all rose, as by a general impulse, while they dragged him unresisting from the place. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Aunt Phillis's Cabin; or, Southern Life as It Is by Mary Henderson Eastman. 1852. Said Arthur, "It would be far better for the Southern slaves, if our institution, as regards them, were left to 'gradual mitigation and decay, which time may bring about. The course of the Abolitionists, while it does nothing to destroy this institution, greatly adds to its hardships.' "Besides, Abel," continued Arthur, "what right have you to interfere? Your Northern States abolished slavery when it was their interest to do so: let us do the same. "There never was any thing so perfectly false (I cannot help referring to it again,) as that religion is discouraged among our slaves. It is precisely the contrary. Most of them have the same opportunities of attending worship as their owners. They generally prefer the Methodist and Baptist denominations; they worship with the whites, or they have exclusive occasions for themselves, which they prefer. They meet on the plantations for prayer, for singing, or for any religious purpose, when they choose; the ladies on the plantations instruct them in the Bible, and how to read it. Many of them are taught to write.” Aunt Phillis's Cabin; or, Southern Life as It Is by Mary Henderson Eastman. 1852: Mary Henderson was born in 1818 in Warrenton, Virginia. In 1835 she married Seth Eastman, an artist and soldier When she wrote Aunt Phillis she was living in Washington, D.C. Consists of a good deal of talk (often between slave owners and abolitionists) about the essential happiness of slaves in the South as compared to the inevitable sufferings of free blacks and the working classes in the North. Used Biblical passages to emphasize that enslaved people should be obedient to their masters. She quotes Uncle Tom's Cabin several times throughout the novel, to put her representation of slavery in direct opposition to Stowe's text, and her "Concluding Remarks" are a very unsentimental, even sarcastic critique of Stowe. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. I say it with a sad sense of the disparity between us. I am not included within the pale of glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice, are not enjoyed in common. The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence, bequeathed by your fathers, is shared by you, not by me. The sunlight that brought light and healing to you, has brought stripes and death to me. This Fourth July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn. To drag a man in fetters into the grand illuminated temple of liberty, and call upon him to join you in joyous anthems, were inhuman mockery and sacrilegious irony. Do you mean, citizens, to mock me, by asking me to speak to-day? If so, there is a parallel to your conduct. And let me warn you that it is dangerous to copy the example of a nation [Babylon] whose crimes, towering up to heaven, were thrown down by the breath of the Almighty, burying that nation in irrevocable ruin! I can to-day take up the plaintive lament of a peeled and woe-smitten people! Fellow-citizens, above your national, tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful wail of millions! whose chains, heavy and grievous yesterday, are, to-day, rendered more intolerable by the jubilee shouts that reach them. If I do forget, if I do not faithfully remember those bleeding children of sorrow this day, "may my right hand forget her cunning, and may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth!" “What, to the Slave, is the Fourth of July?” speech by Frederick Douglass (July 5, 1852): Address to the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society in Rochester, New York. Reflected on the paradox of the nation In 1776 the newly independent nation, free from the tyranny of the British, still held hundreds of thousands of African Americans in captivity. Black men contributed to the nation’s independence as they fought for their own freedom while serving in the Revolutionary War. Sin of slavery will doom the U.S. Gave parables of Old Testament about oppressive rulers. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery speech by William Lloyd Garrison (Feb. 14, 1854): Delivered to the Anti-Slavery Society in New York. Demanded the “immediate and unconditional emancipation” of slaves. Speech about the debates over slavery in the territories following the Mexican-Ameircan War. Influenced by the Second Great Awakening. Following the Second Great Awakening, the anti-slavery advocates moved beyond the economic and political arguments, and began to emphasize moral and Christian arguments against slavery. The abolitionism which I advocate is as absolute as the law of God, and as unyielding as his throne. It admits of no compromise. Every slave is a stolen man; every slaveholder is a man stealer. By no precedent, no example, no law, no compact, no purchase, no bequest, no inheritance, no combination of circumstances, is slaveholding right or justifiable…The law that makes him a chattel is to be trampled underfoot; the compact that is formed at his expense, and cemented with his blood, is null and void; the church that consents to his enslavement is horribly atheistical; the religion that receives to its communion the enslaver is the embodiment of all criminality. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton R. Helper (June 26, 1857): A son of a western North Carolina farmer that attacked slavery from an economic view Using statistics drawn from the 1850 census, to destroy the myth of "profitable slavery" Helper's thesis was that slavery was inefficient and wasteful, that it impoverished the South, degraded labor, inhibited urbanization, thwarted industrialization, and stifled progress. South banned the book Southern Reaction Proslavery whites used Bible, philosophy, and constitution to condone slavery. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Proslavery books like Sociology for the South; or, The Failure of Free Society (1854) and Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters by George Fitzhugh (1857): slavery as a positive good. “Peculiar institution” - the belief, prevalent among slavery’s defenders, that the institution benefitted both enslaved people and their masters. Enslavers used the language of paternalism in their defense of slavery. Paternalism - a policy or practice of limiting the freedom of a group of people on the grounds that it is in their best interest. Paternalism was ideological & economic - planters’ wealth was linked to the health of enslaved people. In order to protect their profit margins, many enslavers sought to maintain a minimum level of health for the people they enslaved. 1840-1860 - enslaved person valued between $400-600 ($14,000 in today’s society) - masters must keep them in ‘good health’ Fitzhugh criticized the mistreatment of northern laborers, difficult working conditions, long hours & low pay. “The negro slaves of the South are the happiest, and in some sense, the freest people in the world. The children and the aged and infirm work not at all, and yet have all the comforts and necessaries of life provided for them. They enjoy liberty, because they are oppressed neither by care or labor. The women do little hard work, and are protected from the despotism of their husbands by their masters. The negro men and stout boys work, on the average, in good weather, no more than nine hours a day. The balance of their time is spent in perfect abandon. Besides, they have their Sabbaths and holidays. We do not know whether free laborers ever sleep. They are fools to do so; for, whilst they sleep, the wily and watchful capitalist is devising means to ensnare and exploit them. The free laborer must work or starve. He is more of a slave than the negro, because he works longer and harder for less allowance than the slave, and has no holiday, because the cares of life with him begin when its labors end. He has no liberty and not a single right....” I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. I will be able to explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. Frederick Douglass, in a speech before the Scottish Anti-Slavery Society in Glasgow, Scotland, March 26, 1860. My position now is one of reform, not of revolution. I would act for the abolition of slavery through the Government — not over its ruins. If slaveholders have ruled the American Government for the last fifty years, let the anti-slavery men rule the nation for the next fifty years. If the South has made the Constitution bend to the purposes of slavery, let the North now make that instrument bend to the cause of freedom and justice. If 350,000 slaveholders have, by devoting their energies to that single end, been able to make slavery the vital and animating spirit of the American Confederacy for the last 72 years, now let the freemen of the North, who have the power in their own hands, and who can make the American Government just what they think fit, resolve to blot out forever the foul and haggard crime, which is the blight and mildew, the curse and the disgrace of the whole United States. Frederick Douglass, in a speech before the Scottish Anti-Slavery Society in Glasgow, Scotland, March 26, 1860: He outlines his views on the American Constitution. 5.6 Failure of Compromise Essential Question: What are the political causes of the Civil War? Context: Many compromises were passed to prevent war between the North and the South, to varying levels of success. Three issues continued to split the nation in regards to slavery Moral issues surrounding slavery Questions about constitutional rights concerning slavery Economic differences between free-labor industrialists and plantation owners I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. AKA Kicking the can down the road I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Both the Whigs and the Democrats were weakened by regional differences over the issue of slavery. Election of 1852: Whigs - Nominated Winfield Scott Ignored slavery issue Maintained party platform Internal Improvements of roads and harbors. Antislavery and Southern factions fought a lot, threatening to splinter the party. Democrats - Nominated Franklin Pierce - Compromise candidate. Thought all regions would like him Northerner Supported Fugitive Slave Laws Democrats won all but four elector states. The whig party was running out of steam. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Kansas-Nebraska Act (May 30, 1854): It repealed the Missouri Compromise. Regional conflict exploded. Democrats controlled both White House and Congress, but couldn’t ignore slavery issue. Stephen A. Douglas wanted to build transcontinental railroad through hometown of Chicago for Western settlement. Southerners wanted a Southern route. Compromise: Split Kansas into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska Gave them popular sovereignty over slave issue. Popular sovereignty - citizens of a territory would vote to determine if it was a slave or free state. Opportunity for South to expand slavery North of 36°30′ Missouri Compromise line. Led to the emergence of the Republican Party. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Bleeding Kansas (May 21, 1856): March 1855, when elections took place for the first territorial legislature, thousands of heavily armed “border ruffians” showed up in Kansas Sack of Lawrence (May 21, 1856) - a pro-slavery group stormed the Free State stronghold of Lawrence Some 55 people were killed between 1855 and 1859. Both slave holders and free soilers wanted to win Kansas, which was majority antislavery. Slaveholders from Missouri came to set up homesteads and Free-Soilers sent antislavery settlers through the New England Emigrant Aid Company Fighting broke out in what came to be known as “Bleeding Kansas” Border Ruffians = made proslavery legislature in Lecompton, Kansas. Anti slavery setters refused to recognize this gov’t. And made goven’t in Topeka. Proslavery forces attacked free soil town killing 2 Abolitionist John Brown retailed attacking Pottawatomie Creek, killing 5. Pierce and DC did nothing, further dividing Democratic Party. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Caning of Senator Sumner (May 22, 1856): Mass senator Charles Sumner attacked Dem party for inaction in speech. Sumner insulted Senator Andrew Butler of S.C. for his defense of slavery, Congressman Brooks (cousin of Butler) attacked Sumner. Made personal charges against S. Carolina Senator, whose nephew Preston Brooks grew so upset he beat Sumner on the Congressional floor illustrating tension. Three days after his speech "The crimes against Kansas" in the Senate, Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was attacked by Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina and severely beaten with a heavy cane. Sumner was forced to withdraw for several years while Brooks, who resigned from his office, was immediately re-elected and continued to serve. Southern chivalry - argument versus club's by J.L. Magee, 1856 I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. LeCompton Constitution - emerged from a false choice that free-state Kansans were presented with on the official vote for the Constitution of soon to be state of Kansas. Pro-slavery forces, based in LeCompton, had a ballot that had two choices, first make Kansas a slave state. Second, Kansas would be a state that was “free” but protected slaveholders rights in Kansas and eliminated all rights for free African-Americans in Kansas. It made free-Kansas proponents feel like this was a non-choice, or a false choice, with no real option to eliminate slavery and have a free Kansas. Many free Kansans boycotted the ballot and voting abnormalities occurred, with fraudulent voting on the part of slave forces. 67 Enrichment Lecture I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Forcing slavery down the throat of a freesoiler by J. L. Magee. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1856: An 1856 cartoon depicting President James Buchanan and Senator Lewis Cass standing on a Democratic platform marked "Kansas", "Cuba" and "Central America". They are pulling the hair of a giant Free Soiler as President Franklin Pierce holds down his beard and Senator Stephen Douglas shoves an African American man down the Free Soiler's throat. Forcing slavery down the throat of a freesoiler by J. L. Magee. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1856 I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Birth of Republican Party (1854): Slave issue split Dems into N. and S. Democrats Whigs scattered Nativists joined “Know Nothing” Party Pro-Slavery ex-whigs joined Democrats. Former Whigs who opposed slavery formed Republican Party in 1854 as reaction to Kansas-Nebraska Act. Made up of free-soilers, anti-slavery Democrats and anti-slavery Whigs. Did not call for abolition, but against the extension of slavery into the territories. Became 2nd largest party in country. Republican Party Platform of 1856 Resolved: That, with our Republican fathers, we hold it to be a self-evident truth, that all men are endowed with the inalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that the primary object and ulterior design of our Federal Government were to secure these rights to all persons under its exclusive jurisdiction; that, as our Republican fathers, when they had abolished Slavery in all our National Territory, ordained that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, it becomes our duty to maintain this provision of the Constitution against all attempts to violate it for the purpose of establishing Slavery in the Territories of the United States by positive legislation, prohibiting its existence or extension therein. That we deny the authority of Congress, of a Territorial Legislation, of any individual, or association of individuals, to give legal existence to Slavery in any Territory of the United States, while the present Constitution shall be maintained. Resolved: That the Constitution confers upon Congress sovereign powers over the Territories of the United States for their government; and that in the exercise of this power, it is both the right and the imperative duty of Congress to prohibit in the Territories those twin relics of barbarism -- Polygamy, and Slavery. Resolved: That while the Constitution of the United States was ordained and established by the people, in order to "form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty," and contain ample provision for the protection of the life, liberty, and property of every citizen, the dearest Constitutional rights of the people of Kansas have been fraudulently and violently taken from them. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Fremont and victory. A Rallying Song- Tune of Marseilles Hymn LYRICS: FREMONT AND VICTORY (1856) (A Rallying Song--Tune of Marseilles Hymn) Behold! The furious storm is rolling, Which border fiends, confederates, raise, The dogs of war, let loose, are howling, And lo! Our infant cities blaze, And shall we calmly view the ruin, While lawless force with giant stride, Spreads desolation far and wide, In guiltless blood his hands imbruing? Arise, arise, ye brave! And let our war cry be, FREE SPEECH, FREE PRESS, FREE SOIL, FREE MEN, FRE-MONT AND LIBERTY! Oh, Liberty! Can he resign thee, Who once has felt thy generous flame? Can threats subdue or bolts confine thee, Or whips thy noble spirit tame? No! By the heavens bright bending o'er us, We've called our captain to the van– Behold the hour--behold the man!Oh, wise and valiant, go before us! Then let the shout again, Ring out from sea to sea, FREE SPEECH, FREE PRESS, FREE SOIL FREE MEN, FRE-MONT AND LIBERTY. Hurrah, hurrah, from hill and valley; Hurrah from prairie wide and free! Around our glorious chieftain rally, For Kansas and for liberty! Let him who first her wilds exploring, Her virgin beauty gave to fame, Now save her from the curse and shame Which slavery o'er her soil is pouring. Our standard bearer then, The brave path finder be! FREE SPEECH, FREE PRESS, FREE SOIL, FREE MEN, FRE-MONT AND LIBERTY. Campaign Song Analysis: "Fremont and Victory" (1856) This powerful campaign song from 1856, set to the tune of the French national anthem "La Marseillaise," served as a rallying cry for John C. Frémont's presidential campaign and the early Republican Party's core principles. The song reflects the intense political climate of pre-Civil War America, particularly focusing on the Kansas-Nebraska Act's controversial implementation and the broader debate over slavery's expansion into western territories. Through militant imagery and passionate rhetoric, the lyrics champion four fundamental freedoms that became the Republican Party's platform: free speech, free press, free soil (opposing slavery's expansion), and free men (supporting personal liberty). The song specifically references Frémont's reputation as "The Pathfinder" due to his earlier explorations of the American West, connecting his pioneering spirit to the contemporary struggle for Kansas's future as a free state. The lyrics paint a dramatic picture of the violent conflicts in "Bleeding Kansas" through phrases like "furious storm is rolling" and "infant cities blaze," while positioning Frémont as a heroic figure who can protect these territories from the "curse and shame" of slavery. The repeated refrain emphasizing "FREE SPEECH, FREE PRESS, FREE SOIL, FREE MEN, FRE-MONT AND LIBERTY" creates a powerful connection between the candidate and these fundamental principles of freedom, effectively turning his name into a symbol of liberty itself. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Election of 1856: Democratic candidate James Buchanan won, but the Republicans won 11/16 free states. Democrats feared Republicans could win without a single vote from the South. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Buchanan was attacked as a weak president after both the Democrats popular sovereignty and Republicans anti-expansionist plans took hits. Lecompton Constitution (December 21, 1857): Asked Congress to accept the pro-slavery Lecompton, Kansas Constiution to admit Kansas as a slave state. Both Congressional democrats and republicans rejected the proposal. Showed weakness of President James Buchanan. Constitution Hall State Historic Site, Lecompton I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Dred Scott v Sandford (March 6, 1857): Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. From 1833 to 1843, he resided in Illinois (a free state) and in the Louisiana Territory. After returning to Missouri, Scott filed suit in Missouri court for his freedom, claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man. Scott's master maintained that no “negro” or descendant of slaves could be a citizen in the sense of Article III of the Constitution. Was Dred Scott free or a slave? Ruled that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban slavery from the states. Enslaved people were property, Congress could not exclude the movement of property. Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional. Enraged the North Essentially opened slavery to the West Forced some Democrats to try and support popular sovereignty without rejecting Dred Scott decision. Frederick Douglass, 1857 I ask, then, any man to read the Constitution, and tell me where, if he can, in what particular that instrument affords the slightest sanction of slavery? Where will he find a guarantee for slavery? Will he find it in the declaration that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law? These all strike at the root of slavery, and any one of them, but faith-fully carried out, would put an end to slavery in every State in the American Union. Douglass, Frederick. "Speech on the Dred Scott Decision 1857." Teachingamericanhistory.org. Web. 29 Aug. 2016. Abraham Lincoln, 1857...our Declaration of Independence was held sacred by all, and thought to include all; but now, to aid in making the bondage of the Negro universal and eternal, it is assailed, and sneered at, and construed, and hawked at, and torn, till, if its framers could rise from their graves, they could not at all recognize it....the Declaration is of no practical use now—mere rubbish... And now I appeal to all—are you really willing that the Declaration shall be thus frittered away?...shorn of its vitality, and practical value; and left without the germ or even the suggestion of the individual rights of man in it? I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (August-October, 1858): Democrat Stephen Douglas vs Republican Abraham Lincoln for senator from Illinois in 7 debates. Douglas was strong supporter of Popular Sovereignty and continued compromise. Lincoln: Moderate - against expansion of slavery, not abolitionist. Dred Scott case was part of a Democratic conspiracy that would lead to the legalization of slavery in all states. “…there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence, the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…” - Abraham Lincoln, 1st Debate. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (August-October, 1858): Freeport Doctrine (August 27, 1858) - Lincoln forced Douglas to rectify Dred Scott decision and popular sovereignty. Douglas said a territory could prevent slavery by failing to pass favorable legislation - Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) invalidated his argument. Douglas refused to accept the Dred Scott decision. Angered pro-slavery Southern Democrats who said Douglas didn’t support slavery enough. Douglas won the Senate seat, but lost support in the South. The South now saw Douglas as an enemy to slavery. Lincoln emerges as a national figure, and becomes the 1860 Republican nominee for president. Stephen Douglas, Debate at Freeport Illinois, 1858 The next question propounded to me by Mr. Lincoln is, can the people of a Territory in any lawful way, against the wishes of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution? I answer emphatically, as Mr. Lincoln has heard me answer a hundred times from every stump in Illinois, that in my opinion the people of a Territory can, by lawful means, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution. Mr. Lincoln knew that I had answered that question over and over again... matters not what way the Supreme Court may hereafter decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go into a Territory under the Constitution, the people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless it is supported by local police regulations...Those police regulations can only be established by the local legislature, and if the people are opposed to slavery they will elect representatives to that body who will by unfriendly legislation effectually prevent the introduction of it into their midst. If, on the contrary, they are for it, their legislation will favor its extension. Hence, no matter what the decision of the Supreme Court may be on that abstract question, still the right of the people to make a slave Territory or a free Territory is perfect and complete... I hope Mr. Lincoln deems my answer satisfactory on that point. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. Lincoln and Douglas Debate, 1858Thousands attended each of the seven Lincoln-Douglas debates. Douglas is shown here sitting to Lincoln’s right in the debate at Charleston, Illinois, in September. On one occasion Lincoln quipped that Douglas’s logic would prove that a horse chestnut was a chestnut horse. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry (Oct. 16-19, 1859): Radical abolitionist - terrified South. Armed sons and formerly enslaved people Attacked federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry Hoped to arm Virginia’s enslaved population and start violent raid. The storming of the engine-house by the United States marines by David Hunter Strother (Nov. 5, 1859). This illustration is one of several in Harper’s Weekly that depicts John Brown’s unsuccessful raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). Brown, a radical abolitionist previously involved in the violence of "Bleeding Kansas," had hoped to capture the arsenal and instigate a slave revolt. He and his co-conspirators were captured, tried, and hanged. The coverage of John Brown’s raid was unusual for Harper’s Weekly since the newspaper usually shied away from the slavery issue so as not to alienate any of its national readership. Editor John Bonner, however, could not resist covering this breaking news story when one of Harper’s top writer-illustrators, David Hunter Strother (pen-name, Porte Crayon), was visiting near Harper’s Ferry and thus able to report the unfolding events. Harper’s Weekly used his illustrated stories in an attempt to sell more newspapers than its chief rival, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper. The coverage, though, generated too much criticism for the cautious editor, so he censored Strother’s final report and illustration of the executions. I will be able to explain the political causes of the Civil War. John Brown Hanged for Treason (December 2, 1859): John Brown was hanged in Charles Town for treason for his raid on the U.S. Armory at Harpers Ferry six weeks earlier. In the North, many hailed him as a hero. In the South, he was viewed as a villain and a true reflection of the North’s intended war on slavery. Rumors of a massive jailbreak circulated in both the North and South. Brown’s death hastened a cascade of events that culminated with the first shots of the Civil War 16 months later. As Brown was brought to the gallows, he handed off a note that read, “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land can never be purged away but with blood.” The jail and gallows were guarded by Virginia troops, including Major Thomas Jackson—later to be known as “Stonewall.” Last Moments of John Brown, by Thomas Hovenden, 1882-84. In 1859 John Brown, the controversial abolitionist, led a raid on a federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), intending to arm enslaved African Americans. Brown had come to believe that the only way to end slavery in America was through bloodshed. Captured and convicted of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, Brown was sentenced to die by hanging. His hasty trial electrified the nation, and a sensational newspaper account reported how he paused on his way to the scaffold to kiss a baby. At the request of a patron two decades later, Hovenden, also an abolitionist, made it the subject of this sympathetic work. 5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession Essential Question: What were the effects of Lincoln’s election? Context: The growth of the Republican party and the realization that they could likely win elections without any Southern votes set the South on edge. Republican policy such as higher tariffs and the goal of halting the expansion of slavery Westward further upset the South prior to the election of Abraham Lincoln I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. Secessionists leaving the Union. American cartoon, ca. 1861, published before the outbreak of the Civil War. I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. Election of 1860: The South feared a Republican election in 1860 would threaten their constitutional right to hold enslaved people which had been affirmed by the Supreme Court. Republicans ran on platform of: Exclusion of slavery from new territories. Protective tariff for industry. Free land for homesteaders. Internal improvements to help Western settlement. Republicans went with the moderate Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln wanted to avoid conflict South threatened to secede if he won. A Fourth Political Party: Former Whigs, Know-Nothings, and moderate Democrats formed Constitutional Union Party. Nominated John Bell Ran on platform of enforcing the Constitution and preserving the union Outcome: Lincoln took all Northern free states - 59% of elector votes Won 39.8% of popular vote. John C. Breckinridge took Deep South, Stephen A. Douglas and John Bell split border states. Affirmed to the South that Republicans could win without a single Southern vote. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men "That the new dogma that the Constitution, of its own force, carries slavery into any or all of the territories of the United States, is a dangerous political heresy, at variance with the explicit provisions of that instrument itself, with contemporaneous exposition, and with legislative and judicial precedent; is revolutionary in its tendency, and subversive of the peace and harmony of the country. That the normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom: That, as our Republican fathers, when they had abolished slavery in all our national territory, ordained that "no persons should be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law," it becomes our duty, by legislation, whenever such legislation is necessary, to maintain this provision of the Constitution against all attempts to violate it; and we deny the authority of Congress, of a territorial legislature, or of any individuals, to givelegal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States. That we brand the recent reopening of the African slave trade, under the cover of our national flag, aided by perversions of judicial power, as a crime against humanity and a burning shame to our country and age; and we call upon Congress to take prompt and efficient measures for the total and final suppression of that execrable traffic [...] That we protest against any sale or alienation to others of the public lands held by actual settlers, and against any view of the free-homestead policy which regards the settlers as paupers or suppliants for public bounty; and we demand the passage by Congress of the complete and satisfactory homestead measure which has already passed the House. I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. Steps Toward Secession: After election, Republicans controlled neither Senate nor Supreme Court Secessionists still called for disunion South Carolina Convention (Dec. 20, 1860) - Voted unanimously to seceded to protect slavery. Within 6 weeks, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas followed February 8, 1861 - Reps from 7 Deep South states meet and create Confederate States of America. Mimicked US Constitution except: Limited gov’t power to make tariffs or restrict slavery Jefferson Davis named President Alexander Stephens named VP A Letter from Georgia, Sept 6, 1860. A.A. Echols Letter to Governor Emory Washburn, 1860 November 12 My convictions were that when Massachusetts, by legislative action, subjects the citizen of a Southern state to a fine of Five Thousand dollars, and imprisonment for five years for making an effort to reclaim his property under the guarantees of the Constitution of his country, such must be regarded as an overt act of aggression upon the rights of the South:... When I found that this general sentiment in opposition to slavery... had become embodied in the organization of a great political Northern party—holding its Sectional Conventions and nominating its sectional candidates for President and Vice President of these United States; and... that this same political party would place in the Presidential Chair who was a fit and true representative of the sentiment of opposition to the South, I then and there declared,..., that the South in justice ought not to submit, and in my opinion would not submit to Mr. Lincoln's administration. The 6th of November comes on... and the Telegraph tells us that Lincoln is elected. Immediately upon the receipt of this information in the North, Federal officers resign, public meetings are called, legislation are convened, and a general cry for State conventions to be held to devise means for the redress of our wrongs. I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. Crittenden Compromise (Dec. 18, 1860): Senator John J. Crittenden (KY), a slave holder, proposed 6 constitutional amendments to the full senate. Article I - restore the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to California. Article II - barred Congress from abolishing slavery within a slave state. Article III - protected slavery in the District of Columbia. Article IV forbade Congress from prohibiting the transport of slaves from one state to another. Article V provided that the federal government would pay full compensation to slaveholders for slaves that they had not been able to recover because of the help of abolitionists. Article VI - blocked all the preceding amendments from being altered and denied Congress the right to ever abolish slavery in states where it existed. I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. Crittenden Compromise (Dec. 18, 1860): Senator John J. Crittenden (KY), a slave holder, proposed 6 constitutional amendments to the full senate. Article I - restore the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to California. Article II - barred Congress from abolishing slavery within a slave state. Article III - protected slavery in the District of Columbia. Article IV forbade Congress from prohibiting the transport of slaves from one state to another. Article V provided that the federal government would pay full compensation to slaveholders for slaves that they had not been able to recover because of the help of abolitionists. Article VI - blocked all the preceding amendments from being altered and denied Congress the right to ever abolish slavery in states where it existed. Rejected!!!!! I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. In his First Inaugural Address, Lincoln argued passionately for the North and the South to preserve the Union. Secessionists leaving the Union. American cartoon, ca. 1861, published before the outbreak of the Civil War. I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural Address: Promised not to interfere with the institution of slavery where it existed. Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861): Federal forts in secession states were important to Union. Rather take military action to take Ft. Sumter in S. Carolina, Lincoln sent them provisions. South Carolina chose to fire on the Union people, beginning the war. Fought for 34 hours, Confederates kept the fort, uniting North to the war effort. I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. Secession in the Upper South: After Lincoln made it clear he would use troops to defend the South, more states seceded. Virginia, N. Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas W. Virginia remained loyal to union and made its own state in 1863 Confederate capital moved to Richmond, Virginia I will be able to explain the effects of Lincoln’s election. Border States: (1) Delaware, (2) Maryland, (3) Missouri, (4) Kentucky were slave states who decided to stay neutral. Maryland - Held railroad to D.C. - Martial Law kept them in the union. Missouri - had pro-south guerilla forces, but stayed in union with federal aid Kentucky - stayed neutral Importance Loss would increase Confederate pop by 50% Strategic buffer Lincoln did not emancipate enslaved people in these states. 5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War Essential Question: What were the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War? Context: The Civil War was caused by growing sectional tension between the North and South. The Civil war was the costliest war in American history, resulting in the loss of 750,000 people. The war resulted in the emancipation of 4 million enslaved people, the rapid industrialization of the North, and the destruction of much of the South. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. MIlitary and Economic Differences: Confederate Advantages: Fighting defensive war at home Long coastline - difficult to blockade High troop morale (believed they were fighting against tyrannical government like revolutionaries). Fighting for “independence” Experienced Military Leaders European demand for cotton (hopefully) Union Advantages: Much larger population (22 million vs. 5.5 million) Bolstered by immigrants and African Americans Loyal US Navy Controlled nations economy Banking, capital, 85% of factories, 70% of railroads, 65% of farmland I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. Confederate States of America (CSA) February 8, 1861: Constitution modeled after U.S. Constitution. Key differences reflecting the principles of states' rights and the preservation of slavery. Confederation Congress could not levy protective tariffs or spend money on internal improvements - which were needed to fight war Challenges: economic hardships, resource shortages, and internal disagreements. Government printed more money to cover expenses, inflation soared. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. Union Strategy: General Winfield Scott had a 3 part plan for victory. Blockade - the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Divide and Conquer: Control the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in half. Gradual Conquest: slow, methodical approach. Blockade: The primary strategy was to block Southern ports along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to prevent the Confederacy from exporting cotton and importing necessary supplies, thereby weakening its economy and war effort. Divide and Conquer: Scott proposed controlling the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in half and limiting its ability to move troops and supplies. Gradual Conquest: Rather than focusing on a swift military victory, the plan aimed for a slow, methodical approach to weaken the Confederacy economically and strategically. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. The Battle Hymn of the Republic (November 1861) by Julia Ward Howe:a devout Christian & abolitionist wrote it to give a religious purpose to the Civil War. Compares the sacrifices of Union soldiers to the sacrifice of Jesus. Saw the mission of Union soldiers as an emancipatory one, a “holy mission” of liberation. Links the judgment of the wicked at the end of the age (through allusions to biblical passages: Isaiah 63:1–6 and Revelation 14:14–19) with the American Civil War. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fatal lightning of his terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on. I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps; They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps; I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps. His Day is marching on. I have read a fiery gospel, writ in burnished rows of steel: “As ye deal with my contemners, so with you my grace shall deal; Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with his heel, Since God is marching on.” He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat; He is sifting out the hearts of men before his judgment-seat: Oh! be swift, my soul, to answer Him! be jubilant, my feet! Our God is marching on. In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea, With a glory in his bosom that transfigures you and me: As he died to make men holy, let us die to make men free, While God is marching on., November 1861, Howe wrote her lyrics to the music of the song "John Brown's Body" in her room in Willard’s Hotel in Washington D.C. The day before, she and thousands of others had attended a review of Union troops at Bailey's Crossroads. In the traffic jam on the way back to town, she had joined in singing the new soldiers’ song, John Brown’s Body.” February 1862, published in the Atlantic. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. Early Confederate Wins: Confederate forces won several notable battles, including the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in July 1861, which boosted Southern morale and created an initial perception of strength. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. More Union Losses: Fredericksburg - Reckless attack under new general Ambrose Burnside. 12,000 union dead to 5,000 confederates Both sides learn this will not end soon. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. Battle of the Ironclads: USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia (formerly known as the USS Merrimack) March 8-9, 1862 Resulted in a stalemate Prevents Confederacy from breaking blockade. New age in naval warfare I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. U.S.S. Monitor battles C.S.S. Virginia (March 9, 1862): fight to a draw off Hampton Roads, Virginia. Lasted for 4 hours. their armor plates easily deflected the cannon shots. C.S.S. Virginia was originally the U.S.S. Merrimack, a 40-gun frigate launched in 1855. Confederates captured it and covered it in heavy armor plating above the waterline. the Virginia pulled back to Norfolk. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. Union Makes Gains: Grant in the West - Led by Ulysses S. Grant - opens Mississippi up to Union attack Confederacy tried to surprise attack at the Battle of Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862), but Union forces a retreat Grant’s drive down Mississippi was completed in 1862 when David Farragut takes New Orleans I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. Trent Affair (November 8-December 27, 1861): Diplomatic crisis that took place between the United States and Great Britain Union warship cruising on the high seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the RMS Trent, and forcibly removed 2 Confederate diplomats bound for Europe. Confederate diplomats intended to seek diplomatic recognition as well as financial & military aid. Lincoln released Trent prisoners. The Trent Affair: January 2, 1862 Of the conduct of Great Britain in this affair it requires unusual self-control to speak in measured language. It is as well known in England as here that the United States are engaged in a life struggle; that every man and every dollar are enlisted in a contest for the maintenance of our nationality; that there never has been a time since the conquest of our independence when this country was less fitted to embark in a foreign war. It requires some self-command to remark upon the conduct of a nation which chooses this moment to offer us the option of war or humiliation. History, we think, may vainly be searched for a parallel. Half a dozen time since 1814 occasions of war have arisen between this country and England, and have always been adjusted by diplomacy. It is only now, when our whole energies are engrossed in a domestic struggle, that England ventures to threaten us with war. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862): Bloodiest Single-Day: 23,000 Strategic Stalemate: McClellan prevented Lee's Confederate invasion of the North. Emancipation Proclamation made the Union’s goal to end slavery International Impact: preventing European powers, particularly Britain and France, from recognizing the Confederacy Bloodiest Single-Day Battle: The Battle of Antietam is recognized as the bloodiest single-day battle in American history. The casualties were staggering, with around 23,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or missing in action. The scale of the carnage highlighted the brutal and deadly nature of the Civil War. Strategic Stalemate: The battle was tactically inconclusive, as neither the Union nor the Confederacy achieved a decisive victory. However, it gave Union General George McClellan a chance to repel General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, preventing a potential Confederate invasion of the North. Lee's Advance Halted: General Robert E. Lee's invasion into Maryland was intended to sway European powers toward recognizing the Confederacy and to garner support from Northern civilians disheartened by the war. However, the Union's ability to repel Lee's forces at Antietam thwarted his plans for a northern invasion and dealt a blow to Confederate morale. Emancipation Proclamation: President Abraham Lincoln had been waiting for a Union victory to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, a significant step toward abolishing slavery. Following the Union's perceived success at Antietam (though it was not a clear-cut victory), Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that slaves in Confederate-held territories would be freed as of January 1, 1863. International Impact: The battle's outcome influenced international opinion and diplomatic relations. The Union's ability to hold its ground at Antietam contributed to preventing European powers, particularly Britain and France, from recognizing the Confederacy, which would have potentially altered the course of the war by providing diplomatic and material support to the South. Impact on War's Course: While Antietam didn't decisively end the Civil War, it did provide a morale boost for the Union and demonstrated that the Confederate forces were not invincible. It emboldened the North and set the stage for future Union offensives. I will be able to explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. Failure of Cotton Diplomacy: “King Cotton” didn’t retain power as Great Britain found other sources of cotton in Egypt & India. Started using wool and linen GB also didn’t recognize Confederacy because of the Battle of Antietam. The Pending Conflict, 1863. Published by Oliver Evans Woods, Philadelphia. Great Britain and France look on while the Americans struggle. Despite repeated pleas from Confederate diplomats for recognition and aid, both France and Britain refrained from intervening in the American conflict—not least because of the Union’s demonstrated strength on the battlefield and its economic importance to European importers. Summary: One of three similar prints published by Oliver Evans Woods, reflecting grave northern fears of British and French interference on behalf of the Confederacy in the Civil War. (See also "The Pending Conflict" and "The Pending Contest," nos. 1864-2 and 1864-3.) The controversy centered on the "Alabama" and other warships built and fitted out for the Confederates in England. French Emperor Napoleon III's military operations in Mexico in 1862 and 1863 were also perceived as dangerous to the North. The print actually appeared in the summer