A&P Test 1 Part 1 of 2 PDF
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Sinclair Community College
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Summary
This document contains an introduction to anatomy and physiology, including the different types of anatomy, what is a function, and the parts of the human body. It begins with basic concepts like anatomical position. It also covers body cavities and membranes. This is likely course material for studying anatomy and physiology.
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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 1. Introduction 1.1 Welcome Instructor: Eric Geiman Office: Room 3012A Contact: ○ Phone: 512-2829 ○ Email: [email protected] 1.2 Course Objective An introduction to the anatomical structure and physiological functio...
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 1. Introduction 1.1 Welcome Instructor: Eric Geiman Office: Room 3012A Contact: ○ Phone: 512-2829 ○ Email: [email protected] 1.2 Course Objective An introduction to the anatomical structure and physiological functions of the human body. 2. Understanding Anatomy and Physiology 2.1 What is Anatomy? Definition: Study of the structure of the body and its parts, and how these parts relate to each other. Types of Anatomy: ○ Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy: Includes regional, systemic, and surface anatomy. ○ Microscopic Anatomy: Study of cells (Cytology) and tissues (Histology). ○ Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): Study of the development of an organism. 2.2 What is Physiology? Definition: Study of the function of the body and its parts. Focus: Examines the cellular and molecular functions of organ systems. 2.3 Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology Complementarity: Understanding the structure (Anatomy) helps in understanding the function (Physiology) and vice versa. Form and Function: The form of a body part is designed to perform a specific function. 3. Structural Organization of the Body 3.1 6 Levels of Organization Chemical: Atoms and molecules essential for life. Cellular: Basic unit of life. Tissue: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function. Organ: Different tissues working together for a common function. Organ System: A group of organs that work together. Organism: The complete living entity. 3.2 11 Organ Systems Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails. Skeletal: Bones, joints. Muscular: Muscles enabling movement. Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Endocrine: Glands secreting hormones. Cardiovascular: Heart and blood vessels. Lymphatic/Immune: Defense against infections. Respiratory: Lungs and air passages. Digestive: Process of breaking down food. Urinary: Kidneys and bladder. Reproductive: Male and female reproductive organs. 4. 8 Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries: Separation between internal and external environments. Movement: Actions by skeletal muscles and within cells. Responsiveness: Ability to sense changes and react. Digestion: Breaking down food for absorption. Metabolism: All chemical reactions within the body. Excretion: Removal of wastes. Reproduction: Production of offspring. Growth: Increase in size or number of cells. 5. The 'Stuff' of Life (5) Nutrients: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Oxygen: Required for metabolic reactions. Water: Most abundant chemical in the body. Normal Body Temperature: Necessary for chemical reactions. Atmospheric Pressure: Necessary for breathing and gas exchange. 6. Homeostasis 6.1 Definition Homeostasis: Body's attempt to maintain internal equilibrium despite external changes. Steady-State: Balance where the needs of the cells are met efficiently. 6.2 Homeostatic Control Factors under control: ○ Red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet counts. ○ Blood pH. ○ Water balance. ○ Salt balance. ○ Protein levels in blood. ○ Blood glucose levels. Endocrine/Nervous Systems: Major control systems for maintaining homeostasis. 6.3 Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback: Reduces or shuts off the original stimulus (e.g., blood glucose regulation). Positive Feedback: Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. ○ Beneficial Positive Feedback: E.g., labor contractions during childbirth, platelet plug formation. ○ Harmful Positive Feedback: E.g., hypovolemic shock. 7. Anatomical Position and Body Planes 7.1 Anatomical Position Standard Position: Facing forward, legs together, arms at the side, palms facing forward. 7.2 Body Planes and Sections Frontal (Coronal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse (Horizontal): Divides the body into superior and inferior parts. Sagittal: Divides the body into left and right parts. ○ Midsagittal: Equal left and right parts. ○ Parasagittal: Unequal left and right parts. Oblique: Cuts at an angle. 8. Body Cavities and Membranes 8.1 Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity: ○ Cranial Cavity: Encases the brain. ○ Vertebral Cavity: Encases the spinal cord. Ventral Body Cavity: ○ Thoracic Cavity: Includes pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum. ○ Abdominopelvic Cavity: Includes digestive organs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and reproductive organs. 8.2 Serosal Membranes Function: Line body cavities and cover organs. Types: ○ Parietal: Lines cavity. ○ Visceral: Covers organ. By understanding these fundamental concepts, students will gain a clearer insight into how the human body is structured and how it functions to maintain life and health. This foundational knowledge is crucial for advancing in the field of Anatomy and Physiology.
