Antro Exam Review PDF 2025

Antro Exam Review Date: Thursday January 23rd 2025 Time: 9:00am-11:00am (2 hours) Location: Room 203 Quizlet:quizlet The following is a breakdown of sections, marks and instructions. Part A: Multiple Choice Questions All answers are to be placed on the Scant...

Antro Exam Review Date: Thursday January 23rd 2025 Time: 9:00am-11:00am (2 hours) Location: Room 203 Quizlet:quizlet The following is a breakdown of sections, marks and instructions. Part A: Multiple Choice Questions All answers are to be placed on the Scantron card. Use pencil. Knowledge & Understanding Select the most appropriate answer for each of the following questions and record your choice on the Scantron Card AND exam. /60 marks Part B: List and Explain You will be given options of THREE (3) questions and you will answer TWO (2 ). Answer the questions using the foolscap paper provided. Communication & Application Choose TWO (2) questions to respond to. You will list out certain concepts/ stages/ steps etc. of concepts we have covered in this class this semester. You will be asked to briefly explain some of these concepts. Make sure you indicate your name on each page. Be sure to double space and produce legible work. Check the rubric on the /20 marks next page for success criteria. Each question is worth 10 marks. 10 marks per question Part C: Paragraph Responses You will be given options of THREE (3) questions and you will answer TWO (2 ). Answer the questions using the foolscap paper provided. Communication Choose TWO (2) of the THREE (3) questions to answer in paragraph format. Answer the questions using the foolscap paper provided. Provide examples using specific details and make connections to the ideas and concepts you have explored during the course. Make sure you indicate your name on each page. Be sure to double space and produce legible work.. Each question is worth 10 marks. /20 marks 10 marks per question Review the following key terms, key figures and concepts listed below. Remember definitions and consider real life examples of key concepts. Review the textbook, slides and your notes. I have tried to include as many specific concepts that I can, as well as important case studies or experiments to know- but do not limit your studying to ONLY what is listed here. This is just where I would focus! Part A is multiple choice- there are a lot of concepts listed here- but you have to remember that this is a knowledge section so know the basics! The multiple choice questions will also not ask for insignificant details (such as the name of Charles Darwin’s boat) so don’t focus on those! This is why I gave so many examples during this course- connect concepts to examples and it will make studying easier! I organized the concepts into the units they were taught in to make it easier to organize! Unit Unit 1 Intro to Social Science Unit 2 Anthropology Unit 3 Psychology Unit 4 Sociology →​ The Death Penalty: →​ Charles Darwin →​ Schools of Psychology →​ Emile Durkheim: A founding Abolished in 1976 (Canada) ○​ Natural Selection: Foundation ○​ Psychodynamic: The belief that sociologist who studied the role of ○​ Prime Minister: Canada of evolutionary theory; survival unlocking the conscious mind is the key social structures in shaping abolished the death of the fittest to understanding human behavior penalty for first degree →​ Human Evolution behaviour/relationships (Sigmund Freud →​ Types of Suicide: murder under the ○​ How long have homo sapiens & Karen Horney) ○​ Egoistic: Low social integration leadership of Pierre Eliot been around?: 200,000 years ○​ Humanist Psychology: Focuses on the (isolation) Trudeau →​ Radiometric Dating: Accurate positive side of human nature and and ○​ Altruistic: Excessive social ○​ Retribution vs methods to date fossils and personal growth (Abraham Maslow & integration (sacrifice for the Deterrence Argument: artifacts Carl Rogers) group) Retribution: The act of →​ Humans and Primates ○​ Behavioural: Focuses on observable ○​ Anomic: Low social regulation revenge - Deterrence: ○​ Why study them?: Our closest behaviour (Ivan Pavlov & B.K. Skinner) (sudden societal change) Discourages/intended to living biological relatives ○​ Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental ○​ Fatalistic: Excessive social discourage someone (provide insights into human processes (Albert Bandung & Elizabeth regulation (no hope for change) Part A from doing something evolution, biology, and Lotus) →​ 4 Categories of Socialization (The death penalty is behaviour - plays important →​ The Marshmallow Experiment: Children ○​ Primary: Early childhood NOT a deterrent, crime roles in the livelihoods, were given a marshmallow and if they learning of norms and values from family rates increased in death cultures, and religions of many waited 15 minutes without eating it they got ○​ Secondary: Socialization penalty states) societies) rewarded with another through institutions like schools →​ Ethical Guidelines: Clear ○​ Difference in DNA: Humans →​ Kitty Genovese workplaces, and peers guidelines that social and chimpanzees share 98.4% ○​ The Bystander Effect: A concept used to ○​ Anticipatory: Preparing for scientists must follow in of their genetic material explain why the larger the number of future roles order to ensure that research ○​ Resocialization: Learning new →​ Subsections of Physical people in a group, the less likely it is that is ethical - Protection, norms, values, and behaviours Informed consent, Privacy, Anthropology: Paleo individuals will stop to hear someone in →​ Concept of Self: A self-dynamic, Debriefing, Approval anthropology, and primatology, an emergency socially constructed concept →​ Ways to research Social genetics, human ecology, →​ Abraham Maslow’s influenced by interactions with Science: Case studies, Same bioarchaeology and forensics ○​ Hierarchy of Needs: People need to others surveys, Experiments, ○​ Looking Glass: A theory →​ Louis Leaky and his ladies meet basic needs Interviews, Observation suggesting that self-concept →​ Viktor Frankl develops through how we  (unstructured, structured and →​ Louis Leaky: The pioneer of the ○​ Logotherapy: Finding meaning in life imagine others perceive us (we participant) study of human evolutionary even when going through hard times imagine how we appear to →​ Examples of Unethical Case others, we interpret others’ development in Africa →​ Alfred Adler Studies: reactions, we develop ○​ Jane Goodall: Chimpanzees ○​ Inferiority Complex: A basic feeling of ○​ Stanley Milgram - self-feelings) Subway Experiment: (Tanzania) inadequacy and insecurity ○​ I vs Me Self: Researchers asked ○​ Dian Fossey: Gorillas →​ Albert Bandura ○​ I: The spontaneous, active passengers to give up (Rwanda) ○​ Social Learning Theory: Suggests that aspect of the self their seats without a valid ○​ Birute Galdikas: Orangutans social behaviour is learned by observing ○​ Me: The reflective, socially reason, revealing how aware self, shaped by societal (Borneo) and imitating the behaviour of others strongly people follow expectations social norms in public →​ Margaret Mead: Ethnographic ○​ Bobo Doll Experiment: Lead him to ○​ Status Set: The collection of all speeches research in Samoa challenged decide on a perspective of personality social statuses a person holds ○​ Philip Zimbardo - The Western views on gender and →​ Myers-Briggs Personality Test simultaneously Stanford Prison society ○​ How is it used today?: A widely used →​ Institutionalization: The process Experiment: Participants through which behaviours, norms, →​ Cultural Diffusion: Theory that tool for understanding personality types were randomly assigned or roles become established and roles as prisoners or civilization began in one specific today regularized within a society or guards, and the place, then spread throughout the →​ Philip Zimbardo: Conductor of the institution experiment quickly world experiment →​ Degradation Ceremony: The escalated into abusive →​ Bronislaw Malinowski: Studied ○​ Stanford Prison Experiment: A study on process in which an individual’s behaviour - the study the Functional Theory in cultures identity is publicly stripped and how situational factors influence was ended prematurely replaced (Famous work: New behaviour due to harm caused to →​ Formal v. Informal Sanctions: the participants Guinea/Trobriand Islands) →​ Nature v. Nurture: Debate about whether ○​ Formal: Official responses to →​ Theories of Civilization: genetics (nature) or environment/experience behavior (laws, fines, rewards) Concentrate on society’s structure, (nurture) has a greater impact on ○​ Informal: Unofficial responses development and behaviour (social disapproval, praise) farming, trade and leadership →​ Parts of the brain and their functions →​ Stanley Milgram’s Shock →​ Ethnocentrism: Thinking your ○​ Frontal Lobe: Decision-making, Experiment: Participants believed own culture is better than another problem-solving, and motor function they were administering shocks to culture ○​ Parietal Lobe: Sensory information others, revealing how people →​ Acculturation Theory: Tries to processing comply with authority even when it understand how people view ○​ Temporal Lobe: Hearing, memory, and conflicts with personal ethics themselves in terms of their ethnic language. →​ Norms, roles and values identity at the time of the study ○​ Occipital Lobe: Visual processing. ○​ Norms: Social rules guiding ○​ Assimilation: Associating with ○​ Cerebellum: Balance and coordination. behavior (e.g., shaking hands) the dominant culture ○​ Brainstem: Basic life functions ○​ Roles: Expected behaviours tied ○​ Integration: Accommodating (breathing, heartbeat to social positions (e.g., teacher, both cultures →​ Chromosomes: Structures in cells carrying parent) ○​ Separation: Rejecting the genetic information (humans have 23 pairs ○​ Values: Deeply held beliefs dominant culture of chromosomes - 46 total) about what is good, right, and ○​ Marginalization: Relating to important in society →​ The Human Genome Project: A scientific the culture of the region effort to map all human genes. Completed →​ Non-Dominant Strategies: Integration and Separation  in 2003, it has advanced understanding of genetics and medicine →​ The Flynn Effect: The observed increase in IQ scores over generations, suggesting that intelligence levels are rising over time →​ Case- Romanian Orphans: Highlights the effects of severe deprivation on child development →​ The Glass Ceiling Theory: Describes the invisible barriers that prevent certain groups (women and minorities) from advancing to leadership positions →​ Consensus Model: Emphasizes agreement and cooperation among individuals within a group or society →​ Intrinsic Motivation: Comes from internal desires (personal satisfaction) →​ Extrinsic Motivation: Driven by external rewards (money/praise) →​ Negativity Bias: The tendency to focus more on negative events or emotions than positive ones →​ How many Canadians suffer with Mental Health issues?: Approximately 1 in 5 Canadians →​ Psychotic Disorders: A severe mental disorder that disrupts a person’s thoughts and perceptions, making it difficult to distinguish reality →​ Neurotic Disorders: Include anxiety and depression, are characterized by emotional distress and difficulty coping with everyday challenges but do not involve loss of reality →​ Phobias: Intense, irrational fears of specific objects, activities, or situations ○​ Heights (acrophobia) ○​ Spiders (arachnophobia) →​ Causes of OCD: Combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors,  includes abnormalities in brain structure and traumatic experiences →​ Antisocial Personality Disorder: A disregard for others’ rights, lack of empathy, and manipulative or harmful behaviour →​ Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder involving hallucinations, delusions and disorganized thinking (impair an individual's ability to perceive reality) →​ Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: ○​ Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-18 months) ○​ Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (18 months-3 years) ○​ Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years) ○​ Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years) ○​ Identity vs. Confusion (12-18 years) ○​ Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40 years) ○​ Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years) ○​ Integrity vs. Despair (over 65 years) →​ Mary Ainsworth: A developmental psychologist known for her work on attachment theory and the Strange Situations ○​ The Strange Situation Experiment: Observing how infants reacted to separation and reunion with their caregiver, identifying attachment styles →​ Attachment Styles: secure (healthy bonds), avoidant (distant bonds), and anxious (clingy and insecure bonds) →​ Factors that affect Conformity: Group size, unanimity, cultural norms, and individual traits like self-esteem →​ Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development: Outlines three levels of moral reasoning: pre-conventional (self-interest), conventional (upholding laws and rules), and post-conventional (universal ethical principles) →​ Sigmund Freud: The founder of psychoanalysis and proposed theories about the unconscious mind, psychosexual  developement, and the structure of personality ○​ Id: The primal, pleasure-seeking part of the mind ○​ Ego: The rational part that balances the id and superego ○​ Superego: The moral conscience that guides behavior →​ Stockholm Syndrome: Occurs when hostages develop emotional bonds with their captors (often used as a survival mechanism in high-stress situations) ○​ Patty Hearst: An heiress who was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, later joining their actives under duress (Stockholm Syndrome) →​ Cults and their leaders: Charismatic leaders manipulate followers using psychological control, often isolating them from external influences 😛 Part B Short Answers- I have included possible concepts to know more in depth for the short answer questions- if they are not listed below they are not a concept that the short answers covers! (I have also listed concepts that may NOT be in the short answers- I can’t give you all the answers! ) ​ Common Research Methods used by Social Scientists ​ What are they, examples of when you would use each method and drawbacks of using each method ○​ Surveys: Used when gathering information from a large population ​ Drawback: Potential for biased responses, non-response issues ○​ Experiments: Used when testing hypotheses in a controlled environment ​ Drawback: Ethical concerns, artificial settings may not reflect real-life behaviour ○​ Case Studies: Used for detailed investigation of rare or unique cases ​ Drawback: Limited generalizability, can be time-consuming ○​ Observational Studies: Used for studying behaviour in natural settings ​ Drawback: Observer bias, lack of control over variables ​ Case Studies/ Experiments (Who was involved, what was the purpose, what were the results) ○​ Stanley Milgram’s Subway Experiment: ​ Purpose: Studied how people react to unspoken social norms in public places ​ Result: Found that people often conform to social norms, even in unusual sit  ○​ Stanley Milgram’s Shock experiments ​ Purpose: Investigated obedience to authority ​ Result: Demonstrated that people will follow authority figures, even when asked to do something harmful ○​ Honda Plant Case Study ​ Purpose: Explored corporate culture and its influence on employee productivity ​ Result: Showed the impact of employee satisfaction and organizational environment on work efficiency ○​ The Strange Situation Experiment & Attachment Styles ​ Purpose: Studied attachment patterns in infants ​ Result: Identified attachment styles: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant ○​ Romanian Orphans Case Study ​ Purpose: Examined the effects of institutionalization on child development ​ Result: Found that children in orphanages with little care had delayed development ○​ Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment ​ Purpose: Studied how people conform to roles in a prison setting ​ Result: Found that participants quickly became abusive or stressed based on their roles as guards or prisoners ○​ The Three Identical Strangers ​ Purpose: Investigated three identical triplets separated at birth ​ Result: Found that despite different upbringings, the triplets shared many similar traits and behaviours ○​ Ik People of Uganda ​ Purpose: Studied the behaviour of the Ik people in harsh living conditions ​ Result: Found that the Ik people developed selfish behaviours due to survival needs ○​ The Murder of Kitty Genovese ​ Purpose: Investigated the bystander effect when Kitty Genovese was murdered ​ Result: Showed that people are less likely to help in emergencies when others are around ​ The Ethical Standards of Social Science Research ​ What are they and why are they important? ○​ Ethical standards are guidelines researchers follow to ensure their studies are conducted responsibly and with respect for participants ​ Protection ​ Informed Consent ​ Privacy ​ Debriefing ​ Approval ○​ These standards are important because they protect the rights and well-being of participants and ensure the credibility of research. Ethical guidelines help maintain trust in the research process and prevent exploitation or harm. ​ The Anthropological Schools of Thought ​ Defining characteristics and examples of how they are seen in society ○​ Cultural Anthropology: Focuses on the study of cultural norms and values ​ Example: Examines cultural practices like traditions, rituals, or family structures ○​ Archaeological Anthropology: Studies past human societies through material remains ​ Example: Helps understand ancient civilizations through digs and artifacts ○​ Biological Anthropology: Focuses on the biological aspects of humans, such as evolution ​ Example: Studying human evolution and genetics ○​ Linguistic Anthropology: Studies how language influences culture ​ Example: Investigating how language shapes identity and communication ​ The Psychological Schools of Thought ​ Defining Characteristics and who is associated with each School of Thought ○​ Psychodynamic: Founded by Sigmund Freud, it focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences. ○​ Behaviorism: Founded by B.F. Skinner, John Watson, it focuses on observable behavior and how it's influenced by the environment ○​ Cognitive Psychology: Founded by Jean Piaget, it studies mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving ○​ Humanistic Psychology: Founded by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers), it emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization ○​ Biological Psychology: Focuses on the connection between the brain, nervous system, and behavior (no specific founder) ​ The six Factors of Conformity ​ What are they, how do they influence behaviour and provide examples ○​ Group Size: Larger groups can increase conformity ​ Example: In a large group, more people may feel more pressured to conform ○​ Unanimity: People are more likely to conform if everyone else agrees ​ Example: If majority of people are doing something, a person may conform by doing the same thing ○​ Public vs. Private Response: ​ Public Response: People conform more when others are watching ​ Private Response: People are more likely to act according to their true beliefs when no one is around ○​ Self-Esteem: ​ Low self-esteem - more likely to conform to fit in ​ High self-esteem - less likely to conform and are more confident in their own beliefs ○​ Ambiguous Situation or Difficult Task: Participants look to others for cues on how to react, greater conformity ○​ Status of Members or Group: If a group member is knowledgeable or of higher status, people are more likely to conform ​ The Stages of Resocialization ​ What is involved in the stages and how do they impact the resocialization of an individual  ○​ Resocialization is the process of learning new norms and values, typically when entering a new environment ​ Degradation Ceremony: The person’s previous identity is stripped away (e.g., prison inmates, military training) ​ Role Exit: The individual disengages from their former role or identity ​ Reorientation: The person learns new behaviors and attitudes ○​ Resocialization helps individuals adapt to new environments or roles. It can be transformative, requiring significant changes in attitudes, behaviors, and social connections. Part C Long Answer- I have included possible concepts to know more in depth for the long answer question- if they are not listed below they are not a concept that the long answers covers! (I have also listed concepts that may NOT be in the long answers- I can’t give you all the answers! 😛) Socialization: The process by which individuals learn and adopt the Nature vs. Nurture Debate: The debate about whether genetics (nature) or behaviours, values, and norms of their society or group environment (nurture) has a greater impact on human behavior. ​ Categories of Socialization ​ Examples of what is Nature and what is Nurture ○​ Primary Socialization: Early childhood learning of basic norms ○​ Nature: Inherited traits like being tall or having a high IQ and values ○​ Nurture: A child learning to speak the language spoken at home ○​ Secondary Socialization: Learning of norms and values outside ​ Case studies related to Nature vs. Nurture debate the home (e.g., at school, work) ○​ Example 1: Romanian Orphans – Orphans raised in poor ○​ Anticipatory Socialization: Preparing for future roles (e.g., a conditions showed delayed development, suggesting the student preparing for a career) impact of environment ○​ Resocialization: Learning new norms when entering a new ○​ Example 2: Twin Studies – Twins raised apart have similar environment (e.g., prison or the military) behaviors, supporting nature’s role ​ Agents of Socialization: The people, groups, and institutions that ​ Neurotic Disorders: Mental health disorders characterized by anxiety, influence socialization depression, and emotional instability ○​ Family: Teaches primary social norms (e.g., manners) ○​ Example: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), where ○​ School: Teaches academic knowledge and social rules individuals worry excessively. ○​ Peers: Influence behaviors and attitudes ​ Psychotic Disorders: Severe mental health disorders where individuals ○​ Media: Shapes views on society and cultural trends lose touch with reality ○​ Workplace: Teaches professional norms and roles ○​ Example: Schizophrenia, where people experience ​ Feral/ Isolated Children: Children who grow up without normal human hallucinations or delusions interaction or socialization ○​ Example: The case of Genie, a girl raised in isolation, showed that lack of socialization leads to severe developmental delays. ​ Developmental Theories: Theories that explain how individuals grow and change throughout their lives ○​ Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory: Children move through stages of intellectual development  ○​ Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Emphasizes social and emotional growth at different life stages ​ Learning Theories: Theories focusing on how individuals learn behaviours ○​ Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner): Behavior is learned through rewards and punishments ○​ Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): Learning occurs through observing others and imitating their actions Moral Development: The process by which individuals develop an Society’s Roles, Norms and Values understanding of right and wrong. ​ Define each and provide an example ​ Kholberg’s Theory of Moral Development: A theory proposing that ○​ Roles: Expected behaviors and responsibilities of individuals in moral reasoning develops through three levels: society (e.g., teacher, parent) ○​ Pre-conventional: Focus on rewards and punishments ○​ Norms: Accepted standards of behavior in a society (e.g., ○​ Conventional: Focus on social norms and laws waiting in line) ○​ Post-conventional: Focus on abstract principles of justice and ○​ Values: Shared beliefs about what is good or important (e.g., rights respect, honesty) ​ Gilligan’s Gender Based Moral Theory: A theory proposing that men ​ The Looking Glass Theory: Proposed by Charles Cooley, this theory and women develop moral reasoning differently. Men tend to focus on suggests that individuals form their self-concept based on how they justice, while women focus on care and relationships think others perceive them ○​ Example: Men may prioritize fairness, while women might ○​ Example: A person may behave differently based on how they focus on empathy in moral decisions believe others view them ​ Gender roles and expectations: Societal norms dictating how ​ I and Me Mindset: From George Herbert Mead’s theory, the “I” is the individuals of different genders should behave spontaneous, individual aspect of self, while the “Me” is the socialized, ○​ Example: Women are often expected to be caregivers, while conforming aspect of self men are expected to be providers ○​ Example: The “I” acts impulsively, but the “Me” follows social expectations ​ Degradation Ceremonies: Rituals that strip away an individual’s previous identity to enforce social conformity (e.g., initiation rites) ○​ Example: In prison, inmates undergo a degradation ceremony when they are stripped of their previous identity (e.g., given a uniform) ​ Role of socialization in teaching Roles, Norms and Values: Socialization teaches individuals the roles, norms, and values of their society. ○​ Example: Through socialization, children learn how to behave in school, at home, and in the community, adopting the values of the larger society