Antebellum Test Study Guide PDF

Birnboim 1 Kayla Birnboim Mrs. Degen Social Studies Period 7 17 December 2024 Antebellum Test December 19th Eli Whitney: Born in Westboro, Massachusetts DOB - December 8th, 1765 His mother died when he was 11 W...

Birnboim 1 Kayla Birnboim Mrs. Degen Social Studies Period 7 17 December 2024 Antebellum Test December 19th Eli Whitney: Born in Westboro, Massachusetts DOB - December 8th, 1765 His mother died when he was 11 Worked in his father's shop as a boy → took things apart and put them back together At 14 he started his own business making and selling nails in his father's workshop (during the Revolutionary War) Worked as a school teacher and farmer Saved enough money to go to Yale University After graduating from Yale he studied law but failed to finish because he couldn’t pay tuition Decided to make his fortune by moving to the South Met Revolutionary War hero Nathaniel Greene’s widow She invited him to visit her family’s plantation in Georgia Mrs. Greene and he soon to be husband Phineas Miller welcomed him The two men later became business partners Saw how slaves struggled → “helped” them by creating cotton gin (ironic) After creating the cotton gin he lost much of his profits in legal battles over patent infringements In the years before he died Eli invented mechanical devices to help ease the pain of his prostate cancer  Birnboim 2 Died January 8th, 1825 (60 years old) Left behind a widow and 4 children Historical Significance - He was the creator of the cotton gin Brought back slavery to the South in the act of trying to help the slaves Before Cotton Gin: Three Cash Crops - tobacco, rice, indigo The land was getting ruined by cash crops The demand for slaves was lowering The North became more urban and industrialized The South remained largely rural Two events changed life in the South: ○ A boom in textiles caused by the Industrial Revolution created a huge demand for Cotton. ○ Second, a new invention (cotton gin) allowed the South to satisfy that demand Immigration, industry, and cities grew in the North Cotton was not profitable since it was very hard to remove seeds Cotton seeds had to be picked out by hand ○ This work was mostly done by slaves or younger children Picking cotton was slow and painful on the hands Cotton Gin: Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 Created Cotton Gin to speed up the process of removing seeds from cotton  Birnboim 3 Only took one person to use → reduced the number of slaves doing one job and allowed them to be more spread out It took way fewer people and time to separate seeds Cotton production increased dramatically Cotton growing became more profitable Cotton has now become the new cash crop The cotton gin was used for: Clothes Shades Sheets and bedding Paper and gunpowder Exported to Britain Fabric Pros: Cons: Brought down prices Brought back slavery Revived economy Made South a one-crop economy Cotton Boom → Farmers mainly grew Souths economy was dependent on cotton cotton Everything was made easier and Used-up nutrients in the soil quicker Labor intensive Inexpensive to market It can be stored for long periods of time Lightweight, so easy and cheap to transport Historical Significance - The cotton gin was a revolutionary technology  Birnboim 4 A worker could process 50 times more cotton fiber with the gin than by hand Cotton growing became far more profitable The cotton gin also brought back slavery which was dying out The United States produced more than half the cotton grown in the world by 1840 Interchangeable Parts: The cotton gin was made with interchangeable parts One person could make all of one apart and another of a different part instead of one person needing to make all the parts for only one item If a part broke you could just take that same part from another one to fix it rather than make a whole new one Eli Whitney popularized interchangeable parts but was used before also Historical Significance - Progressed and helped develop the factory systems Allowed the work to be completed even faster Cotton Kingdom: A bunch of plantations together became known as the Cotton Kingdom Instead of focusing on being industrial, the cotton kingdom focused on agriculture The soil in the South was ideal for cotton The North became more industrialized and urban South remained rural Cotton is King: Turned South into a one-crop economy  Birnboim 5 The Industrial Revolution created a huge demand for cotton Historical Significance - Souths economy relied on Cotton If cotton production dropped so would their economy Slavery: Was originally dying out because the cash crops were ruing the ground Came back because of the cotton gin Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 African Americans were put to work because of their skin color Slaves were objectified and sold at auctions Slaves had different “values” based on their gender, looks, abilities, and age Huge slave auctions were held Slaves would mainly either work on plantations or in the houses of plantation workers but there were many different jobs for them Slaves were responsible for clearing land and planting and harvesting crops Some slaves became skilled workers such as carpenters and blacksmiths ○ The blacksmith was considered a skilled craftsman and therefore more valuable than field hands which included women and young children North Views on Slavery: South Views on Slavery: Abolitionists - thought slavery was I thought slavery was good wrong They grew up taught it is good Industrial Revolution - created Brought economy; made things machines cheaper Fewer people need to work Gave them hope to own slave Thought slaves were taking their jobs Had plantations and needed people to  Birnboim 6 With the market revolution, people work in plantations just went out and bought things If they freed the slaves the economy instead of producing them on their would drop own Free labor Didn’t have plantations for slaves to Thought they were doing the right work in thing Thought white-skinned people were Was the North complicit in Slavery? better Although they didn’t have slaves they Status symbol still supported the South by buying Thought they were doing slaves a cotton from the South that was made favor by the slaves The majority of their population was slaves Historical Significance - Slavery was a crucial reason of the Civil War They thought it was ok back then but obviously looking at it now it is extremely racist and not ok Played a crucial role in the South's economy Helped states get started when first developing America Abolish: A·bol·ish /əˈbäliSH/ verb formally put an end to (a system, practice, or institution) The North wanted slavery completely abolished South couldn’t abolish slavery since their economy depended on it North abolished slavery before the South  Birnboim 7 Slave Codes: Laws meant to keep slaves from running away and rebelling Capital crimes are punishable by death Considered offensive when committed by a slave or free-colored person Limited slaves and completely Controlled slaves live Didn’t give them any flexibility or power Slave Codes Examples: Couldn’t gather in groups larger than three ○ To make sure they weren’t planning anything bad such as a rebellion Slaves couldn't leave plantation land without a written pass ○ Didn’t want them to escape Slaves couldn’t own any guns or weapons Slaves couldn’t kill anyone ○ The punishment for manslaughter could be whipping, branding, and possibly execution Slaves couldn’t testify in court Slaves couldn’t learn to read or write ○ Didn’t want them to have any knowledge to limit their power Couldn’t teach slaves to read or write Historical Significance - Wanted to keep their power Didn’t want slaves to run away or rebel Limited every aspect of their lives Harriet Beecher Stowe: Wrote a book called Uncle Tom’s Cabin  Birnboim 8 Author Opened eyes about slavery, especially in the North Was a major abolitionist Blamed both North and South for Slavery Historical Significance - Opened everyone's eyes to slavery and told them how bad it really was William Henry Seward: Bought Alaska Said America should either be an entirely slave country or an entirely free country Managed international affairs during the Civil War Was a politician Historical Significance - Risked his career for the abolition of slavery Nat Turner: He was born on the property of a small plantation owner in a remote area of Virginia His mother was an African native who transmitted a passionate hatred of slavery to him He learned to read from one of his master's sons and absorbed religious training In the early 1820s, he was sold to a neighboring farmer He began to exert a powerful influence on many nearby slaves who called him “The Prophet” He was sold again to a craftsman He saw a sign in the form of an eclipse that caused him to believe it was time to rebel He gathered armor from the armory in Jerusalem and many recruits to the east where capture would be difficult  Birnboim 9 On the night of August 21 with seven fellow slaves he launched a campaign to murder his master and his family in their sleep Set forth on a bloody march towards Jerusalem in two days and nights about 60 white people were killed. Around 100 to 200 African Americans were killed in the revolt Turner was not captured and survived in hiding for more than 30 days afterward Historical Significance - The rebellion led to harsher slave laws Increased restrictions on enslaved people's movement and education Peculiar Institution: Was another name for slavery Used this name to make slavery sound better and more normal Historical Significance - This is a name that sugarcoats slavery and makes it seem not as bad as it actually is Overseer: A person who makes sure the slaves are doing their job and not falling behind Bigger process for everything Many jobs Watched slaves Strict rules Punish slaves Lived in a separate little house closer to the slaves  Birnboim 10 Historical Significance - Was completely in charge of slaves Was responsible for them Had to make sure they didn’t break any slave codes Leading up to the Missouri Compromise: The Founding Fathers couldn’t agree on the amount of Federal control North- stronger federal control South- wanted a stronger state government (slaves) North - wanted higher tariffs - wanted people to buy goods from inside the U.S. South - wanted lower tariffs - wanted Europe to keep buying cotton from them Slavery ended in the North because it wasn’t so profitable for them North relied on immigrants as paid laborers South thought G-d intended black people should be slaves South claimed enslaved people were happier than immigrants working in the North There were 11 free states and 11 slave states Sectionalism: Overemphasized political, economic, and social loyalty to a region of a country rather than the country as a whole Missouri Compromise of 1820: In 1819 Missouri applied to join as a slave state Representative James Tallmadge from New York opposed this Proposed that Missouri be admitted as a slave state ONLY if it agrees to eventually outlaw slavery There were 11 slave states and 11 free states and neither North nor South wanted political power to shift Missouri would be the first state West of the Mississippi River  Birnboim 11 Henry Clay came up with a compromise: Missouri will be admitted as a slave state Maine will break off from Massachusets Maine will be a free state Becomes 12 slave states and 12 free states Historical Significance - Planted the seeds for the Civil War Created a lot of arguments between North and South Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser): Until the Missouri Compromise, we thought he was corrupt and selfish Came up with the 36 30 compromise Historical Significance - He tried to change and do what was best for the country but ultimately tore it apart 36 30 Line: All states above the 36 30 line would be free states except Missouri All states under the 36 30 line will be slave states Marked boundary between slave and free states Neither North nor South was happy though Was a precarious (not very stable or secure) compromise and was destined to “collapse” eventually  Birnboim 12 Historical Significance - Thomas Jefferson said “This is a reprieve only, not a final right” indicating this isn’t over yet and foreshadowing that this will eventually lead to a Civil war They were trying hard to give them what they wanted and keep them together and happy but physically and metaphorically creating a line and separation in the country Balance of power: There needed to be an equal amount of slave and free states 11 slave states and 11 free states turned into 12 slave states and 12 free states after the Missouri Compromise Staying equal ensures they keep their voice They felt they needed to keep an equal amount of slave and free states Made choosing things harder but fairer Historical Significance - Needed to make sure North and South had an equal amount of power so one side didn’t always get what they wanted Differences Between North and South: North: Before the Missouri Compromise- 11 South: Before the Missouri Compromise- 11 free After- 12 free slave After- 12 slave Cooler climate Warmer Climate More industrial More fertile soil Thought the South was old-timey and One crop economy not as modern Favored lower tariffs Had more cities and people Wanted individual state governments  Birnboim 13 Free school Treated slaves as less/objects/animals More trains Wanted slaves to count towards their Bigger population (not including population (more representatives) slaves) The economy depended on slaves Favored high tariffs (tax on imports) Used slaves in plantations Favored more active federal Used boats more often than trains for government transportation Europen Immigrant workers Had children working instead of going Free States to school Still benefited from slaves by using Used religion to support slavery their cotton Tend to ally with the Democratic party Abolished slavery Gravitated towards military careers as Soil and climate favored small farms well as agriculture instead of big plantations Slaves had no rights Natural resources such as iron and The wealthy, white, land owners had copper the most power More modern Used trains for transportation Everyone needed to go to school Majority Whig/Republican More equal then South Blacks had rights but not as many as Whites Differences Between Industrialization and Agriculture: Industrialization: Agriculture: Machines Plantations Factories Farms  Birnboim 14 More modern Slaves Mainly used in North Mainly used in South