ANSCI Exam 3 Horses PDF

Horses: Taxonomy: Phylum: chordata Subphylum: vertebrata Class: mammalia Order: Perissodactyla* - odd/single toed, horses have one Family: Equidae Genus: equus Species: …varies… Genus: Equus + Species Equus asinus → asses and donkeys Equus caballus → true horse Equus prze...

Horses: Taxonomy: Phylum: chordata Subphylum: vertebrata Class: mammalia Order: Perissodactyla* - odd/single toed, horses have one Family: Equidae Genus: equus Species: …varies… Genus: Equus + Species Equus asinus → asses and donkeys Equus caballus → true horse Equus przewalskis → Przewalski’s horse Equus burchelli → grant’s zebra, burchell’s zebra, chapman’s zebra, quagga, other subspec. Equus grevyi → Grevy’s zebra Equus heinous → onagers of Asia + the Midease Equus zebra → mountain zebra of S. Africa History of the Horse: 8k yrs ago: Equus went extinct in Western hemisphere 5k yrs: domestication in the Eastern hemisphere - 1493 - columbus brings to West Indies - 1519 - cortes brings to NA - 1530 - de Soto brought horses - Late 1500s/early 1600s - Spanish bring horses + livestock to NA - 1500s-1700s - native americans have the horse, spread across western land Europe: draft horses + shetland ponies Asia + Middle East: lighter, agile horses 1750-1890: wild horses flourish in wild west (until end of civil war) 1890s-1920s: horses are draft animals 1960s → horse pop drops for a while b/c cars exist, rises back up for recreation purposes (43 rec, 17 show, 17 racing, 8 work horses, 2 Amish, 12 other) Current World Distribution of Horses: Total: 59 mil, account for US = 16, South America = 25, Asia = 12, Aus = 13, China = 12 Hybrid Industry → go into agriculture + sports/recreation + entertainment Horses and horsefood come from agriculture sector, most ppl who have horses not in ag Geogtaphic Distribution: Most horses + economy - TX > CA > FL > OK > KY Income Distribution: Spread out distribution for household income 2024 estimate: 8,600-16,400 ○ show/comp: 26k-37k ○ Board, feed, vet, farrier, training, insurance Breeds + Classification of Horses: Breed - grp w/ common ancestory in which the indivs resemble one another, pass sim traits to offspring Size, Weight, height: Temperament Draft - Coldblooded - Light - > 14.2 hands Warmblooded Pony - < 14.2 hands Pony Draft Breeds - “Coldblooded” Origin = europe Height = 14.2-19 hands Weight = 1400-2000lbs Heavy, solid, strong horses w/ calm temperament Percheron, belgian, Clydestable, Shire, Suffolk Light Breeds - “Warmbloods + Hotbloods” Origin = Europe, Asia, NA, SA Height = 14.2-17.2 hands Weight = 900-1400lbs Purpose = riding, driving, racing, etc Quarterhorse, thoroughbred, paint, standardbred Imported Light breeds ○ Thoroughbred → SPEED (Hotblood, ¾-2 mi) ○ Arabians → intelligence, durability, stamina Breeds Dev in US - Quarter horse ○ Working cow horse ○ speed @ short distances Ponies - Origin = europe, asia, NA, SA - Height = 4yr Gelding = castrated male Donkeys: 42.8 mil donkeys (US = 52k - 0.12%) Registered breeds: ○ American standard ○ Spanish donkey ○ Mini mediterranean donkey ○ American spotted ass Male Donkey = Jack Female Donkey = Jennet Purpose: work animals Characteristics: horse size/body shape w/ a shorter, thicker head, longer ears, braying voice, no chestnuts on hindlegs Classification: draft, pack/work, saddle, jumping, or miniature Reproduction - Puberty: → Fillies enter around 2nd spring (@ ~ 15 months) Season: fillies born early in 1 season may reach puberty as soon as next season begins (~12 mos) Nutrition: poor nutrition = delay Breed: ponies = mature earlier Horses give birth in summer b/c warm → seasonally polyestrous pregnancy /gestation = 11 mos (~340 days) Estrous Cycle: Seasonally polyestrous Want long days Avg length = 21 days (18-24) Estrus (follicular phase) = 4-7 days ○ Shorter @ peak season = 3 days ○ Estrus behavior depends on low progesterone  ○ Estrous period (ovulatory szn) = spring → summer ○ Spring and Fall = transition period (variable ovulation) Spring = grad. activation of HPO axis, ends w/ 1st ovulation of yr Fall = gradual deactivation of HPO Diestrus (luteal phase) = 14-15 days Anestrus in winter Photo-period is what affects cycle ○ light → pineal gland in brain release less melatonin → signals HP to initiate estrous cycle → AP w/ GnRH → AP FSH + LH → inhibin + progesterone w/ CL (after ovulation in ovary) ○ Progesterone doesn’t fully shift down ovulation in horses (sperm can live in the ovary for a while → horse can ovulate in diestrus) Winter Anestrus: - After Fall trans, before spring trans - GnRH = low/baseline - FSH = random fluct - Estradiol = baseline (small follicles) - Progesterone = baseline - Estrus behavior = absent or erratic Digestive Tract + Diet: - Monogastric, hindgut fermenter - Modest stomach + lg cecum and colon Nutrition: Horses evolved using speed as maj surviving mech Continuous eater strategy → graze frequent small amts of forage, move from place to place (graze 16-178 hrs/day) stabled /confined horses = meal eaters instead of continual eaters/grazers ○ Causes problems → colic, impactions, ulcers, bloat etc. Feeding of Horses: Should receive abt 1-2% of body weight in roughage per day on DRY matter basis ○ Ex. 1000lb horse needs 10+ lbs of dry matter Hoof - Laminae - Coffin Bone (P3) - Hook attaches to it (like a hook attached to finger) w/ laminate (conn. tiss fiber) Equine Laminitis: Clinical Signs: - Reluctance on inability to walk - Weight-shifting or treading - Inc heart rate + res rate → PAIN - Glazed, pained expression - Hind legs camped under body, front legs thrown forward to take weight off them (front 60% fo horse weight) > Hind - Bounding digital arterial pulses - Hooves hot to touch Causes: 1. Excess consumption of grain or lush pastures 2. DZ associated w/ sepsis or endotoxemia a. Ex. grain overload, metritis, retained placenta, or intestinal ailment/colic 3. Equine metabolic syndrome 4. Excess weight-bearing or exercise on hard surfaces 5. Ingestion of walnut shavings (bedding) Treatment: - Treat underlying cause and include supportive care for symptoms Melanomas - Skin tumor associaed w/ coat color in horses  - By 15yrs, 80% of gray horses have visible malignant melanomas - Lesion = round, raised black nodules of varying sizes - Can be benign or malignant (need biopsy) Treatment: 1. Surgical excision 2. Chemotherapy +/- vaccine studies to treat/not prevent Horse Slaughter: 1980s = > 300k horses processed/year (16 total plants) 2006 = 105k horses processed for human food (3 total plants, 2 TX, 1 IL) → Federal meat Inspection Act (FMIA) - Requires Fed. inspection of animals slaughtered for human food for commerce → FY 2006: congress prohibited use ag ged funds for inspection of horses @ slaughter plants → Indiv states banned horse slaughter 2007 = 25k US origin horses → Canada, 11k US origin horses → Mexico 2016 = 64k US origin horses → Mexico 2020 = 24k US origin horses → Mexico Safeguard American Food Exports Act - Bills introduced (not Voted on/passed) 2013 → no horse slaughter in US, no export of horses for slaughter abroad, protect public from eating horse meat 2015, 2017, 2019 → no sale or transport of horses + other equines for purpose of consumption, establish congressional rec that equines aren’t domesticated for human consumption, rec that US-bred horses have unsafe chemical treatment → eating them from US is dangerous  Dairy Cattle (DC) History of Dairy Cattle Domesticated 18k yrs ago near Asia + Europe boundary → breeds fall into 2 main subspecies ○ Bos taurus (euro-origin) → cooler climates, embryos will die if too hot ○ Bos indicus (Indian-origin) → hot climates, greater surface area to abs of heat Cattle in USA: 1493: Columbus transp. Livestock to West hemi, came over on boats 1611: eng. Settlers transp. DC + founded Jamestown in VA 1700s: setters spread westward along w/ livestock 1800s: most farms had 1+ cow(s) for provision of milk + butter Mid 1800s to early 1900s ○ Refrigeration Train cars with big storages with ice + sawdust for cheese, milk, carcuses ○ Land grant college system (1892) States could build a college on dedicated land (for Ag → study cows), or sell the land to get money for the industry ○ Pasteurization - heat liquid to high temp then dropping it → kill heat susceptible bacteria and extend shelf life 1864 → Louis Pasteur - microbe work 1893 → 1st commercial pasteurizer 1908 → 1st pasteurization law passed ○ Tuberculosis (TB) testing of cattle (Mycobacterium bovis) 1917 → State-Fed Cooperative Bovine TB Program → pay farmers to cull (kill) all cattle + for TB 1941 → Cattle TB infect rate ID Most pop = Holsteins are biggest prod. Jersey is 2nd bc they have a lot of milkfat Herd size is mostly smaller ( $136 billion from food supplies, vet care, grooming, sale, etc Cat Nutrition: Obligate carnivores → rely on nut. in animal tissues to meet their nut. reqiurements Protein = 23 amino acids Cats make 12, diet must provide other 11 (essential amino acids)  Taurine = amino acid present in only animal tissues ○ Taurine deficiency w/ cats = blind (central retinal degen), cardiomyopathy = than human - Musc ability to jump, twist, climb, turn, swim - Dom cat = 38 chrom (19 pair) Cat Breeds: 50 breeds ○ Abyssinian, burmese, maine coon Breeds from spontaneous mutations ○ Manx - no tail, genes @ T locus → post-axial skelet. (tt = norm tail, Tt = no tail, TT = lethal, don’t live to birth) ○ American curl ○ Cornish rex  ○ Munchkin Spay/Neutering: Spay = ovariohysterectomy (OHE) Benefits of OHE Risks of OHE - No unplanned preg - Surgical risk - No estrus behavior - Anesthetic risk - Dec risk of uterine DZ, ovarian DZ, - Urinary incontinence (3%) mammary cancer - Uncontrollable urinating - Intact F = 4x more risk for - Weight gain mammary cancer - Permenant Spaying a cat @ 6 months red. her chance of getting mam canc. by 90% ○ If you can spay early do it → best lowering of risk 85% of mam canc. are lethally malignant adenocarcinomas Mam gland canc. is 3rd most common type of feline cancer Puberty Terms: Queen: - 4-18 mos old - +/- spec. dep - Short days: anestrus (oct-dec) - Long days: photoperiod of 14hr/day (Mar-Sept) Tom: - 7-10 mos old - spermatogenesis : histologic evidece by 5 mos - Capable of breeding: 7-10 mos old, body wt of 5lb - Migh be season-dep Feline Estrous Cycle: Seasonally polyestrous ○ Queens cycle 4-30 day interval w/out ovulation ○ Signs of heat - restlessness, vocalizing, affection, +- marking territory  ○ If no males the follicles go away, no CL formed, then they start again later on Induced ovulator ○ Mating induces LH surge needed to ovulate (BUT spontaneous ovulation does occur) 1. No mating: polyestrus (1-2d) → estrus (5-8d) → interestrus (8-9d) 2. Sterile Mating: polyestrus → estrus → diestrus (30-70d) → interestrus (7-10d) 3. Fertile Mating: polyestrus → estrus → pregnancy (55-59d ~2 mos) → lactation (28d) → interestrus DOGS: - >86 mil pet dogs (US) - 70-75% of owned dogs are spayed/neutered Taxonomy - Kingdom: animalia - Phylum: chordata - Subphylum: vertebrate - Class: mammalia - Order: carnivora - Family: canidae - Genus: canis - Domestic dog: canis familiaris Dogs - Historical Perspective: - Gray wold (canis lupis) → 1st dom. Animal DOG, ~15k yrs ago - Arc evidence → Dog dom. 12k-14k yrs ago - DNA seq tech → dog dom. Maybe 135k yrs ago Canine Estrous Cycle: Puberty (breed-dep) = 4-9 mos Female = bitch  Male = stud dog Non-seasonally monoestrous Preg. = 2 mos ○ +/- 5 day from LH peak, 55-71d from breeding ○ Time b/t estrus = 4-13 mos, avg = 7 Proestrus: - 1st day of spotting CS: F attracts M but resists breeding Enlarged vulva Blood-tinged uterine discharge Hormones: - Estrogen (prod by growing follicles) is inc through proestrus, peaks just before onset of standing heat - Progesterone at basal lvls Estrus: CS: - Seeks M, flaags tail, stands for mating - Pink-straw colored discharge Hormones: - Estrogen drops - Progesterone is rising Diestrus: CS: - Won’t stand for mating - Little to no discharge Hormones: - Estrogen is basal - Progesterone peaks 15-80ng/mL by end of diestrus  - Prolactin causes mammary dev. Anestrus: - Lasts 3-5 months (< 3 = subfertile) - No behavioral signs - Estrogen fluctuates - Progesterone is low Wildlife, Zoo & Exotic Animals DEFINITIONS Wildlife = free living, non-domesticated animals (game + non-game, threatened, endangered, & nuisance species Zoo = confined/exhibited, non-domesticated animals Exotic = confined/owned, non-domesticated “pets” (bird, guinea pigs, chinchilla, ferret, lizard) Human - Wildlife Interactions Old: manipulating wild animal pops + their habitats for specific human needs New: directing or influencing animal + plant ecology to benefit human + animal pops, and habitats Broad - populations Narrow - individuals Conservation - an effort to maintain + use nat. resources wisely to ensure resources will be available for future generations In Situ → in an animals natural environment Ex Situ → partnerships in zoos (outside natural habitat) Wildlife Populations → What are we trying to do? 1. Increase a population a. endangered species b. Breeding programs c. Sanctuaries + protecting habitat/land → provide resources d. Provide breeding opportunities 1. Decrease a population a. pests, deer, etc. b. May be able to introduce natural predators c. Restrict access to resources (food, water, breeding) d. Extend/create hunting season e. Trapping + Relocation f. spay/neuter, chemical/surgical sterilization 2. Stabilize a population a. hands off, let them live US Dept. of the Interior: Technical Bureaus (9 total) ○ Bureau of land management ○ Bureay of ocean energy management ○ US Fish + Wildlife Services ○ Etc US Fish and Wildlife Service: Bureau w/in Dept. of Interior Mission: work w/ others to preserve, protect, + enhance fish, wildlife, plants, + habitats for benefit of Americans Manage: have land, refuges, special areas + wetlands, fish hatcheries, etc. Employ: 9k ppl Functions: Enforce fed. Wildlife laws  Protect endangered species Manage migratory birds Restore nationally significant fisheries Conserve + restore wildlife habitat like wetlands Helpl foreign govt. w/ international conservation efforts Distribute hundreds of millions of dollars, through our wildlife sport fish + restoration program Wildlife Careers: U.S. Fish & Wildlife State Fish & Wildlife Divisions USDA APHIS Wildlife Mgmt Universities Non-Profit Organizations Private Organizations WILDLIFE Rehabilitation: - Indivs, vets, + orgs that have been granted wildlife rehabilitation permits/licenses in accordance w/ state laws (+/- fed. laws) MA Division of Fisheries + Wildlife: - Permitted indivs in MA may legally possess + treat birds, mammals, + reptiles/amphibians - A special permit is required for deer, moose, bears, fed-listed species + venomous snakes Rehabilitate: - Provide care + treatment for sick, injured, debilitated, or orphaned wildlife for purpose of returning animals to wild (in condition where they can survive independantly) - Wildlife rehabilitation permit → allows person to care for distressed animals for limited amt of time - Educational permit → allows a person to permenantly keep 1+ animals for EDUCATIONAL purposes Regulations: 1. Time limits  a. Mammals = >365 days → waiver needed from Div. of Fisheries + Wildlife to cnt care b. Birds max = 90 day rehab 2. Release Areas a. 3. Federal Permits a. Certain avian species need fed. permit (songbirds, waterfowl, + raptors) Rehabilitators may not charge fees for services, can accept donatiosn Must be licensed or permitted rehabilitators or vets may legally care for wildlife (those that occasionally treat wildlife for emergency basis) EXOTICS OWNERSHIP: - Nutrition (specific dieting) - Housing (strict temps, water, light etc.) - Reproduction - Health (DZ, env etc.) - Waste management - Behavior / welfare / enrichment - handling/restraint - Finances - laws/regulations Why Not? 1. Unique → animal welfare (anatomy, physiology, behavior, social interactions) 2. Public safety 3. Environmental impact 4. Lifespan variation ZOOS: - Zoos = establishment where wild animals are kept for exhibition, public access w/ charge of admision on < 7 days across 12 mos Role of Zoos: Old: confine + display wild animals as entertainment meageries New: 1. Conservation a. Both captive + wild animals b. Provide habitats for dom + non-dom animals 2. Research a. Studies of animals in confinement 3. Education 4. Recreation a. Need funding → has to be fun, recreational Jobs: - Working in contact w/ animals on a daily basis (+/-) - Biologists, technicians, educators, game managers, Vets + vet techs, landscape architecht etc. - https://nationalzoo.si.edu/education/wildlife-careers Laws - International, Fed, State + Local Levels Interational Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Federal Animal Welfare Act (1966) Endangered Species Act (1972) State Anti-Cruelty Laws Private American Zoo Association Accreditation CITES (see abv): - Voluntary Int. agreement b/t countries - Ensure int. trade of wild plants + animals doesn’t threaten their survival - Regulates trade + movment of endangered species, restricting trade/import/export through licensing + permitting systems - Animals born in captivity are afforded much less protection than their free-ranging counterparts Animal Welfare Act (1966) - Covers the procurement, handling, housing, treatment, and transp. of covered animals - Regulates warm-blooded animals (no rats, mice, and - birds bred for research) - Regulates “biomedical” but not “food and fiber” or“recreation” research and teaching using covered species. - Act gives power to the U.S. Department of Agriculture → powers further delegated to APHIS ( → inspects and institutes rules and regulations for Zoos) - warmblooded animals that are on display, perform for the public, or are used in educational presentations must be licensed as exhibitors with APHIS → ZOOS Endangered Species Act - ESA (1972) - Determination + listing of speceis as endangered or threatened - No posession, sale, transport, taking of endangered species - Authority to aquire land for conservation of listed species - Agreements + grants to aid programs helping them - Civil + criminal penalties for violating Act - Payment of rewards for those giving info/tips for arrests Lacey Act (1900) - Prohibit transp. of illegally captured or prohibited wildlife species across state lines - No poaching or black market (for invasive/dangerous species) - Violation → 5yrs fed. Prison, fine up to $500k CWSA → amended lacey act to include big cats State Laws (vary) → Private Ownership - 2014  - Partial ban on private ownership - Need license for private ownership in some states Local Codes - Municipalities, towns villages, countries - regulations American Zoo + Aquarium Association (AZA): - Org. of zoos + related faciliteis - Regulates zoo ind. through voluntary standards - Zoos must be accreddited according to AZA guidlines to join - Highly regarded - Regulate movvement of zoo animals, image zoo sets forth to public (vast spread of things) Zoo Management Plan: Nutrition housing/facilities/habitat Reproduction ○ Species survival plan (SSP) → identify pop manage plans, generate comprehensive pop studbook + transfer & breeding plan, make reccomendations for transfers to other zoos for breeding) ○ SSPs written by TAGs (taxonomy advisory group) Examine conservation needs Develop plan of action for pop management + conservation Write animal care manuals Serve as AZA expert, provide discussion forum ○ Reproductive physiology + behavior ○ Pregnancy + parturitioni ○ Birthing facilities ○ Contraception Health ○ Nutritional needs  ○ Dieting ○ Quarantining Waste mgmt behavior/welfare/enrichment ○ Stereotypies → repetitive + apparenlty functionless behavioral seq (pacing sham-chewing, tongue-rolling, vomiting etc.) ○ Self-injurious behavior → apparently volitional self-directed behavior causing injury (self-biting, feather-plucking, etc) ○ Animal training, enrichment, staff skills + teaching handling/restraint ○ Free contact ○ Protected contact ○ No contact Records maintenence/analysis