Horses: Taxonomy and History
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary treatment approach for melanomas in horses?

  • Topical ointments only
  • Surgical excision and chemotherapy (correct)
  • Radiation therapy exclusively
  • Antibiotics and steroids

Which statement regarding horse slaughter is true?

  • The sale of horse meat is widely accepted without restrictions.
  • There were more than 300k horses processed annually in the 1980s. (correct)
  • Horse slaughter has increased steadily since the 1980s.
  • There are currently 8 operational horse slaughter plants in the US.

Which subspecies of dairy cattle is known to be more resilient to hot climates?

  • Bos bison
  • Bos taurus
  • Bos primigenius
  • Bos indicus (correct)

Which organization regulates the zoo industry in the United States?

<p>American Zoo + Aquarium Association (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the age of 15, what percentage of gray horses typically have visible melanomas?

<p>80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) on horse slaughter?

<p>It required federal inspection for horses slaughtered for human consumption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the penalty for violating the Lacey Act related to wildlife trafficking?

<p>5 years of federal prison and a fine up to $500,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Endangered Species Act?

<p>Establishing aquaculture farms for endangered species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the Lacey Act originally enacted?

<p>1900 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for warmblooded animals displayed or used in educational presentations at zoos?

<p>Special licensing as exhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the activation and deactivation of the HPO axis in horses?

<p>Photoperiod or light levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of winter anestrus in horses?

<p>Low levels of GnRH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of roughage for a 1000 lb horse?

<p>10+ lbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical sign of equine laminitis?

<p>Glazed, pained expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary issue is a common cause of equine laminitis?

<p>Excess consumption of grain or lush pastures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic pertains to a horse’s digestive tract?

<p>It includes a modest stomach with a large cecum and colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to progesterone levels after ovulation in horses?

<p>They remain consistently high (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary survival mechanism that horses evolved with?

<p>Speed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major benefits of spaying a cat?

<p>Reduction of mammary cancer risk (A), Elimination of estrous behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do toms become capable of breeding?

<p>7-10 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following notable risks is associated with ovariohysterectomy (OHE)?

<p>Surgical risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the feline estrous cycle?

<p>Can cycle every 4-30 days without mating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT an outcome of sterile mating in cats?

<p>Pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the species Canis familiaris?

<p>Domestic dog (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant risks of spaying mentioned?

<p>Urinary incontinence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the American Curl, Cornish Rex, and Munchkin is true?

<p>They are breed types mentioned with genetic traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)?

<p>To ensure international trade of wild plants and animals does not threaten their survival (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of modern zoos?

<p>Providing entertainment through big cat shows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for rehabilitators to legally care for wildlife?

<p>They must be licensed or permitted rehabilitators or veterinarians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Animal Welfare Act (1966) NOT regulate?

<p>Food and fiber research using covered species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a consideration for exotic animal ownership?

<p>Social media presence of the owner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one traditional role of zoos?

<p>To confine and display wild animals for entertainment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is necessary for a wildlife rehabilitator to accept donations?

<p>They must have a license or permit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law specifically regulates the treatment and transport of warm-blooded animals?

<p>Animal Welfare Act (1966) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct classification order of horses?

<p>Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Perissodactyla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these species is classified under the genus Equus?

<p>Equus burchelli (B), Equus asinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which period marked the significant increase of horses in the United States?

<p>Post-1960s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a draft breed of horse?

<p>Heavier and stronger horses with cold-blooded temperament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic that differentiates donkeys from horses?

<p>Shorter stature with longer ears (A), Braying voice unlike whinnies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of a horse's estrous cycle?

<p>21 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is given to a male donkey?

<p>Jack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most likely to delay puberty in fillies?

<p>Poor nutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gestation period for horses?

<p>340 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following breeds is classified as a light breed?

<p>Thoroughbred (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Horse Taxonomy

Horse classification within the biological system, from the broadest Phylum to specific species.

Equus Caballus

The scientific name for a true horse.

Horse Domestication

The process of taming wild horses and breeding them for human use.

Draft Horse

A type of horse bred for heavy work, like pulling loads.

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Light Horse

A type of horse bred for riding, racing, driving etc.

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Pony

A small horse breed, smaller than a horse.

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Horse Puberty

The time when a horse reaches sexual maturity.

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Estrous Cycle

The recurring cycle of female hormones involved in preparing for pregnancy.

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Horse Breeds

Groups of horses with similar characteristics, traits & ancestry

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Horse Hybrids

Crossbreeds or mixes between different breeds of horses.

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Walnut Bedding Ingestion Treatment

Treat the underlying cause and address any symptoms.

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Malignant Melanomas in Horses

Skin tumors associated with coat color, commonly seen in gray horses by 15 years of age, round, raised black nodules.

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Horse Slaughter 1980s vs. 2006

Significant reduction in horses processed for human food occurred in the U.S., from over 300,000 in the 1980s to roughly 105,000 in 2006, due to federal regulations and decreased slaughter plants.

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Safeguard American Food Exports Act Bills

Proposed legislation aiming to ban horse slaughter in the US and prevent horse export for slaughter, also highlighting concerns about safety of consuming US-bred horses.

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Dairy Cattle Subspecies

Dairy cattle broadly fall into two subspecies: Bos taurus (European origin, often used in cooler climates) and Bos indicus (Indian origin, often used in hotter climates with heat tolerance).

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HPO axis activation

The hormonal process that starts the first ovulation of the year.

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Diestrus

The luteal phase (14-15 days) of the estrous cycle in females; the period of inactivity between periods of heat.

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Anestrus

A period of dormancy in the estrous cycle, typically in winter.

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Equine Laminitis

A painful hoof condition caused by various factors, primarily excess grain/pasture, metabolic syndromes or strenuous activity

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Continuous Eating Strategy

A grazing eating pattern that helps maintain gut health and allows horses to eat smaller amounts frequently in smaller intervals over a longer period of time

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Photoperiod

Light exposure, and its effect on the pineal gland, which regulates the estrous cycle for the horse.

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Laminate (hoof)

Connective tissue fibers that connect the hoof wall to the coffin bone (P3), crucial for hoof integrity.

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Winter Anestrus

A period of inactivity in the estrous cycle, typically during the winter, characterized by low GnRH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone.

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APHIS Power

The US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has authority over zoos, inspecting and regulating warmblooded animals.

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Endangered Species Act (ESA)

Federal law protecting endangered and threatened species, prohibiting their possession, sale, and transport.

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Lacey Act Goal

The Lacey Act prevents the transport of illegally caught wildlife across state lines, protecting from poaching and black market activity.

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State Laws - Private Ownership

State laws, varying from state to state, often impose regulations on private ownership of certain animals, sometimes requiring licenses.

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American Zoo Association (AZA)

A professional organization regulating the zoo industry. It sets standards and guidelines.

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Feline Spay Benefits

Spaying a cat reduces the risk of uterine infections, ovarian disease, and mammary cancer by a significant amount.

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Feline Queen Puberty

Feline queens typically reach puberty between 4 and 18 months, although this can vary.

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Feline Estrous Cycle

The feline's reproductive cycle; a seasonally polyestrous cycle affected by light exposure, with an estrus cycle that can be 4-30 days without ovulation.

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Dog Taxonomy

Dogs (Canis familiaris) belong to the Animalia Kingdom, Chordata Phylum, and Carnivora Order.

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Domestic Dog Origins

Domestic dogs evolved from the gray wolf (Canis lupus).

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Spay/Neuter Risks

Risks of spaying or neutering include surgical and anesthetic complications, and potential weight gain or urinary incontinence.

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Induced Ovulation

In a cat, mating triggers the ovulatory process.

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Dog Spay/Neuter

A common practice: more than 70% of owned dogs are spayed or neutered.

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Wildlife Rehabilitation Permits

Licenses required for individuals or vets to legally care for injured wildlife, excluding occasional emergency treatments.

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Exotic Animal Ownership Challenges

Keeping exotic animals requires specialized knowledge and resources for nutrition, housing, health, behavior, welfare, and waste management, alongside legal considerations.

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Zoos' Role (Old)

Historically, zoos primarily focused on displaying animals for entertainment and profit.

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Zoos' Role (New)

Modern zoos prioritize conservation, research, education, and recreation to support both captive and wild animal populations. They aim to engage the public through meaningful experiences.

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CITES

International agreement regulating the international trade of endangered plants and animals.

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Animal Welfare Act (1966)

Federal law regulating the treatment and transportation of warm-blooded animals, for certain research purposes.

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Endangered Species Act (1972)

Federal law protecting endangered animals and plants, impacting their trade and habitat.

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Zoo Accreditation

A voluntary process overseen by the American Zoo Association (AZA), showcasing animal welfare standards and management practices.

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Study Notes

Horses: Taxonomy and Species

  • Phylum: chordata
  • Subphylum: vertebrata
  • Class: mammalia
  • Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed)
  • Family: Equidae
  • Genus: Equus (species vary)
  • Equus asinus: asses and donkeys
  • Equus caballus: true horse
  • Equus przewalskii: Przewalski's horse
  • Equus burchelli: Grant's zebra, Burchell's zebra, Chapman's zebra, quagga, other subspecies
  • Equus grevyi: Grevy's zebra
  • Equus heminnus: onagers of Asia and the Middle East
  • Equus zebra: mountain zebra of Southern Africa

Horse History

  • 8,000 years ago: Horses were domesticated in the Eastern Hemisphere
  • 1493: Columbus brought horses to the West Indies
  • 1519: Cortes brought horses to North America
  • 1530: De Soto brought horses to North America
  • 1500s-1700s: Native Americans used horses for travel across the Western land
  • 1750-1890: Wild horses flourished in the American West until the end of the Civil War

Current World Distribution

  • Total: ~59 million
  • US: ~16 million
  • South America: ~25 million
  • Asia: ~12 million
  • Australia: ~13 million
  • China: ~12 million

Horse Breeds and Classification

  • Breeds are grouped with common ancestry and similar traits
  • Draft breeds (cold-blooded): Originating from Europe, characterized by large size, weight and calm temperament
  • Light breeds (warmbloods and hotbloods): Originating from Europe, Asia and NA, ranging in height and weight from 900-1400lbs, and are known for their ability for riding, driving and racing
  • Ponies: Originating from Europe, Asia, and NA, ponies are smaller than other breeds, and are known for their drafty, and nimble qualities. They come in various colors

Horse Terminology

  • Foal: young horse < 1 year
  • Filly: female <3 years
  • Colt: male <3 years
  • Mare: mature female
  • Stallion: mature male
  • Gelding: castrated male

Horse Reproduction and Puberty

  • Fillies enter puberty around 15 months
  • Pregnancy lasts approximately 11 months (~340 days)
  • Horses are seasonally polyestrous
  • Estrous cycle average duration: 21 days
  • Estrous behavior depends on low progesterone

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of horses through this quiz that covers their taxonomy, species, and historical significance. Learn about the various breeds, their domestication, and how they influenced human history across continents. Test your knowledge on the distribution and evolution of horses over time.

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