Equine Science Chapter 5: Functional Anatomy PDF

Chapter 5 Functional Anatomy Copyright © 2019, Cengage  Learning Objectives List the nine systems of animals and the major organs that make up each system. Explain the functions of the skeletal, muscular, digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, nervous,...

Chapter 5 Functional Anatomy Copyright © 2019, Cengage  Learning Objectives List the nine systems of animals and the major organs that make up each system. Explain the functions of the skeletal, muscular, digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, reproductive, and endocrine systems. Cont. Copyright © 2019, Cengage  Learning Objectives Identify the components of the skeletal, muscular, digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, reproductive, and endocrine systems. List the five divisions of the vertebral column. Name the bones in the foreleg and hind leg. Describe three types of joints. Cont. Copyright © 2019, Cengage  Learning Objectives Identify three types of muscles and their locations in the body. Trace the circulation of blood through the body. Identify the endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete. Copyright © 2019, Cengage  Introduction A basic understanding of the functional anatomy of the horse is essential An understanding of the functional anatomy provides a basis for the “why” of everything else involved in modern scientific equine production and equitation Copyright © 2019, Cengage Animal Surfaces and Body Systems OVERVIEW Understanding terms Dorsal pertains to the upper surface Ventral relates to the lower or abdominal surface Anterior or cranial applies to the front or head Posterior or caudal pertains to the tail or rear Copyright © 2019, Cengage  Animal Surfaces and Body Systems OVERVIEW Respiratory Nine body systems Skeletal Circulatory Muscular Nervous Digestive Reproductive Urinary Endocrine Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Skeletal System OVERVIEW Skeletal system is the rigid framework Gives the body shape Protects the internal organs Composed of bone and cartilage Cont. Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Skeletal System OVERVIEW Bones are classified by shape Long Short Flat Irregular Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Skeletal System DIVISIONS OF THE SKELTON Axial skeleton Skull bones Spinal column Appendicular Forelegs Hind legs Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Skeletal System JOINTS OR ARTICULATIONS Immovable Slightly movable Freely movable Other ligaments Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Muscular System OVERVIEW Provides movement both internally and externally Three types of muscles Smooth Cardiac Striated or skeletal Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Muscular System FUELING THE MUSCLES Three basic fuel systems Phosphagen system Glycogen or lactate system Citric acid or Krebs cycle Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Muscular System TENDONS, SHEATHS, AND BURSAE Legs have long tendons Tendon sheaths and bursae Found chiefly near joints Eliminate undue friction Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Digestive System OVERVIEW Converts feed into a form that can be used by the body Digestive tract of a mature light horse Approximately 100 feet long Coiled and looped Capacity of about 40 to 50 gallons Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Urinary System OVERVIEW Parts Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Respiratory System OVERVIEW Organs Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Respiratory System PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION Two movements Inspiration Expiration Lungs of the average horse Contain about 1.5 cubic feet of air 8 to 16 inhalations per minute while at rest Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Circulatory System OVERVIEW Distributes blood throughout the body Heart Blood Vessels and lymphatics Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Circulatory System PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION Heart movements are controlled by an intricate group of nerves Contraction and relaxation of the organ Pulse rate Determined by counting the rate of pulsation Artery that is easily palpated Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Nervous System OVERVIEW Conveys sensation impulses Complex system Brain Spinal cord Nerve fibers Sensory receptors Cont. Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Nervous System OVERVIEW Two main portions Autonomic or automatic functions Central nervous system Conscious or voluntary actions of the body Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Reproductive System OVERVIEW Reproductive process is important to the success of horse breeding Creation of new organisms Union of the male and female sex cells Sperm Egg Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Reproductive System MARE Reproductive functions Directed by hormones Endocrine system Hormonal balance Controls all phases of reproductive tract stimulation and inhibition Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Reproductive System STALLION Male reproductive system Two testes Three accessory sex glands Series of tubules Spermatozoa Transported through the tubules to the female reproductive tract Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Endocrine System OVERVIEW Ductless glands produce internal secretions, or endocrines Secretions of the endocrines are called hormones The pituitary and hypothalamus work as a functional unit Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Endocrine System HORMONE PRODUCTION Posterior pituitary Hormones that do not originate in the pituitary Stored in the pituitary until needed Vasopressin Oxytocin Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Endocrine System HORMONE PRODUCTION Anterior pituitary FSH and LH Prolactin ACTH TSH STH Cont. Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Endocrine System HORMONE PRODUCTION Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Gonads Copyright © 2019, Cengage  The Endocrine System GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Secretes hormones related to the digestive process Secretin Enterokinin Enterogastrone Cholecystokinin Copyright © 2019, Cengage  Summary The nine body systems of the horse are skeletal, muscular, digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, reproductive, and endocrine Proper function and control of each of these systems is essential to the survival, growth, and health of the horse Copyright © 2019, Cengage