Animal Behavior Final Study Guide PDF

Animal Behavior Final Study Guide EXAM ON E 1. A founder of the field, worked on evolutionary processes in the Herring gull, especially the sign stimulus for gull chick pecking behavior of the red dot on the bill a. Niko Tinbergen 2. A German who worked with graylag geese and imprinting and...

Animal Behavior Final Study Guide EXAM ON E 1. A founder of the field, worked on evolutionary processes in the Herring gull, especially the sign stimulus for gull chick pecking behavior of the red dot on the bill a. Niko Tinbergen 2. A German who worked with graylag geese and imprinting and is considered to be a founder of the field a. Konrad Lorenz 3. A psychologist who, through his work on dog salivation, discovered conditioned reflexes a. Ivan Pavlov 4. An American psychologist who believed all behavior was learned, developed a “box” for studying operant conditioning a. B.F. Skinner 5. Developed the “Red Queen” concept that seeks to explain why an animal might help to rear their sister’s children in wasps and bees a. W.D. Hamilton 6. First to describe an Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS) in an attempt to understand why a species would have males a. John Maynard Smith 7. Studied altruism and parent behavior, looking for Darwinism explanations for human cooperation a. Robert Trivers 8. Was a professor at Cambridge, where he trained Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey through his work on structural processes in animal behavior a. Robert Hinde 9. Worked on adaptation and natural selection as they relate to behavior, and recently expanded that to evolutionary medicine a. G.C. Williams 10. Wrote the landmark book Sociobiology, where he attempted to apply genetic theory to social behavior a. E.O. Wilson 11. Cybernetic behavior a. Animals are seen as input/output machines 12. Displacement behavior a. Out of context behavior 13. Estivation a. Summer hibernation 14. Ethogram a. Quantitative behavior 15. Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) a. A series or sequence of acts that occur behaviorally 16. Flehmening a. A “grimace”, typically done by a female when they smell other’s markings 17. Grooming a. Most known for an animal cleaning themselves but it is also a social interaction to show submission 18. Habituation a. Acclimation to a situation where the animal no longer has a reaction 19. Secondary localized defecation a. Defecation associated with another activity 20. Tidal rhythm pg. 1  Animal Behavior Final Study Guide a. Behavior that is linked to the rhythm and schedule of the oceans tide (12 hr rotation) 21. Compare and contrast Focal Animal Sampling and Scan Sampling. What are the advantages and. Disadvantages of each? a. Focal animal sampling is when one animal is when one animal is observed at different times, while scan sampling is when multiple animals are observed at the same time. The benefit to focal animal sampling is that you can focus on the behaviors of one specific animal and observe in depth detail over them, but you don’t know if they’re an outlier. That’s the advantage of scan sampling, you can compare and “average” the behaviors of several 22. Describe a gallop, trot, and stotting a. Gallop- all 4 legs come off the ground, 2 beat pattern, 2 feet hit the ground at a time, then up again b. Trot- two alternating legs come off the ground at a time, two feet always on the ground c. Stotting- when an animal (like a blackbuck antelope) runs and they start “hopping 23. Explain 5 aspects of resting. That may have a social function (i.e. when resting behavior benefits the group rather than the individual) a. Bonding (relaxed together) b. To show each other that the wont fight (submissive) c. To protect their young (kill circle) d. To protect each while they sleep 24. How are defecation and urination used in marking? a. Urination and defecation are key marking behaviors animals use to establish territory, communicate social hierarchies, and signal reproductive status through pheromones and scents. Urine is often used for territorial boundaries and reproductive cues, while feces, sometimes combined with urine, can mark prominent locations or communal areas to convey social or environmental information. EXAM TWO 1. What is an example of a vocal communication signal? a. Frogs croaking 2. The fiddler crab uses it claws in: a. Visual communication 3. Stridulation is an example of a. Bioacoustical communication 4. Rattlesnakes track their prey after envenomating by discriminating which of the following stimuli: a. Chemical 5. The ability of young grouse (birds) to crouch when a hawk model is passed overhead is due to the discrimination of which of the following stimuli: a. Light 6. A person who knows how much something in their hand weighs because they are able to detect: a. Tactile sensations 7. The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is used by snakes to detect: a. Chemicals 8. The movement of spade foot toads down to ponds to begin mating is induced by the detection of: a. Sound 9. Sharks will starve to death if they cannot detect a. Smells 10. The fact that moths fly around porch lights at night suggest that they exhibit: pg. 2  Animal Behavior Final Study Guide a. Positive phototaxis 11. A major migratory route for birds is a. Along the Mississippi River 12. Which of the following is an example of a vertical migration: a. Fish moving up to shallow water at night for feeding 13. The basic unit of bat sound is the: a. Click 14. What is an animal that does not use echolocation? a. Mice 15. In a complicated environment like a forest, a bat should? a. Increase the rate of clicking 16. Demonstrated by Japanese macaques that wash sweet potatoes, and Jackdaws in England that open milk cartons a. Perceptual learning 17. Demonstrated in Pavlov’s dogs with ringing a bell and salivation a. Classical conditioning 18. First demonstrated by Konrad Lorenz in Greylag geese a. Imprinting 19. Involved pressing a bar to receive a food reward a. Operant conditioning 20. Learns to recognize mother’s voice in utero a. Prenatal learning 21. Definition of allomone a. A chemical response that produces a repelling hormone 22. Definition of syrinx a. Organ used in a birds throat that produces sounds/songs 23. Definition of thigmotaxis a. The response to tactile stimuli 24. Definition of Y-axis orientation a. Involves animals adjusting their position along the vertical dimension of their environment, whether that is above ground, in the air, or underwater, and is typically linked to environmental factors like food, safety, or climate. 25. Definition of zugenruhe a. A period of migratory restlessness experienced by animals, especially birds. It's an internal cue that signals birds when it's time to begin their seasonal migration 26. 5 examples of tactile communication a. Primates grooming each other b. Elephant trunk touching c. Cat head butting d. Dogs licking each other e. Bees and ants trophallaxis 27. 5 types of taxis using proper terminology a. Thermotaxis is the response to temperature b. Phototaxis is the response to light c. Rheotaxis is the response to the ocean’s currents d. Chemotaxis is the response to chemicals pg. 3  Animal Behavior Final Study Guide e. Thigmotaxis is the response to tactile stimuli 28. Discuss the types of information that can be gleaned by bats using echolocation (what are the functions of the signals? a. Bats send off a series of clicks, ranging from 1-15 ms each, at up to 8x the octave humans can hear. When they send out the clicks (at varying frequencies) they receive a “picture” back of what is in front of them. The soundwaves bounce back and bats can perceive what they hit. Depending on the frequency, bats can determine if a rock or tree is in their way or if potential prey is there. They can even distinguish between a pebble or a small meal. 29. Discuss communication in animals: (a) what characteristics must the signal have to be effectively received, (2) what can be encoded in the signal, and (c) in birds what are the functions of song and what are the functions of calls? a. Effective animal communication requires signals to have certain characteristics to be received properly, including clarity, intensity, and relevance to the context. The signal must be perceivable by the receiver, whether through sound, visual, chemical, or tactile means. Signals can encode information about an individual's identity, emotional state, intent, or environmental cues, such as warnings or mating signals. In birds, songs typically serve functions related to attracting mates, defending territory, and establishing social status, while calls are used for communication within a group, alerting others to danger, or signaling the presence of food. Both types of vocalizations are essential for survival and reproduction. EXAM THREE 1. Selection of a food because of its energy value compared to the cost of obtaining it is known as a. Optimality 2. Unsuccessful foragers may become successful by the use of a. Information centers 3. What term describes the type of drinking where only the tongue touches the water a. Lapping 4. What is true about drinking behavior: a. Happens more often at night or in the early morning in desert animals b. Is controlled by osmoregulators c. May be a means of reducing aggression d. May not occur at all in some seasons 5. What characteristic of the prey actually releases the hunt in predators a. Moving away in flight 6. The distance to which a prey animal will approach the predator is the: a. Avoidance distance 7. Prey avoid capture by the use of a. Alarm calls b. Distress calls c. Flushing the flock d. Sentries 8. What aspect of predators increase flight distance? a. Many predators 9. Markings that warn that the prey is dangerous or distasteful: a. Aposematic coloration 10. An example of commensalism is pg. 4  Animal Behavior Final Study Guide a. A cattle egret and a cow 11. An animal’s area that is defended only for breeding purposes is its a. Lek 12. Territorial fights would be expected to be the most intense a. When a bachelor male sets up a new territory next to an established male 13. What would be expected in a submissive display a. Tail presentation 14. “Sexual selection” proposes that: a. Males may have costly adornments if it is difficult to attract females 15. What is something that does not affect synchronization of courtship and dating? a. Time of day 16. Aggressive mimicry a. When an animal will mimic something appeasing, harmless, and interesting to lure prey (example- angler fish) 17. Altricial young a. When young animals are born and they are completely incapable of living on their own so they are dependent on their own mother/father 18. Anisogamy a. The form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes which differ in size and/or form 19. Batesian mimicry a. When a species pretends to be poisonous by mimicking the colors of a toxic species 20. Competitive Exclusion Principle a. An ecological generalization that states that two species cannot coexist in the same ecological niche for long when competing for limited resources 21. Home range a. The whole area that an animal resides in, including during migration (winter and summer areas) 22. Indirect drinking a. Getting water from other sources that are not a direct source of water, and not drinking it up directly 23. Mutualism a. When both parties benefit from each other, so they co-exist 24. Polygyny a. When a male mates with more than one female 25. Withdrawal distance a. The distance in which a prey animal can safely withdraw without triggering the predator 26. Why would a young male or a young female may be retained or dispersed from its natal territory? a. A young male may be dispersed when he reaches maturity due to territoriality in males. If there are already strong males in charge, they will have to go out on their own to find and claim their own territory and mate. Or he may be retained if he is in line to become the next alpha or if it is a bachelor herd. But by dispersing they prevent genetic inbreeding. b. A young female may be dispersed by another older, stronger female and she would have to go find and fight for her new territory or find a male to mate with so he can provide for her. She may be retained ot continue growing the pack 27. Explain why a male be monogamous and why a female might be polygamous. Why do males and females have different strategies? a. Males and females often have different reproductive strategies due to their differing roles in reproduction. A male may be monogamous to ensure exclusive access to a single female, increasing his chances of successfully passing on his genes and providing parental investment. This strategy is more common when male involvement in offspring care is crucial or when females are widely dispersed. On the other hand, females might be polygamous to maximize genetic diversity and secure access to the pg. 5  Animal Behavior Final Study Guide best genetic material from multiple males, improving the chances of producing healthier or more viable offspring. These different strategies arise because females generally invest more energy in gestation and parenting, while males can increase their reproductive success by mating with multiple females. pg. 6