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Questions and Answers
What behavior is exhibited by moths flying around porch lights at night?
What behavior is exhibited by moths flying around porch lights at night?
Which type of migration is represented by fish moving up to shallow water at night for feeding?
Which type of migration is represented by fish moving up to shallow water at night for feeding?
Which term defines the response of an animal adjusting its position along the vertical dimension of its environment?
Which term defines the response of an animal adjusting its position along the vertical dimension of its environment?
What is the basic unit of sound used by bats for echolocation?
What is the basic unit of sound used by bats for echolocation?
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Which of the following describes a chemical response that produces a repelling hormone?
Which of the following describes a chemical response that produces a repelling hormone?
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What type of learning is demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs when they salivate at the sound of a bell?
What type of learning is demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs when they salivate at the sound of a bell?
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Which term refers to a period of migratory restlessness experienced by birds?
Which term refers to a period of migratory restlessness experienced by birds?
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What is the definition of syrinx in birds?
What is the definition of syrinx in birds?
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Who is credited with studying imprinting in graylag geese?
Who is credited with studying imprinting in graylag geese?
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What does the Red Queen concept explain in social behavior?
What does the Red Queen concept explain in social behavior?
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What is a Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)?
What is a Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)?
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Who developed the concept of an Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)?
Who developed the concept of an Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)?
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What does habituation refer to in animal behavior?
What does habituation refer to in animal behavior?
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What phenomenon does tidal rhythm in animal behavior relate to?
What phenomenon does tidal rhythm in animal behavior relate to?
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What does secondary localized defecation involve?
What does secondary localized defecation involve?
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Who is known for discovering conditioned reflexes through experiments with dogs?
Who is known for discovering conditioned reflexes through experiments with dogs?
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What distinguishes focal animal sampling from scan sampling?
What distinguishes focal animal sampling from scan sampling?
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How is a gallop characterized in animal locomotion?
How is a gallop characterized in animal locomotion?
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What social functions does resting behavior serve in animals?
What social functions does resting behavior serve in animals?
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What is a primary purpose of defecation and urination in animals?
What is a primary purpose of defecation and urination in animals?
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In vocal communication, which of the following is an example?
In vocal communication, which of the following is an example?
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What type of communication do fiddler crabs primarily use with their claws?
What type of communication do fiddler crabs primarily use with their claws?
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What stimuli do rattlesnakes use to track prey after envenomation?
What stimuli do rattlesnakes use to track prey after envenomation?
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The vomeronasal organ (VNO) in snakes is primarily used for detecting what?
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) in snakes is primarily used for detecting what?
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What term refers to markings that warn predators that the prey is dangerous or distasteful?
What term refers to markings that warn predators that the prey is dangerous or distasteful?
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Which example illustrates commensalism?
Which example illustrates commensalism?
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What is the term for an animal's area that is defended only for breeding purposes?
What is the term for an animal's area that is defended only for breeding purposes?
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Which statement accurately describes the Competitive Exclusion Principle?
Which statement accurately describes the Competitive Exclusion Principle?
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What term describes an animal that may withdraw to a distance safely without attracting a predator?
What term describes an animal that may withdraw to a distance safely without attracting a predator?
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What characteristic must a signal have to ensure effective animal communication?
What characteristic must a signal have to ensure effective animal communication?
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In which situation would territorial fights likely be most intense?
In which situation would territorial fights likely be most intense?
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Which term describes a situation where both species benefit from the interaction?
Which term describes a situation where both species benefit from the interaction?
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What can be encoded in an animal's communication signals?
What can be encoded in an animal's communication signals?
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Which of the following is a primary function of bird songs?
Which of the following is a primary function of bird songs?
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What does anisogamy refer to?
What does anisogamy refer to?
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What strategy can unsuccessful foragers use to improve their success rate?
What strategy can unsuccessful foragers use to improve their success rate?
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What describes the form of drinking where only the tongue touches the water?
What describes the form of drinking where only the tongue touches the water?
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What factor often triggers predator hunting behavior?
What factor often triggers predator hunting behavior?
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What is termed when a prey animal approaches a predator to a certain distance?
What is termed when a prey animal approaches a predator to a certain distance?
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What is a common method prey use to signal danger to others?
What is a common method prey use to signal danger to others?
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Why might a young female be dispersed by an older, stronger female?
Why might a young female be dispersed by an older, stronger female?
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What is a primary reason males may choose a monogamous strategy?
What is a primary reason males may choose a monogamous strategy?
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Why do females typically adopt a polygamous strategy?
Why do females typically adopt a polygamous strategy?
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What factor most significantly influences the different reproductive strategies of males and females?
What factor most significantly influences the different reproductive strategies of males and females?
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In what situation is male involvement in offspring care crucial for their monogamous strategy to be effective?
In what situation is male involvement in offspring care crucial for their monogamous strategy to be effective?
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Study Notes
Animal Behavior Final Study Guide
- Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz are considered founders of the field, focusing on evolutionary processes in herring gulls (sign stimulus for chick pecking behavior).
- Ivan Pavlov discovered conditioned reflexes through dog salivation experiments.
- B.F. Skinner developed a "box" for studying operant conditioning in psychology.
- W.D. Hamilton developed the "Red Queen" concept explaining animal altruism in helping rear sisters' offspring.
- John Maynard Smith introduced Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS) to understand why some species have males.
- Robert Trivers studied altruism and parent behavior, searching for Darwinian explanations for human cooperation.
- Robert Hinde mentored Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey, emphasizing structural processes in animal behavior and adaptation/natural selection.
- G.C. Williams and E.O. Wilson researched adaptation and natural selection in relation to behavior, and extended evolutionary principles to medicine.
- Sociobiology attempts to apply genetic theory to social behavior.
- Cybernetic behavior views animals as input/output machines.
- Displacement behavior is out-of-context behavior.
- Estivation is summer hibernation.
- Ethogram is quantitative behavioral analysis,
- Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is a series of related acts by an animal.
- Flehmening is a facial expression related to smells.
- Grooming is a common social behavior for submission and self-care.
- Habituation is getting used to a stimulus, lacking a reaction.
- Secondary localized defecation is defecation connected to another activity.
- Tidal rhythm is a biological cycle connected to tides.
Vocal and Visual Communication
- Vocal communication examples such as frog croaking.
- Visual communication with fiddler crab claws.
- Bioacoustical communication through stridulation.
Other Behavioral Processes
- Drinking behavior varies, often nocturnal or early morning for desert animals. Osmoregulation or social displays may influence drinking.
- Predator avoidance (e.g. alarm calls, distress calls, flushing, sentries).
- Avoidance distance is the optimal distance a prey animal will approach a predator.
- Aposematic coloration warning predators of toxicity or danger.
- Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected.
Animal Behavior Study Methods
- Focal animal sampling observes one individual over time, while scan sampling observes multiple individuals at the same time.
Reproduction and Behavior
- Lek is an area defended for breeding purposes, usually by males.
- Territorial behavior is when an animal defends a space.
- Sexual selection involves costly adornments or displays for attracting mates.
- Aggressive mimicry is an animal mimicking harmless behaviors to lure prey.
- Altricial young are born dependent on parents.
- Anisogamy is differing sizes of reproductive cells (gametes).
- Batesian mimicry involves copying the appearance or behaviors of a dangerous species, and Competitive exclusion principle means that two species cannot share the exact niche forever.
- Home range is the whole area an animal roams, including zones visited during migration or seasonal changes.
- Indirect drinking from indirect water sources.
- Mutualism describes beneficial interactions between two species.
- Polygyny is when one male mates with multiple females.
- Withdrawal distance is the space a prey animal will go to before a predator.
Animal Behavior - Additional Topics
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Positive phototaxis is a movement toward light.
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Vertical migration is when fishes swim up or down in water.
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Echolocation is used by bats for navigation and hunting.
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Communication signals must be clear, intense, and relevant.
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Bird songs attract mates, defend territories.
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Bird calls warn of impending danger and alert others to locations containing food.
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Thigmotaxis is the response to tactile stimuli.
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Optimality in foraging means choosing food based on energy value compared to the cost of obtaining it.
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Information centers are gathering places for foragers.
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Lapping is when the tongue briefly touches water.
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Predator avoidance behaviors influence flight distance
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Aposematic markings warn predators of harm and danger.
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Description
Prepare for your final exam on animal behavior with this comprehensive study guide. It covers key figures like Niko Tinbergen, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner, as well as important concepts such as conditioning, altruism, and evolutionary strategies. Review these topics to ensure a deep understanding of animal behavior principles.
