Types Of Animal Science PDF

**Types of Animal Science** 1. **Behavior**: Study of animal actions and interactions. 2. **Ecology**: Study of relationships between animals and their environment. 3. **Evolution**: Study of changes in species over time. **Fields of Study** - **Biochemistry**: Study of chemical proces...

**Types of Animal Science** 1. **Behavior**: Study of animal actions and interactions. 2. **Ecology**: Study of relationships between animals and their environment. 3. **Evolution**: Study of changes in species over time. **Fields of Study** - **Biochemistry**: Study of chemical processes in organisms. - **Ecology**: Study of ecosystems and interactions among organisms. - **Entomology**: Study of insects. - **Ethology**: Study of animal behavior. - **Invertebrate Biology**: Study of animals without backbones. - **Marine Biology**: Study of ocean life. **Principal Terms** - **Aposematic Coloration**: Bright, warning colors that signal toxicity or distastefulness to predators. - **Autotomy**: Self-amputation of a body part to escape predators. - **Mimicry**: Imitating another species for protection. - **Batesian Mimicry**: Harmless species mimics a harmful one. - **Müllerian Mimicry**: Two harmful species resemble each other. - **Predation**: Interaction where one organism consumes another. Includes: - **Herbivory**: Predation on plants. - **Parasitism**: Predation by small organisms. - **Carnivory**: One animal eats another. - **Secondary Metabolite**: Non-essential chemicals that help defend organisms, e.g., toxins or odors. - **Sequestration**: Storing defensive materials from prey for self-defense. - **Symbiosis**: Close association between two species, e.g., parasitism. **Categories of Defense Mechanisms** 1. **Structural Defenses**: - Examples: Spines, shells, exoskeletons, or weaponry like horns, claws, and teeth. - Example Animals: - **Porcupines**: Use quills with barbs. - **Sea Urchins**: Sharp, movable spines. - **Stingrays**: Barbed spine for painful wounds. 2. **Chemical Defenses**: - Examples: Toxic substances, bad odors, or irritants. - Example Animals: - **Stink Bugs**: Release smelly compounds. - **Bombardier Beetles**: Spray hot, toxic chemicals. - **Skunks**: Emit smelly musk for defense. 3. **Associational Defenses**: - Gaining protection by associating with another species. - Examples: - Fish hiding among sea urchin spines. - Shrimp using sponge cavities. - Ants protecting aphids in exchange for honeydew. 4. **Defensive Behaviors**: - **Aposematic Coloration**: Bright colors warn predators. - **Mimicry**: Imitation for survival. - Example: Non-toxic viceroy butterflies mimic toxic monarch butterflies. 5. **Autotomy**: - Sacrificing a body part to escape predators. - Example: Lizards dropping their tails. **Examples of Defense in Nature** - **Sequestration**: - **Monarch Butterflies**: Store toxic cardenolides from milkweed plants. - **Nudibranchs**: Store stinging cells or toxic chemicals from prey. - **Behavioral Defense**: - Guard dogs protecting humans. - Ants aggressively defending aphids for mutual benefit. **Animal Thermoregulation** 1. **Thermoregulation** - The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within certain boundaries despite environmental fluctuations. 2. **Enzyme Activity and Temperature** - **High temperatures**: Enzyme activity doubles with a 10°C increase, but denaturation occurs at extreme heat (\~50°C for mammals). - **Low temperatures**: Activity halves with a 10°C decrease; some species can survive freezing. 3. **Heat Source** - **Endotherms**: Generate heat internally via metabolism (e.g., mammals, birds). - **Ectotherms**: Depend on external sources for heat (e.g., fish, reptiles). 4. **Temperature Regulation Mechanisms** - **Homeotherms**: Maintain constant body temperature (e.g., most birds and mammals). - **Poikilotherms**: Allow body temperature to vary with the environment (e.g., amphibians, reptiles). - **Heterotherms**: Switch between homeothermic and poikilothermic strategies; enter torpor (e.g., hibernating mammals). 5. **Heat Exchange Mechanisms** - **Radiation**: Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves (e.g., sun or skin). - **Evaporation**: Heat loss through phase change from liquid to gas (e.g., sweating). - **Convection**: Heat transfer via moving air or liquid (e.g., wind). - **Conduction**: Heat transfer through direct contact (e.g., resting on a warm rock). 6. **Adaptations for Heat Regulation** - **Insulation**: Fur, feathers, blubber trap heat. - **Circulatory adaptations**: - **Vasodilation**: Increases heat loss. - **Vasoconstriction**: Conserves heat. - **Countercurrent heat exchange**: Minimizes heat loss in extremities. - **Metabolic heat**: Muscle activity (e.g., shivering) and brown fat generate heat. - **Behavioral adaptations**: Burrowing, basking, group behaviors. **Plant Responses to Water Stress** 1. **Flooded Soil Adaptations** - **Pneumatophores**: Specialized roots for gas exchange (e.g., mangroves). - **Aerenchyma**: Air channels in tissues facilitate oxygen transport (e.g., water lilies). 2. **Drought Responses** - **Short-term**: - Waxy cuticle and regulated stomata reduce water loss. - Stomatal closure via abscisic acid prevents dehydration. - **Long-term**: - Localized cell death via ethylene conserves resources. - **Xerophytes**: - Adaptations include thick cuticles, water storage, spines, and short life cycles. **Photosynthetic Adaptations in Hot/Dry Climates** 1. **Photorespiration** - Wasteful process where rubisco fixes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, reducing photosynthetic efficiency in hot conditions. 2. **C4 Plants** - Carbon fixation occurs in specialized bundle sheath cells. - Utilize **PEP carboxylase** to minimize oxygen interference. - Examples: Corn, sugarcane. 3. **CAM Plants** - Fix carbon dioxide at night, storing it as organic acids. - Stomata close during the day to conserve water. - Examples: Cacti, pineapples.