Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 4

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What condition is characterized by low sodium levels in the blood?

Hyponatremia (correct)

Hypocalcemia

Hypokalemia

Hypernatremia

Hyperkalemia

Low potassium levels in the blood, also known as hypokalemia, may lead to:

Respiratory alkalosis

Increased nerve excitability

High blood calcium

Increased urine concentration

Muscle weakness and cramps (correct)

Which electrolyte plays a major role in muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release?

Magnesium

Calcium (correct)

Phosphate

Sodium

Chloride

Hypercalcemia, or elevated calcium levels in the blood, can cause:

Bone demineralization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following helps to buffer pH changes in both intracellular and extracellular fluids?

Phosphate buffer system Signup and view all the answers

Which function of the urinary system is directly related to blood pressure regulation? (Select all that apply)

Control of extracellular fluid volume Signup and view all the answers

The urinary system helps maintain blood solute concentrations by regulating all of the following ions EXCEPT:

Mn2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which layer surrounds each kidney and consists of fibrous connective tissue?

Renal capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the renal pelvis?

Collecting urine from nephrons Signup and view all the answers

Which structure transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder?

Ureter Signup and view all the answers

The functional units of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine, are called:

Nephrons Signup and view all the answers

What role do podocytes play in the renal corpuscle?

Prevent large molecules from passing into filtrate Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the site where blood enters the kidney to begin filtration?

Renal artery Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular filtration occurs as a result of pressure differences in which specific region?

Glomerular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pressures opposes filtration at the glomerulus?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) Signup and view all the answers

Blood flows into the glomerulus through which blood vessel?

Afferent arteriole Signup and view all the answers

After filtrate passes through the loop of Henle, where does it travel next?

Distal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures does blood enter immediately after leaving the glomerulus?

Efferent arteriole Signup and view all the answers

The peritubular capillaries primarily surround which part of the nephron?

Proximal and distal convoluted tubules Signup and view all the answers

The vasa recta is essential in:

Maintaining the medullary concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for moving useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood?

Reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

In the proximal convoluted tubule, which substance is actively reabsorbed alongside sodium?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water?

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

Tubular secretion is essential for:

Maintaining blood pH Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are secreted in the distal convoluted tubule to help regulate pH?

Hydrogen and potassium Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone primarily regulates the balance of which ion in the body?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What effect does ADH have on urine concentration?

Concentrates urine Signup and view all the answers

In response to low blood calcium, the parathyroid hormone acts on which segment of the nephron?

Distal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released in response to high blood volume and promotes sodium excretion?

ANP Signup and view all the answers

Hypokalemia refers to a deficiency of which ion in the blood?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chloride in the extracellular fluid?

Maintain osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which buffer system is most effective within the intracellular fluid?

Phosphate buffer Signup and view all the answers

An increase in blood osmolality would likely trigger:

Release of ADH Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by abnormally high calcium levels?

Hypercalcemia Signup and view all the answers

The main buffer system that regulates pH in the blood is:

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory acidosis is typically caused by:

Hypoventilation Signup and view all the answers

An increase in blood pH above the normal range is known as:

Alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compensates for metabolic acidosis?

Increased hydrogen ion secretion in the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Hyperventilation is most likely to cause which acid-base imbalance?

Respiratory alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is released in response to low blood pressure and initiates the RAAS pathway?

Renin Signup and view all the answers

Angiotensin II acts directly to:

Constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to:

Low sodium and high potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary effect of angiotensin II?

Increased aldosterone secretion Signup and view all the answers

In the RAAS pathway, aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of which electrolyte?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for establishing resting membrane potential in muscle cells?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

Hyponatremia refers to an abnormally low concentration of which ion?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency of calcium in the blood is known as:

Hypocalcemia Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is essential for blood clotting and bone health?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Hyperkalemia is characterized by elevated levels of which ion in the blood?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood osmolality?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Thirst is generally triggered when blood osmolality:

Increases Signup and view all the answers

When dehydrated, ADH levels are expected to:

Increase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following increases water reabsorption without affecting electrolyte levels?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Severe dehydration could lead to an increase in which of the following conditions?

Hypernatremia Signup and view all the answers

The countercurrent multiplier system is located primarily in the:

Loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to:

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a key role in regulating the medullary osmotic gradient?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Urea recycling is important because it:

Contributes to the medullary osmotic gradient Signup and view all the answers

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively transports:

Sodium and chloride Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron filters blood plasma?

Bowman's capsule Signup and view all the answers

After filtrate passes through the renal corpuscle, it enters which structure?

Proximal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Which structure provides blood flow directly to the glomerulus?

Afferent arteriole Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular capillaries are specialized to:

Retain proteins and cells while filtering small solutes Signup and view all the answers

The role of the efferent arteriole in the nephron is to:

Carry blood out of the glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

The micturition reflex is primarily controlled by:

Stretch receptors in the bladder wall Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle in the bladder wall contracts to expel urine?

Detrusor muscle Signup and view all the answers

The internal urethral sphincter is controlled by:

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Voluntary control over micturition is managed by:

Somatic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone decreases urine volume by increasing water reabsorption?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone's effect on sodium reabsorption directly influences:

Both blood volume and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

If blood pressure is too low, which hormone is released to constrict arterioles and raise blood pressure?

Angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

Excessive release of ADH would most likely cause:

Water retention Signup and view all the answers

The kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine depends primarily on:

The medullary concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

ANP is released by the:

Heart Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood?

Hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 4

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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by low sodium levels in the blood?

Low potassium levels in the blood, also known as hypokalemia, may lead to:

Which electrolyte plays a major role in muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release?

Hypercalcemia, or elevated calcium levels in the blood, can cause:

Which of the following helps to buffer pH changes in both intracellular and extracellular fluids?

Which function of the urinary system is directly related to blood pressure regulation? (Select all that apply)

The urinary system helps maintain blood solute concentrations by regulating all of the following ions EXCEPT:

Which layer surrounds each kidney and consists of fibrous connective tissue?

What is the primary purpose of the renal pelvis?

Which structure transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder?

The functional units of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine, are called:

What role do podocytes play in the renal corpuscle?

Which structure is the site where blood enters the kidney to begin filtration?

Glomerular filtration occurs as a result of pressure differences in which specific region?

Which of the following pressures opposes filtration at the glomerulus?

Blood flows into the glomerulus through which blood vessel?

After filtrate passes through the loop of Henle, where does it travel next?

Which of these structures does blood enter immediately after leaving the glomerulus?

The peritubular capillaries primarily surround which part of the nephron?

The vasa recta is essential in:

Which process is responsible for moving useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood?

In the proximal convoluted tubule, which substance is actively reabsorbed alongside sodium?

Which segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water?

Tubular secretion is essential for:

Which ions are secreted in the distal convoluted tubule to help regulate pH?

Which hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water?

Aldosterone primarily regulates the balance of which ion in the body?

What effect does ADH have on urine concentration?

In response to low blood calcium, the parathyroid hormone acts on which segment of the nephron?

Which hormone is released in response to high blood volume and promotes sodium excretion?

Hypokalemia refers to a deficiency of which ion in the blood?

What is the primary role of chloride in the extracellular fluid?

Which buffer system is most effective within the intracellular fluid?

An increase in blood osmolality would likely trigger:

Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by abnormally high calcium levels?

The main buffer system that regulates pH in the blood is:

Respiratory acidosis is typically caused by:

An increase in blood pH above the normal range is known as:

Which of the following compensates for metabolic acidosis?

Hyperventilation is most likely to cause which acid-base imbalance?

Which of the following hormones is released in response to low blood pressure and initiates the RAAS pathway?

Angiotensin II acts directly to:

Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to:

Which of the following is a primary effect of angiotensin II?

In the RAAS pathway, aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of which electrolyte?

Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for establishing resting membrane potential in muscle cells?

Hyponatremia refers to an abnormally low concentration of which ion?

A deficiency of calcium in the blood is known as:

Which electrolyte is essential for blood clotting and bone health?

Hyperkalemia is characterized by elevated levels of which ion in the blood?

Which organ system is primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood osmolality?

Thirst is generally triggered when blood osmolality:

When dehydrated, ADH levels are expected to:

Which of the following increases water reabsorption without affecting electrolyte levels?

Severe dehydration could lead to an increase in which of the following conditions?

The countercurrent multiplier system is located primarily in the:

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to:

Which hormone plays a key role in regulating the medullary osmotic gradient?

Urea recycling is important because it:

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively transports:

Which part of the nephron filters blood plasma?

After filtrate passes through the renal corpuscle, it enters which structure?

Which structure provides blood flow directly to the glomerulus?

Glomerular capillaries are specialized to:

The role of the efferent arteriole in the nephron is to:

The micturition reflex is primarily controlled by:

Which muscle in the bladder wall contracts to expel urine?

The internal urethral sphincter is controlled by:

Voluntary control over micturition is managed by:

Which hormone decreases urine volume by increasing water reabsorption?

Aldosterone's effect on sodium reabsorption directly influences:

If blood pressure is too low, which hormone is released to constrict arterioles and raise blood pressure?

Excessive release of ADH would most likely cause:

The kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine depends primarily on:

ANP is released by the:

Which condition results from an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood?