Anatomy 1 PDF

ANATOMY 1 | SW2922 understanding of the human body and enhanced surgical Chapter 1 – Anatomy History & techniques Anatomical Terms: 19th CENTURY ANATOMY...

ANATOMY 1 | SW2922 understanding of the human body and enhanced surgical Chapter 1 – Anatomy History & techniques Anatomical Terms: 19th CENTURY ANATOMY ANATOMY - Extended with histology and - greek verb “Anatomein” developmental biology of both - “to cut open, to dissect” humans and animals - oldest scientific discipline of - application of microscopy – more medicine (2nd-3rd century BC, specialized anatomical images & Alexandria) (Ancient Anatomy) studies - through dissection of animals CLAUDIUS GALEN (129-199) Clinical (Medieval) Structure ANATOMY Function - most prominent physician in Early Basic Greece - study of animals ANATOMICAL POSITION - influenced the medical science - Upright body until the Renaissance period - Facing (1,000+ years) forward LEONARDO DA VINCI - Feet flat & (1452-1519)(Early Modern) directed - well-known Renaissance artist & forward scientist - Upper limbs - studied the human body for art, to besides the illustrate the body more body with realistically palms facing - first accurate depiction of the anteriorly (forward) human spine ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514-1564) COMMON ANATOMICAL TERMS - Belgian physician & anatomist - Father of Modern Human PLANE - imaginary flat surface passing Anatomy Science through the body which divides the - De Humani Corporis Fabrica structure (treatise) AXIS - line at which the movement - proved 200+ errors in Galen’s takes place anatomical works from empirical MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL/ methods of cadaveric dissection LONGITUDINAL (x axis - front & back - revolutionized the whole science movement) - divides body into equal of medicine– better left and right sides PARAMEDIAN/PARASAGITTAL - DEEP - towards/at the center of the Parallel to the median plane on either body side of it INTERNAL - inside the body/organ CORONAL/FRONTAL (y axis - left & EXTERNAL - outside the body/organ right movement) - vertical plane at right SUPINE - lying position/face upward angles to the median plane; divides (higa) body into anterior and posterior regions PRONE - lying facing downwards (dapa) HORIZONTAL/TRANSVERSE/AXIAL (z axis - up & down movement) - planes that are at right angles with both medial and coronal planes; divides body into superior and inferior regions RELATED TO POSITION MEDIAL - towards the middle LATERAL - towards the side ANTERIOR (Ventral) - towards the front POSTERIOR (Dorsal) - towards the back DORSAL - back of the hand & foot PALMAR - front of the hand RELATED TO MOVEMENT PLANTAR - front of the foot FLEXION - bending at the joint SUPERIOR - higher position;at/towards Extension - straightening at the joint the top LATERAL FLEXION - movement of the INFERIOR - lower position;at/towards trunk in coronal plane the bottom ABDUCTION - movement away from PROXIMAL - nearer to limb insertion the midline (pataas) DISTAL - further from limb insertion ADDUCTION - movement toward the SUPERFICIAL - towards/at the body midline (pababa) surface MEDIAL ROTATION - movement that dense fibrous tissue that results in the anterior surface facing permeate the entire body medially - Connective framework of the LATERAL ROTATION - movement that body – binds all systems in their results in the anterior surface facing proper places, maintaining laterally structural integrity PRONATION - medial rotation where - Protects and penetrates all anterior surface faces posteriorly structures of the body (head to SUPINATION - lateral rotation where toe) anterior surface faces anteriorly CIRCUMDUCTION - movement in “Body’s living knitting fabric, scaffolding circumferential axis (pa-circle) that interconnects you to yourself.” ROTATION - movement around its long axis (pa-ikot) “Web of connective tissue formed in PROTRACTION - to move forward bands that wraps around all the internal RECTRACTION - to move backward parts of the body from head to toe and INVERSION - sole of the foot faces biologically, holds our body together.” medially EVERSION - sole of the foot faces TYPES OF FASCIA laterally PLANTAR FLEXION - movement of the SUPERFICIAL FASCIA - Skin plantar aspect of the foot away from the DEEP FASCIA - muscles, bones, shin (pointed toe) nerves, and blood vessels DORSIFLEXION - movement of the foot VISCERAL FASCIA - internal organs towards the shin (pointed heel) Chapter 2.1 – Fascia FASCIA - Most pervasive, but least understood network of the human body - Latin word for “band” or “bandage” - Collagenous connective tissue SUPERFICIAL FASCIA sheath of “armor” covering - Associated with the skin tissues & organs - In the subcutaneous layer, & - 3D continuum of soft, commonly made of collagen, collagen-containing, loose & areolar tissue, and elastic fibers  - Unites dermis of the skin to the - fibrous connective tissue that underlying tissue surrounds the individual muscles, - Lowermost layer of the skin bones, nerves, and blood vessels - Protective layer as cushion & - High density of elastin which insulator dictates its tensile strength - Viscoelastic to accommodate fat Elastin - elastic protein in deposition connective tissues which allows parts to go back to its original shape after Manipulation VISCERAL FASCIA - Maintains organs within their cavities - Least tensile than other fascia; tensile tone is consistent (not too lax, nor hypertonic) DEEP FASCIA - Associated with muscle, bones, nerves, & blood vessels MYOFASCIAL RELEASE Chapter 2.2 – Muscle - First termed & described by Andrew Taylor Still (1960’s), MUSCLE and popularized by Robert C. - Fibrous tissue found in most Ward & John F. Barnes (1990’s) living organisms - Safe and very effective hands-on - Contractile = force & movement technique/physical therapy for - Primary function is for myofascial pain syndrome that production of power for involves applying gentle, slow, locomotion steady, sustained pressure - Protection for vital organs (90-100s) in the myofascial - Thermoregulation function connective tissue restrictions or - Approx. 639 muscles in the body “trigger points” (lamig) - Designed to release restrictions TYPES OF MUSCLES in the myofascial system (fascia) - Skeletal that may cause pain & limit - Smooth motion - Cardiac - The fascial system maintains a balance of tension & elasticity which allows for smooth, unrestricted movement of each SKELETAL MUSCLE muscle group while holding - Produces movement of the everything in place skeletal framework - Meant to release the restriction in - Voluntary muscles the connective tissue to promote - Composed of long cells (muscle greater range of motion and fibers) with a striated appearance alleviate pain - Innervated by motor neurons of the PNS BENEFITS OF MFR - Has two or more attachments via - Decrease of alleviate pain tendons - Increase and restore range of ORIGIN - attachment that moves motion the least (fixed attachment) - Reduce soreness - Usually more proximal - Assist in tissue recovery process INSERTION - attachment that - Improve circulation moves the most (moves with - Reduce anxiety and stress contraction) - Usually more distal SARCOMERE - Basic function (contractile) unit of a skeletal muscle - Delimited by Z discs - Consists of at least 30 different proteins (most abundant are myosin and actin) - Basis for the muscle contraction theory (Sliding filament theory) SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTION - Eg. - trapezius, deltoids, - Prime mover (agonist) rhomboids & - Antagonist brachioradialis during - Fixator elbow flexion - Synergist - rectus abdominus & hip Muscles during knee PRIME MOVERS extension - Primary muscle involved in the movement of a joint SYNERGIST MUSCLES - Chief muscle or group of muscles - Assists the prime mover in responsible for a certain producing movement but can not movement produce movement alone - eg: - Group of muscles that help - biceps & triceps produce movement - quadriceps & hamstrings - Can also be a fixator in a - latissimus dorsi movement ANTAGONISTS - Opposes the action of the prime mover - The muscle that relaxes when its prime mover contracts SMOOTH MUSCLE - Supportive tissue of blood vessels and hollow internal organs (e.g. GI tract, urinary bladder) FIXATORS - Provides the motive power for - Stabilizes the attachment (origin propelling tube contents (e.g. and insertion) of muscles for Peristalsis) movement to be done efficiently - Maintains flow of fluids along - Its contraction (isometric) does tissue walls not produce movement itself - Fatigues slowly compared to other types of muscles  - Triggered by impulses that travel through the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to the smooth muscle tissue - Could contract and relax as needed by the organ - In storage organs, fibers are irregularly arranged, interlaced with slow contractions which leads to content expulsion - In blood vessels and GI tract, Chapter 2.3 – Bone fibers are arranged circularly which produce waves of onward BONE milking motion to propel contents - Hard, strong, stiff living tissue forward capable of remodeling through bone cells CARDIAC MUSCLE Osteoclast - bone resorption/ - Exists only in the heart which breakdown makes up the myocardium Osteoblast - bone formation - Responsible for pumping blood to - Calcium carbonate, calcium the blood vessels phosphate, collagen - Has the property of - Remodels and adapts depending spontaneous & rhythmic on the amount of stress applied contractions to it - Innervated by the ANS FUNCTIONS - Irregular - Protection - Fat storage LONG BONES - Source of new blood cells - Tubular - Storage site of minerals - Long shaft - Supports and facilitates - Longer than are wider movement of soft tissues - Usually found in the limbs - Structural foundation - Eg. Femur, Humerus, Phalanges (finger bones) DIAPHYSIS - tubular shaft EPIPHYSIS - ends of a long bone MARROW (MEDULLARY) CAVITY - central cavity contains marrow PERIOSTEUM - connective tissue sheath covering the compact bone HYALINE CARTILAGE - cartilage which covers the articular surface of a bone EPIPHYSEAL PLATE - hyaline cartilage plate at both ends of a growing long bone; growth plate - Growth is through Endochondral ossification (cartilage ossifies/solidifies and is replaced by bone) EPIPHYSEAL LINE - replaces the epiphyseal plate in children (develops at around 20 years of age) METAPHYSIS - part of the diaphysis which touches the epiphyseal line BONE CLASSIFICATIONS - Long - Short - Flat - Sesamoid SHORT BONES IRREGULAR BONES - Cuboidal shape (or nugget-like) - Doesn’t fit other categories of - Width about equal to length bones - Found in the hands and feet - No related geometric shape - Eg. Carpals (hands), Tarsals - Eg. Vertebrae of the Spine (feet) FLAT BONES - Thin, flattened SESAMOID BONES - Protective - Embedded within a tendon - Usually curved - Most varying in size & shape - Eg. Skull bones, Pelvis, Scapula, among individuals Sternum and Ribs - Eg. Patella, Pisiform REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF LINEAR - break runs parallel to the BONES shaft OBLIQUE - break runs diagonally from AXIAL one side to the other - Consists of the skull, vertebral SPIRAL - at least one side of the bone column, & thoracic cage is twisted - Forms the central axis of the GREENSTICK - partial fracture body COMMINUTED - bone is fractured into smaller fragments (shattered) APPENDICULAR AVULSION - a muscle or ligament pills - Consists of the pectoral girdle, the bone causing a fracture the bones of the limbs, & the IMPACTED - one fragment goes into bones of the hands and feet another FRACTURE - Break in the continuity of a bone structure (physical force exerted > bone itself) MAIN CATEGORIES - Complete vs incomplete - Displaced vs non-displaced - Closed/ simple vs open/ compound RISK FACTORS Pathological - Osteoporosis - Osteogenic Sarcoma - Multiple Myelomas CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Trauma - pain - Accidents - Edema - Falls - Deformity - Sports injuries - Decrease or loss in function - Crepitation TYPES OF FRACTURES - Discoloration/bruising - Decrease or loss of limb TRANSVERSE - break runs sensation perpendicular to the shaft TREATMENT approximately 25 million times in - Immobilization (splints) your lifetime - Analgesics & Anti-inflammatories - Reduction - Open (surgery) - Closed (manual manipulation) - Application of Cast - Rehabilitation FUN FACTS ABOUT BONES: - Adults have 206 bones, babies GOODLUCK WITH PRELIMS! have about 300 bones and cartilage at birth – Sofi