Anatomies.docx

A diagram of the human brain Description automatically generated  A diagram of the human brain Description automatically generated  A diagr...

A diagram of the human brain Description automatically generated  A diagram of the human brain Description automatically generated  A diagram of the brain Description automatically generated  A diagram of the human brain Description automatically generated  ATTENTION - Superior Frontal Cortex: This area is involved in higher cognitive functions, including working memory and attention. It plays a role in maintaining attention on tasks and is involved in the control of voluntary movement. - Posterior Parietal Cortex: This region is associated with the processing of sensory information and the integration of sensory input with motor commands. It\'s important for spatial awareness and attention to the environment. - Ventral Prefrontal Cortex: This part of the prefrontal cortex is linked to the processing of risk and fear, decision-making, and the regulation of emotional responses. It\'s also involved in assigning emotional value to stimuli, which can affect attention. - Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ): Strongly engaged in target detection, especially when occurring in an unexpected location. 'The TPJ is active in a variety of cognitive processes, including attention reorienting (shifting attention to a new location), theory of mind (understanding others\' perspectives), and the integration of sensory stimuli.' - Pulvinar of Thalamus: Increased activity when a stimulus is target of a saccadic eye movement or in covert attention, involved in voluntary and reflexive action, important in spatial attention, orienting, and filtering stimuli. 'The pulvinar is involved in visual attention, filtering sensory information, and controlling the flow of information to the cortex. It helps in directing attention to areas of interest and is crucial for visual processing.' - Superior Colliculus: Involved in the preliminary visual processing and eye movements. It helps orient the eyes in response to new stimuli, playing a role in visually guided attention. A close-up of a white box Description automatically generated Cognitive Control - Lateral Prefrontal Cortex: This area is crucial for the executive functions of the brain, such as reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and partaking in complex behaviors like decision-making and moderating social behavior. - Frontal Pole: This is the most anterior part of the frontal lobes and is involved in complex processes such as strategic planning and multitasking. It also plays a role in integrating information from different cognitive processes. - Orbitofrontal Cortex: Located just above the eye sockets, this area is important for the processing of rewards and punishments. It is also involved in decision-making and is thought to be a critical region for controlling impulsive behaviors. - Medial Frontal Cortex: This part of the brain is associated with various functions, including decision-making, the anticipation of reward, and self-assessment. It\'s also involved in error monitoring and adjusting behavior. - Primary Motor Cortex: This region is responsible for generating neural impulses that control the execution of movement. It\'s involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements. - Secondary Motor Areas: These areas, including the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, are involved in the planning and coordination of movements, particularly those that are complex or require sequences of actions. Social Cognition - Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex (Ventral PFC): This region is associated with processing risk and emotional response, especially in social situations. It\'s also involved in the processing of reward and decision-making. - Anterior Cingulate Cortex: This area is important for emotional regulation, impulse control, decision-making, and error detection. It\'s also involved in empathy and understanding others\' emotions. - Posterior Cingulate Cortex: This region plays a role in memory and visual processing, and it\'s thought to be involved in internally directed thought, such as daydreaming and retrieving personal memories. - Medial Parietal Cortex: Also known as the precuneus, it\'s involved in aspects of consciousness and self-related mental representations during social interactions. - Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (Dorsolateral PFC): It\'s involved in executive functions such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, inhibition, and abstract reasoning. - Orbitofrontal Cortex: This part of the prefrontal cortex is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making and is an integral part of the reward system. - Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (Ventrolateral PFC): This area is implicated in the processing of uncertain risk and affective decision-making. - Parietal Cortex: It plays a role in the integration of sensory information and is involved in attention processes. - Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ): This region is associated with the theory of mind - understanding the intentions, beliefs, and desires of others. - Superior Temporal Sulcus: It\'s involved in the perception of where others are looking (gaze perception) and interpreting the intentions behind the actions of others (biological motion perception). Memory - Hippocampus: Essential for the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions. - Amygdala: Plays a role in the processing of emotions, which can affect the strength and retention of memories. - Fornix: Acts as a major output tract for the hippocampus and is involved in the transmission of information related to memory. - Anterior Thalamic Nucleus: Works as a relay station for information going to the cortex and is important for memory and alertness. - Mammillary Body: Part of the limbic system and is involved in the processing of recognition memory. - Medial Prefrontal Cortex: Linked with the higher-order processing of memory, decision making, and retrieval of long-term memories. - Medial Temporal Lobe: Encompasses the hippocampus and is critical for the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory. - Perirhinal Cortex: Involved in object recognition and memory, and works closely with the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in memory formation. - Entorhinal Cortex: Acts as an interface between the hippocampus and the neocortex, playing a key role in memory, navigation, and the perception of time. - Parahippocampal Cortex: Involved in memory encoding and retrieval, particularly with spatial memory and navigation. Emotion - Orbitofrontal Cortex: This region is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making. It\'s thought to play a role in the emotional value of reinforcement and is implicated in the mechanisms of reward, such as evaluating the emotional significance of events. - Cingulate Gyrus: Part of the limbic system, it processes emotions and behavior regulation. It also helps regulate autonomic motor function. - Thalamus: This is a relay station for almost all sensory information that enters the brain. It\'s involved in pain sensation, attention, alertness, and memory. - Hippocampus: It\'s crucial for memory formation and is also associated with emotions and navigation. - Hypothalamus: Regulates a variety of bodily functions including emotional behavior and responses, hormonal processes, and homeostasis. - Amygdala: This almond-shaped set of neurons is essential for the development of specific emotions, such as fear, and plays a role in how memories are stored based on emotional reactions. - Corpus Callosum: Although not part of the limbic system, it\'s included in the image and is the large band of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres and allows for communication between them. Language - Broca\'s Area: Critical for speech production and language processing. Damage to this area can result in Broca\'s aphasia, which is characterized by slow, halting speech and difficulty in speaking, but with relatively preserved comprehension. - Wernicke\'s Area: Involved in the comprehension of speech. Lesions in this region can cause Wernicke\'s aphasia, leading to issues with language comprehension and the production of nonsensical speech. - Inferior Frontal Cortex: This region, which includes Broca\'s area, is involved in language production and processing, as well as other functions like movement and reasoning. - Superior Temporal Gyrus: This region is important for processing auditory information and is also involved in the integration of various aspects of language comprehension. - Angular Gyrus: Located in the parietal lobe, the angular gyrus is implicated in complex language functions, including reading, writing, and interpretation of language. - Supramarginal Gyrus: Also part of the parietal lobe, this region is involved in phonological processing and is important for language perception and processing. - Sylvian Fissure: Also known as the lateral sulcus, this is a deep fissure in the brain that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. It\'s not a language processing area itself but is adjacent to regions that are involved in language.