Brain & Behaviour PSYC11212 Course Overview PDF

Course OverviewUnit Lead: [email protected] & BehaviourPSYC11212 Format of the CourseLecture sessions: Mondays @ 12:00 –13:30Seminar sessions: 4 sessions on Thurs. in weeks 4, 6, 8, 10All seminar sessions will be activity based and delivered by TAsLecturers will be in...

Course OverviewUnit Lead: [email protected] & BehaviourPSYC11212 Format of the CourseLecture sessions: Mondays @ 12:00 –13:30Seminar sessions: 4 sessions on Thurs. in weeks 4, 6, 8, 10All seminar sessions will be activity based and delivered by TAsLecturers will be in the lecture theatre on Mon. till 14:00 –Q&A session if needed Dr GoranaPobricYo u r L e c t u r e r sDr Nils MuhlertDr Amber RuigrokDr Annie Pye Assessment3 mini quizzes with answers on Blackboard: week 4, week 8 and week 12ExamMCQ (50 questions) –50% of your markSAQ (1 short answer question) –50% of your markYo u w i l l h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r a c t i c e b o t h M C Q s a n d S A Q s b y c o m p l e t i n g q u i z z e sThe quiz is NOTpart of your mark (practice purposes only), so please take them as many times as needed SyllabusWe e kDatesLecturerLectureTe a c h i n g w e e k 130-Jan-23Dr Pobric1 Intro and neuroanatomy Te a c h i n g w e e k 206-Feb-23Dr Pobric2 Structure of cells and neurophysiology 1Te a c h i n g w e e k 313-Feb-23Dr Pobric3 Neurophysiology 2Te a c h i n g w e e k 420-Feb-23Dr Muhlert4 Stress 1Te a c h i n g w e e k 527-Feb-23Dr Muhlert5 Stress 2Te a c h i n g w e e k 606-Mar-23Dr Ruigrok6 Emotion 1Te a c h i n g w e e k 713-Mar-23Dr Ruigrok7 Emotion 2Te a c h i n g w e e k 820-Mar-23Dr Pye8 Sleep EASTER BREAK27 March -16-Apr-2023Te a c h i n g w e e k 917-Apr-23Dr Ruigrok9 AutismTe a c h i n g w e e k 1 024-Apr-23Dr Pye10 Substance abuseTe a c h i n g We e k 1 101-May-23Bank HolidayBank HolidayTe a c h i n g We e k 1 208-May-23Bank HolidayOnline RevisionExamination period15 May -11 June 2023 Te x t b o o kCarlson, N.R. (2014). Foundations of BehavioralNeuroscience(9thed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc -available in e-book format] •Identify the functions of main brain structures•Demonstrate an understanding of basic topics in cognition and physiology of behaviour•Critically reflect current issues in behaviouralneuroscience research•Apply knowledge of brain and cognition to interpret research findings and everyday situationsIntended learning outcomes Why study the Brain and Behaviour? Why study the Brain and Behaviour?How the brain produces behaviour is still a major unanswered scientific question.Understanding brain function will allow improvements in many aspects of our daily lives: medical advancements, educational systems, economic systems and social systemsThe brain is the most complex living organ on earth and is found in many animals.We would like to understand how it works and its place in biological order of our planet •Mental representation -the sense in which properties of the outside world (e.g. colours, objects) are copied/simulated by cognition•Neural representation -the way in which properties of the outside world manifest themselves in the neural signal (e.g. different spiking rates for different stimuli)Representations in the Head Cognitive and behaviouralneuroscience can provide insight into areas of cognition that were difficult or impossible to address without neuroimaging techniques Studies of animal brains, patients with brain damage, and neuroimaging has enabled scientists to understand the structure and function of the brain Structure of the Nervous System Basic Features of the Nervous SystemTe r m s o f R e f e r e n c eDirections in the Nervous System Anterior/Rostral–FrontPosterior/Caudal–BackDorsal–TopVe n t r a l–BottomLateral-Toward SideMedial-Toward MiddleIpsilateral-Same SideContralateral-Opposite Side Brain Slices and Planes•Transverse section -right angle to the neuraxis. •Sagittal Section -parallel to neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground•Horizontal Section -parallel to the ground The nervous systemCentral nervous system:Brain & spinal cordPeripheral nervous system: Cranial nerves & spinal nerves The Brain The BrainLarge mass of neurons, glia and other supporting cellsIn the liver, any given area performs the exact same function as another. In the brain, although similar in appearance, areas support different functions The brain accounts for only 2% of body weightThe most protected organ in the body, encased in a tough bony skull and floating in CSF fluidSoft, jellylike structure; weight = 1400g (approx) Brain CirculationAlthough the brain comprises only about 2% of the body weight itUses about 20% of the body's blood supply and consumes 15-20% of the oxygenThe human brain contains around 400 miles of blood vessels. The SkullThe large hole (Foramen Magnum) is for passage of the spinal cord Dura Mater -tough, flexible outermost meninxMeninges Arachnoid -middle layer of the meningesThe Arachnoidis like a sheet of cellophane that is draped over the brain.It does not dip into the valleys of the brain contour. Pia Mater -last layer of the meninges, which adheres to the surface of the brain The arrows outline the space between the arachnoid and pia; the subarachnoid space -space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater filled with CSF –cerebrospinal fluid Ve n t r i c u l a r S y s t e m o f t h e B r a i nVe n tr ic le s–a set of hollow chambers within the brain filled with CSF. These include:1.Lateral Ventricles2.Third Ventricles3.Cerebral Aqueduct4.Fourth Ventricle Cerebrospinal Fluid -CSF•Similar to blood plasma composition•Formed by the choroid plexus•Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain•Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord•To t a l v o l u m e o f c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d = 1 2 5-150 ml•The entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid turns over 3 to 4 times per day•CSF is activelysecreted by the brain. CSF is constantly being made, circulates and is reabsorbed into the blood stream Circulation of CSF Hydrocephalus in an Infant Brain DevelopmentDevelopment of the nervous system begins around the eighteenth day after conception.By the twenty-first day these ridges touch each other and fuse together, forming a tube—the neural tube—that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. The ForebrainLargest section of the brainForebrain–Te l e n c e p h a l o n a n d D i e n c e p h a l o nTe l e n c e p h a l o n–cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system In order to fit it in the skull, it is crumpled up (area 2500cm2)Thin, wrinkled layer of tissue covering the brain consisting of two hemispheresCerebral Cortex (bark) How does the dolphin brain compare to the human brain?-a thin neocortex (about 1.5 mm, compared to 2.9 mm in humans)-rather uniform structure of the cortex What is different between human and sheep brains?For size comparison, here is an Austrian shepherd with his flock. Right and left hemispherescerebellumcerebellumbrainstembrainstemWhat is similar between human and sheep brains?Basic structure and function is similar The CerebrumGrey matteris composed of cell bodies of the neuronsWhite matteris the axons and dendrites of the neurons –bundles of “cables” connecting regions of the brain and spinal cord. White matter Tw o h e mi s p h e r e s c o mmu n i c a t e t h r o u g h corpus callosumCerebral Cortex Telencephalon -Cerebral Cortex -LobesFPOT Primary coritices Primary corticesmotorsomatosensoryhomunculussomatotopic organization The Primary motorcortex. Neurons in differentregions of the motor cortex connect to muscles in different regions of the contralateral side of the body.The primary visual Cortex.It receives visualinformation.The primary auditory Cortex.It receives auditory information.The primary somatosensory Cortex.It receives information from the body senses; different regions receive information from different parts of the body. A Brodmann areais a region of the cerebral cortex defined based on its cytoarchitectonics, or structure and organization of cellsBrodmann AreasMany of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been correlated closely to diverse cortical functions(i.e. Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 are the primary somatosensory cortex; 17 –primary visual cortex…)In man he distinguished 46 areas, each carrying an individual number and some being further subdivided Te l e n c e p h a l o n -The Limbic systemLimbic System –set of structures involved in learning, memory, and emotionStructures of the limbic system include:•Limbic Cortex•Hippocampus•Amygdala•Fornix•Mammillary Bodies (part of the hypothalamus) Te l e n c e p h a l o n-Basal Ganglia–set of structures involved in processing information for motor movement. Major structures of the basal ganglia motor system include:•Caudate Nucleus•Putamen•Globus PallidusNuclei: group of neurons of similar shapeControl of movement DiencephalonPart of forebrain consisting largely of the thalamus and hypothalamusThalamus –Main sensory relay for all senses (except smell) and the cortexNuclei: LGN, MGN…Hypothalamus –set of nuclei involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland.Much of the endocrine system controlled by hormones produced in hypothalamusIt is primarily concerned with body and its regulation :fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating The MidbrainMesencephalon: comprised of the tectum and tegmentum Te c t u m:1. superior colliculi –subcortical sensory pathway involved in fast eye movements (vision)2. inferior colliculi -part of auditory pathwayTe g m e n t u m: role in motor movement1.reticular formation 2.red nucleus3.substantia nigra The HindbrainContains both the metencephalon and the myelencephalonMetencephalon–a structure comprised of the cerebellum and the pons.•Cerebellum:•appears as a mini brain•involved in motor coordination and smooth execution of movement•Pons:•part of the reticular formation•involved in sleep and arousal•link between cerebellum and cerebrum Myelencephalon–contains the medulla oblongatais involved in basic life functions, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing heart rate and wake-sleep cycles. The Spinal CordCNS tissue extending caudally from the medulla in the brain1.The spinal cord communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head2.Primary Components of the Spinal Cord:•Dorsal Roots•Ve n t r a l R o o t s dorsal roots carry sensory information to the CNS -AFFERENTBell-Magendie Lawventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands away from the CNS -EFFERENT The Peripheral Nervous SystemLocated outside of the skull and spineIt comprises of two parts: the somatic and the autonomic nervous systemsBrings information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNSSomatic nervous systemThe part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system.Autonomic nervous systemThe portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions The Peripheral Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous SystemCranial nervesand spinal nervesinvolved in processing sensory information and controlling voluntary movementAfferent nerves –towardthe CNS carrying sensory informationEfferent nerves –awayfrom CNS conveying motor commands PNS -Cranial Nerves Set of 12 motor and/or sensory nerves attached to the ventral surface of the brainSensory and motor functions of the head and neckEfferent –motor (red); Afferent –sensory (blue) PNS -Spinal NervesSpinal Nerves -peripheral nerves attached to the spinal cord 31 pairs of nerves : afferentand efferenttravel to muscles and sensory receptors Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous SystemComprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsSympathetic and parasympathetic nerves generally have opposite effectsSympathetic“Fight or flight” Arousal and preparing the body for the expenditure of energyParasympathetic“Rest and restore”Relaxing the bodyRegulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glandsControls the body’s vegetative functions Autonomic Nervous SystemAll nerves are efferent Summaryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHxyP-nUhUY STUDYOPPORTUNITY