Alternatives to Experimentation (Nonexperimental Designs) PDF

DAS - EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - Presentation 2024 Alternatives to Experimentation (Nonexperimental Designs) CVSU- SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 CVSU-SILANG...

DAS - EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - Presentation 2024 Alternatives to Experimentation (Nonexperimental Designs) CVSU- SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Learn about techniques for studying behavior that do not manipulate antecedent conditions. Be familiar with various qualitative research designs. Learn about the techniques employed in observational research. Learn how to conduct new research using data already collected by other researchers. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Nonexperimental Designs also called nonexperimental research, is a research that lacks the manipulation of the antecedent conditions/independent variable. Read More CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Internal Validity the degree to which we can confidently infer a causal relationship between variables. non-experimental researches have low internal validity, experimental researches have high internal validity. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 External Validity refers to the degree to which we can generalize the findings to other circumstances or settings, like the real world environment. experimental researches have low external validity, some non- experimental researches have high external validity. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Nonexperimental research is preferred, including when: the research question or hypothesis relates to a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two variables (e.g. describing the prevalence of depression among teenagers) CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Nonexperimental research is preferred, including when: the research question pertains to a non- causal statistical relationship between variables (e.g. is there a correlation between intelligence and emotional stability) CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Nonexperimental research is preferred, including when: the research question is about a causal relationship, but the independent variable cannot be manipulated , or participants cannot be randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions for practical or ethical reasons (e.g. does damage to a person’s frontal lobe affects problem solving ability?) CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Nonexperimental research is preferred, including when: the research question is broad and exploratory, or is about what it is like to have a particular experience (e.g. what is it like to be a working mother diagnosed with depression?) CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 LET’S PRACTICE! For each of the following studies, decide which type of research design it is ( experimental or non-experimental) and explain why. A researcher measures the impulsivity of a large sample of drivers and looks at the statistical relationship between this variable and the number of traffic tickets the drivers have received. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 LET’S PRACTICE! For each of the following studies, decide which type of research design it is ( experimental or non-experimental) and explain why. A researcher randomly assigns patients with low back pain either to a treatment involving hypnosis or to a treatment involving exercise. The researcher then measures their level of low back pain after 3 months. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 LET’S PRACTICE! For each of the following studies, decide which type of research design it is ( experimental or non-experimental) and explain why. A college instructor gives weekly quizzes to students in one section of his course but no weekly quizzes to students in another section to see whether this has effect on their test performance. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Qualitative Research research that relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected; it focuses on self-reports, personal narratives, expression of ideas, memories, feelings and thoughts. Read More CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Phenomenology a design of inquiry coming from philosophy and psychology in which the researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon as described by participants. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Purpose Focus To describe the essence A particular phenomenon as lived or of a phenomenon experienced by particular people Phenomenology Methods of Data Methods of Data Collection Analysis In depth interviews; purposeful sampling of Analyzing data for significant statements, meaning typically three (3) to ten (10) individuals who units, textual and structural description have experienced the phenomenon CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Narrative Research a design of inquiry from the humanities in which the researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives. Read More CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Purpose Focus Events that occur in a person’s life across time, as Investigate personal experiences well as the settings, activities, situations, and as told through stories individuals engaged in these events. Narrative Research Methods of Data Methods of Data Collection Analysis In depth interviews in which the focus is on Analyzing data for stories, “restoring/ retelling” stories, and gathering stories; journal entries, letter developing themes (i.e. narrative thematic analysis), or other materials often using a chronology. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Grounded Theory a design of inquiry from sociology in which the researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of participants. Read More CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Purpose Focus A process that includes human behaviors and Create a model/ theory that explains interactions, as well as how they are influenced by a process and result from one another Grounded Theory Methods of Data Methods of Data Collection Analysis Using primarily with interviews with Analyzing data through open coding, axial 20 to 60 individuals coding and selective coding CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Ethnography a design of inquiry coming from anthropology and sociology in which the researchers investigate the shared patterns of behaviors, language and actions of a group over a prolonged Read More period of time.  CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Purpose Focus A unique field site where a group of To describe and interpret the shared individuals have a shared culture. patterns of culture of a group Ethnography Methods of Data Methods of Data Collection Analysis Participant observations, key informant interviews, Analyzing data through description of the culture- pertinent written materials, and/or audio-visual sharing group and themes about the group material CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Case Studies a design of inquiry found in many fields, especially evaluation in which the researchers develop an in-depth analysis of a case, often a program, event, activity, process or one or more individuals. Read More  CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Purpose Focus One case or a few cases within its/their To develop an in-depth description and natural setting analysis of a case or multiple cases Case Study Methods of Data Methods of Data Collection Analysis Using multiple sources, such as interviews, Analyzing data through description of the themes and observations, documents and artifacts themes of the case as well as cross-case themes. CVSU-SILANG - BPSY 95 - Presentation 2024 Thank You CVSU-SILANG - EXP PSYCH - Presentation 2024