AGRI 22 Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production PDF

# AGRI 22 Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production ## Overview of the Philippine Dairy Industry ### Industry Overview * The Philippine dairy industry has two major sectors: * **Huge Importing and Processing Sector:** This sector imports, re-processes, and repackages milk and milk prod...

# AGRI 22 Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production ## Overview of the Philippine Dairy Industry ### Industry Overview * The Philippine dairy industry has two major sectors: * **Huge Importing and Processing Sector:** This sector imports, re-processes, and repackages milk and milk products. * **Small Milk Producing Sector:** This sector consists of formal and informal groups. * 99% of gross supply comes from the importing and processing sector, with only 1% accounted for by the milk producing sector. * The formal sector under milk producers is comprised of three main groups: * **Smallholder producers:** With 1 to 10 head of milk animals * **Smallholder producers:** With 20 to 75 head of milk animals * **Producer-processors:** These maintain farms with about 100 milk animals or more and market milk in urban centers. * Producer-processors procure raw milk from smallholders. * The Philippines' milk producing sector is characterized as a smallholder-based sector. ### Production **Figure 3. Distinct Sectors of the Philippine Dairy Industry** * Domestic production reached 15.60 million liters during the 2nd quarter of 2022. * This is a 22.26% increase from the Q2 of 2021. * The value of production in 2022 (Q2) was P909 million. * The average farmgate price of milk increased from P53.06/liter in 2021 (Q2) to P58.27/liter in 2022 (Q2). * The increase in local milk production is attributed to: * The availability of more dairy animals * The implementation of government projects aimed at increasing milk production. * Dairy production is projected to increase in 2023, as: * The local economy recovers * Purchasing power increases * Economic-stimulus responses are implemented against the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic **Figure 5. Animal Inventory By Type (NDA, 2022).** * Total dairy animal (herd) inventory was 67,273 head in January-June 2022. * This includes: * 23,859 head of cattle * 14,013 head of carabao * 29,401 head of goats * Dairy goat inventory increased slightly due to the importation of new dairy breeds. * Average milk production per animal is: * 12 liters/day in cattle * 4.5 liters/day in carabao * 1 to 2 liters/day in goat. * In 2022, around 54% of total milk produced was cow's milk. * Carabao and goat milk represent around 39% and 7%, respectively, of total milk production. * In 2022 (Q2), the dairy sector contributed: * 0.09% of the total agricultural production value * 0.49% of the total livestock production value. ### Consumption * Annual per capita milk consumption in the Philippines increased from ≈17 kg in 2011 to around 27 kg in 2022. * This is still relatively low compared to the United States with an average annual per capita milk consumption of 287 kg/year. * Factors contributing to the growth in dairy consumption include: * Expanding middle class * Growing population * Cold chain capacity * Increasing number of supermarkets * Growing food processing industry * 1 in 5 glasses of fresh liquid milk consumed in the Philippines is locally produced. * Filipino families spend more than P4,000 per year on dairy products. * The greater Manila area remains the major market for fresh or pasteurized milk. * Main customers for local milk processors include: * Hotels * Restaurants * Hospitals * Specialty coffee shops ### Imports * The Philippines relies heavily on imports to meet its annual dairy demand. * Dairy products were the country's third largest agricultural import in 2022 (after wheat and soybean meal). * Total value of dairy products imported in the 2nd Quarter of 2022 reached P43.17 billion. * Major suppliers to the Philippines are: * United States (40.17% share of total imports by volume) * New Zealand * Belgium * Australia * 80.83% of the total milk and dairy product imports (by volume) was milk power. * Skimmed milk powder constituted the bulk of milk powder imports at 48.68%, followed by whey (17.96%), buttermilk (10.44%), and whole milk powder (3.76%). ### Exports * The export of milk and dairy products increased by 84.99% in 2022 (Q2) compared to 2021 (Q2). * Total volume of dairy products exported reached 59.61 thousand MT in January-June 2022. * Top Philippine export items in 2022 (Q3) were: * Milk and cream * Butter * Cheese * Malaysia and Vietnam were the top export markets, accounting for 48.67% and 15.78% of the total export value. * Other important export markets include: * Bangladesh (4.9%) * Indonesia (4.15%). ## Common Breeds of Dairy Cattle ### Breeds * **Taurine Species:** * Conventional dairy breeds were developed mainly from the taurine species. * **Bos Indicus Breeds:** * Sahiwal and Red Sindhi are considered as milk cattle. ### Factors in Choosing Dairy Cattle * **Breed adaptability:** Cattle should be well-suited to the local environment. * **High salvage value:** This refers to the animal's value if it is not used for milk production. ### Dairy Cattle Breed Groups * **1. European or Temperate (Bos Taurus):** * High milk producers * Consume a lot of feed * Low tolerance to tropical diseases * **2. Zebu (Bos indicus):** * Heat tolerant * Disease resistant * Low in productivity (milk yields, weight gains, and maturity) ### Examples of Dairy Cattle Breeds #### Temperate Dairy Cattle Breeds (Bos taurus) * **1. Holstein Friesian:** * Origin: Netherlands * Color: Black and white or red and white * Milk Production: 6,850 kg/lactation * Size: Large * **2. Brown Swiss:** * Origin: Schwyz, Switzerland * Color: Light to dark brown with a light-colored band around the muzzle * Milk Production: 5,650 kg/lactation * **3. Ayrshire:** * Origin: Ayr, Scotland * Color: Red, red brown, and white * Milk Production: 5,400 kg/lactation * Size: Medium * **4. Guernsey:** * Origin: Guernsey, English Channel * Color: Fawn and white * Milk Production: 4,950 kg/lactation * Size: Medium * **5. Jersey:** * Origin: Jersey, English Channel * Color: Fawn with occasional markings * Milk Production: 4,650 kg/lactation * Size: Medium * High butterfat content of milk * **6. Milking Shorthorn:** * Origin: Northeastern England * Color: Red and white * Milk Production: 4,750 kg/lactation #### Tropical Dairy Cattle Breeds (Bos indicus) * **1. Tharparkar:** * Origin: West Pakistan * Color: White * Milk Production: 2,500 kg/lactation * **2. Sahiwal:** * Origin: Pakistan * Color: Reddish with light brownish red * Milk Production: 2,100 kg/lactation * **3. Red Sindhi:** * Origin: West Pakistan * Color: Red with occasional white * Milk Production: 1,700 kg/lactation ### Crossbreeds * Offspring from mating of two purebred animals. * Examples: * Holstein x Sahiwal * Holstein x Jersey ## Reproduction Management ### Dairy Cattle Reproduction * Profitable milk production relies on high reproductive efficiency because milk production is a secondary sex characteristic. * Heifers are selected to replace cows culled for low production or other reasons. * A 12-month calving interval maximizes production and profit. ### Reproduction Problems * **Sterility:** Complete absence of reproductive ability. * **Infertility:** Lowered fertility rate, described by semen of lower quality, or producing a live calf every 12 to 13 months. ### Physiology of Reproduction **Bull’s Reproductive Physiology** * **Spermatozoa:** Produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, stored in the epididymis, and released during ejaculation. * **Ejaculation:** Fluids from accessory sex glands are added to spermatozoa during ejaculation. * **Important Characteristics (Average Values):** * Semen volume per ejaculate: 5 to 6 ml * Sperm concentration: 1 to 3 B sperm per ml * Motile cells: 70% * Sperm transport * Sperm activation * Nutrient supply for the sperm **Cow’s Reproductive Physiology** * **Ovulation:** Ova are produced in the follicle of the ovary, released from the follicle (ovulation), and picked up by the infundibulum of the oviduct. * **Fertilization:** Ova move into the uterine horn 4 to 6 days after fertilization and are implanted in the uterus 30 to 33 days after fertilization. * **Pregnancy:** The embryo is carried in the uterus until fully developed. * **Parturition:** The calf is discharged through the cervix, vagina, and vulva; usually occurs 10 months of age. * **Hormonal Control:** * **Pituitary Hormones:** FSH and LH stimulate follicle development and maturation. * **Estrogen:** Causes the animal to exhibit estrus (heat). * **LH:** Causes the rupture of the follicle and the formation of the corpus luteum (CL). * **Progesterone:** Produced by the CL and prepares the uterus to receive the fertilized ova and maintains pregnancy. ## Breeding Systems ### Natural Mating * **Hand Mating:** An in-heat cow is brought to the bull or vice-versa. The service of the bull is controlled. * **Pasture Mating:** The bull is let loose with the herd. Heifers and cows are allowed to breed freely. * **Bull-to-cow Ratio:** Depends on age and ability to mount. A very young or old bull can service fewer cows. ### Artificial Insemination (AI) * *Involves placing bull's semen into the female genitalia using an instrument.* * **Advantages:** * Promotes genetic improvement * One proven bull can breed hundreds of female cattle with only one ejaculation * **Steps:** * **Semen Collection:** Semen is normally collected by the use of an artificial vagina. * **Semen Evaluation:** Evaluation includes volume, concentration, motility, and morphology. * **Semen Dilution:** Semen is diluted with an extender (egg yolk-citrate, milk-base, or glycerol). * **Freezing:** Semen is frozen in ampules or straws and stored in liquid nitrogen storage tanks at a very low temperature. * **Viable for 10 to 15 years or more** ## Pregnancy Diagnosis * An important tool to measure the success of reproductive management. * Helps to: * Improve reproductive efficiency * Minimize or avoid inseminating pregnant cows * Approximate calving dates * Make necessary precautions and preparations for parturition. * **Methods:** * **Rectal Palpation:** Manual examination of the reproductive tract. * **Ultrasound:** Used to detect pregnancy in later stages. * **Pregnancy Test Kits:** Rely on the presence of progesterone or any pregnancy-specific protein in the blood or milk samples. ## Heifer Herd Management * Heifers: Female cattle under two years old that have not yet given birth. ### Management of Heifers * **Group Heifers According to Size:** Minimizes competition and ensures proper nutrition. * **Separate Female from Male Animals at 6 Months of Age:** Prevents premature breeding. * **Breed Heifers Based on Size/Weight, Not Age:** Ensure they are mature enough for successful breeding. * **Separate 2-Months-Before-Calving Heifers:** Provides adequate care during pregnancy and prepares heifers for lactation. * **Allow Heifers Inside the Milking Parlor 2 Weeks before Calving:** Trains them for milking * **Place Heifers in Maternity Pen 1 Week before Calving:** Provides a safe environment for labor. * **Feeding:** Provide ad libitum roughage and concentrate. Increase concentrate levels as heifers approach calving. * **Housing:** Ensure sufficient space for comfort and shelter. * **Herd Health Program:** Administer vaccinations and deworming treatments. * **Husbandry Practices:** * **Branding:** Identification method that can be seen even at a distance. * **Fire Branding:** Marking by exposing a metal rod to a flame or high heat and pressing onto the surface of the skin. * **Freeze Branding:** A method using liquid nitrogen to destroy melanocytes causing white hair to grow. * **Dehorning:** Removing horns to reduce injury and stress. * **Cauterizing:** Treating the stump after dehorning. ## Calving and Calf Management * Safe calving is essential for the onset of lactation and successful calf care. ### Stages of Calving: * **Preparation Stage:** Signs of nearing calving: swollen udder, flat-sided abdomen, vulva with lips parted, raised-poised tail head, discharge of mucus, frequent urination and defecation, restlessness, and circling behavior. * **Parturition Stage:** The calf enters the birth canal through strong contractions. * **Cleaning Stage:** The dam expels the fetal membranes. * **Giving Assistance During Calving:** Provide support for dystocia (difficult calving). ## Important Points to Remember: * **Reproduction Efficiency:** A 12-month calving interval is ideal. * **Estrous Cycle:** The average estrous cycle is 21 days in cattle, and standing heat lasts approximately 12 to 18 hours. * **Time of Breeding:** Breeding should ideally occur in the last half of standing heat for optimal conception rates. * **Heifer Management:** A well-managed heifer program leads to successful milking herds in the future. This summary highlights the key points and information from the document. If you have specific questions or need additional details, please feel free to ask.