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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the Philippine dairy industry's gross supply comes from the importing and processing sector?
Which group in the Philippine dairy sector consists of producers with the highest number of milk animals?
What was the total dairy animal inventory reported in January-June 2022?
As of the 2nd quarter of 2022, what was the average farmgate price of milk per liter?
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What was the primary reason for the increase in local milk production in 2022?
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Which type of milk accounted for approximately 54% of the total milk produced in 2022?
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What factors are projected to contribute to the increase in dairy production in 2023?
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What is the average milk production per day for cattle in the Philippines?
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What percentage of the total agricultural production value did the dairy sector contribute in 2022 (Q2)?
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Which of the following factors contributed to the growth in dairy consumption in the Philippines?
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In 2022, what proportion of the fresh liquid milk consumed in the Philippines was locally produced?
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Which country was the largest supplier of dairy products to the Philippines by volume in 2022?
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What was the value of dairy products imported by the Philippines in the 2nd Quarter of 2022?
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How much did the export of milk and dairy products increase in percentage in Q2 2022 compared to Q2 2021?
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Which breed is NOT mentioned as a conventional dairy breed developed from the taurine species?
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Which of the following was a top export market for Philippine dairy products in 2022?
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Which dairy cattle breed is known for the highest milk production per lactation?
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What is a significant advantage of Zebu breeds compared to European breeds?
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Which of the following breeds is characterized by having a high butterfat content in its milk?
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To maximize production and profit in dairy cattle, what is the ideal calving interval?
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Which breed combination is an example of a crossbreed?
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What characterizes European or Temperate dairy cattle breeds?
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Which tropical dairy cattle breed has the highest milk production per lactation?
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What is a key factor in selecting dairy cattle according to the given content?
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What is the primary difference between sterility and infertility?
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Where are spermatozoa produced in bulls?
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What does the hormone progesterone primarily do during pregnancy?
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Which of the following describes the process of natural mating known as 'hand mating'?
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During which time frame does fertilization occur after ovulation in cows?
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What is one major advantage of artificial insemination (AI) in animal breeding?
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Which average value is correct for sperm concentration in bull semen?
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What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female reproductive cycle?
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What is the primary purpose of diluting semen before freezing it?
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Which method is typically used to confirm pregnancy in later stages?
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At what age should female animals be separated from male animals to prevent premature breeding?
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What is the benefit of placing heifers in maternity pens one week before calving?
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What is the purpose of administering vaccinations and deworming treatments in heifer management?
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Why is it important to breed heifers based on size and weight rather than age?
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What is the effect of freeze branding as a husbandry practice?
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What is the goal of using pregnancy diagnosis tools in reproductive management?
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Study Notes
Industry Overview
- The Philippine dairy industry has two major sectors: importing and processing, and milk producing.
- The importing and processing sector is responsible for 99% of the country's milk supply.
- The milk producing sector is primarily comprised of smallholder producers with 1-100 milk animals.
Production
- Domestic milk production increased by 22.26% during the 2nd quarter of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, reaching 15.60 million liters.
- Production is expected to continue rising in 2023 due to economic recovery and stimulus measures.
- Total dairy animal inventory in the first half of 2022 reached 67,273 head, including cattle, carabao, and goats.
- Cow's milk accounts for 54% of total milk production, followed by carabao milk (39%) and goat milk (7%).
Consumption
- Annual per capita milk consumption in the Philippines increased from 17 kg in 2011 to 27 kg in 2022.
- Filipino families spend over P4,000 per year on dairy products.
Imports
- The Philippines heavily relies on dairy imports, primarily milk powder, to meet its demand.
- The United States is the largest supplier of dairy products to the Philippines.
Exports
- Dairy exports saw a significant increase of 84.99% in 2022 compared to 2021.
- Top export items include milk and cream, butter, and cheese.
Common Breeds of Dairy Cattle
- Taurine species are the foundation for conventional dairy breeds.
- Sahiwal and Red Sindhi are notable Bos Indicus breeds known for milk production.
Factors in Choosing Breed
- Cattle should be well-suited to the local environment.
- High salvage value, or the animal's value if not used for milk production, should be considered.
Dairy Cattle Breed Groups
- European or Temperate breeds (Bos Taurus): High milk producers but vulnerable to tropical diseases.
- Zebu (Bos indicus): Heat tolerant and disease resistant, but less productive in terms of milk yield and weight gain.
Examples of Dairy Cattle Breeds
- Holstein Friesian: Originating in the Netherlands, known for high milk production.
- Brown Swiss: Originally from Switzerland, another breed noted for good milk yield.
- Ayrshire: From Scotland, known for its distinctive red, red brown, and white coloring.
- Guernsey: From the English Channel, recognized for its fawn and white coloring.
- Jersey: Also from the English Channel, known for its high butterfat milk content.
- Milking Shorthorn: From Northeastern England, known for its red and white coloring.
Tropical Dairy Cattle Breeds
- Tharparkar: Originating in West Pakistan, known for its white coloring.
- Sahiwal: From Pakistan, known for its reddish-brown coloring.
- Red Sindhi: From West Pakistan, recognized for its reddish coloring.
Crossbreeds
- Offspring resulting from mating two purebred animals, like Holstein x Sahiwal or Holstein x Jersey.
Reproduction Management
- High reproductive efficiency is crucial for profitable milk production.
- Heifers are selected to replace culled cows, aiming for a 12-month calving interval for maximized production.
Reproduction Problems
- Sterility: Complete absence of reproductive ability.
- Infertility: Reduced fertility, characterized by lower quality semen or a longer calving interval.
Physiology of Reproduction
Bull’s Reproductive Physiology
- Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and stored in the epididymis.
- Ejaculation includes fluids from accessory sex glands.
- Key characteristics include semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology.
Cow’s Reproductive Physiology
- Ovulation involves the release of an ova from the follicle.
- Fertilization occurs in the oviduct, and the embryo implants in the uterus.
- Hormonal control is crucial for follicle development, estrus, ovulation, and pregnancy maintenance.
Breeding Systems
- Natural Mating: Hand mating or pasture mating.
- Artificial Insemination (AI): Placing bull's semen into the female genitalia using instruments.
- Advantages of AI: Promotes genetic improvement.
- Steps Involved in AI: Semen collection, evaluation, dilution, freezing, and storage.
Pregnancy Diagnosis
- Important for reproductive efficiency.
- Allows for identification of pregnant cows, estimation of calving dates, and preparation for parturition.
- Methods include rectal palpation, ultrasound, and pregnancy test kits.
Heifer Herd Management
- Heifers (Female cattle under two years old): Critical for herd replacement.
- Heifer Management: Grouping by size, separation of genders at 6 months, breeding based on size/weight rather than age, early training for milking, preparation for calving.
Calf Management
- Calving: Safe calving is essential for successful calf and lactation management.
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Description
Explore the dynamics of the Philippine dairy industry, focusing on its two main sectors: importing and processing, and milk production. This quiz delves into production statistics, consumption trends, and the influence of economic factors on domestic dairy output. Test your knowledge about this vital sector in the Philippines.
