Year 12 1st Semester 1st Quarter, Day 1 AER PDF

Year 12 1st Semester - 1st Quarter, Day 1 All Encompassing Reviewer Alannah Ordoña - Floyd Montaño (It is recommended to read this in print format.)  All Encompassing Reviewers, from those made in Year 11 - 2nd Semester and up to all future reviewers, are only...

Year 12 1st Semester - 1st Quarter, Day 1 All Encompassing Reviewer Alannah Ordoña - Floyd Montaño (It is recommended to read this in print format.)  All Encompassing Reviewers, from those made in Year 11 - 2nd Semester and up to all future reviewers, are only intended for personal use. Distribution of the AERs without consent from the collators is prohibited. Please reach out to us on any platform if you wish to give the reviewer outside those that we have given a copy personally. On the same topic, using the reviewer for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Hindi po lahat ng nakalagay dito ay galing sa utak namin. The sources are stated at the start of every subject or the start of the lesson. That is all. Thank you. 1 CPAR earth with Adam and Eve, and hell with sinners with different transgressions. (based on the module, reporting PPTs, Ma’am Yaguel’s powerpoint, Roshann's reviewer) Arts in the Philippines. Ethnic Tradition - primarily influenced by the geographical location and the experiences of the Filipinos. The purpose of art is integral to life, and shows our beliefs and everyday activities. Angono Petroglyphs - Binangonan, Rizal, discovered by Carlos “Botong” Francisco in 1965. It has 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rock wall. St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral - located in Burgos, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. The original structure was built in 1574 and was replaced as a church in 1641. It has a Baroque architectural design. Manunggul Jar - found in Manunggul Cave, Lippun Point, Palawan in the early 1960s. It is a burial jar which signifies the belief of early Filipinos in life after death. American Colonial and Contemporary Arts traditions: Modern Art - art within the 1860s to 1960s. The main theme of the arts in this age is national identity. The Making of the Philippine Flag - painted by Fernando Armosolo, the “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art.” Banga - literally meaning pot, the Banga dance shows the elegant grace of the Igorot tribe and the skill and strength of women. Spanish Colonial Tradition - religion and secularization had a huge impact on arts. The Spaniards used art to propagate the Catholic faith. Langit, Lupa, at Impyerno - painted by Josef Luciano Dans, this is painted in St. James the Apostle Church in Paete, Laguna, dated 1850. It depicts heaven with the crucifixion of Jesus, 2  Bayanihan - by Carlos “Botong” Francisco, Elements and Principles of Art. dated 1962. It shows the distinctive style of his Elements of Art: depicting the bayanihan tradition. - Francisco was born in Angono, Rizal. Space - emptiness. Positive space refers to a space enclosed in shape, whilst negative space is the opposite of the enclosed shape. Line - a series of connected points. It comes in two characteristics. ○ Form - curved, dotted, or broken lines. ○ Direction - vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines. Shape and Form - shape pertains to the 2D figure and can be either geometric, organic, or abstract. Forms are the 3D figures. Color - this usually pertains to hue. A color can be either cool or warm. Value - refers to the lightness or darkness of a Contemporary Arts - practice of art from the 1970s to color. the present day. It mirrors contemporary culture and Texture - this can be implied or actual texture. society alongside diverse and emerging art practices. Implied texture is the illusion of texture whilst Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series) - by Fredrico actual texture can be felt with our skin. Aguilar Alcuaz. The painting depicts a variety Principle of Art: of domestic activities. - He was born in Santa Cruz, Manila. Proportion - refers to the relationship of the size of elements in a body of art. Harmony - the unity and arrangement of the elements. Variety - diversity of elements in a body of art. Movement - illusion of motion in a body of art. Rhythm - repetition of certain elements to produce a pattern. Balance - even and equal distribution of elements. Emphasis - refers to the greater impact given on a certain element. Contemporary Art in the Philippines. Art installation in Sand Dunes of Paoay - by Leeroy New, the art installation is made for the - “happening, existing, living or coming into being in the La Milagrosa Festival in Ilocos Norte. It same period of time.” symbolizes great festivals, feasts and Contemporary Art - it is influenced by the economic, celebrations. social, political, and environmental context where the - He was born in General Santos City. artist is immersed in. It is usually not confined in the usual four genres of art, and leads to the emergence of new art genres as well. Visual Performance Applied Literary Pop art Blues, Video art Illustrated Word art Electronic, Novel Photography Experimental, Conceptual art Digi-fiction Funk, Computer art Installation art Hip-hop, Jazz, Graphic Novel Film and Photorealism Metal, Pop, Broadcasting Manga Rock, Roots 3 Contemporary Stage film. art Roles of Filipino Contemporary Arts Doodle Fiction realism Street play Architecture, 1. The artist gives his/her opinion about the Graffiti art Text-talk Flash mob, novels Design and culture of his/her time. Street dances, Allied Art Chick-Lit Compromising 2. The artist is a crusader, attempting to sway the hip-hop, Funk, viewer to his/her side. Flash Fiction House and Rave. Hyper poetry 3. The artist has become a social critic. Blog 4. The artist has also become an advocate for what he/she believes. 5. The artist is versatile. Elements of Contemporary Art: Women before the PCA era (Painters): Appropriation - modifications made by the artist. Anita Magsaysay-Ho Hybridity - use of different art mediums that Nena Saguil are put together. Purita Kalaw-Ledesma Technology Notable Women in the PCA era: Performance Imelda Calpe-Endaya - part of the National Space Liberation movement and a prominent feminist - These are combined to create Integrative Art. of her time. A painter and printmaker. Distinct Features of Philippine Contemporary Art: Brenda V. Fajardo - tackles on folklore and mythology Communal nature Ofelia Gelvezon-Tequi - a Fine Arts graduate in Intuitive - Filipinos are immersed in their UP Diliman and a Pamana ng Pilipino award consciousness of themselves, their community, recipient. and their culture. Holistic - individuals, groups of people and National Artists of the Philippines. events are perceived in their entirety as well as Order of National Artists - established by virtue of unitive use of art materials. Presidential Proclamation No. 1001’s.1972. It is the Creative process highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals Integrative - encompasses religious, moral, who have made significant contributions to the spiritual, social, and environmental concerns. development of Philippine arts. Multifocal - considers everything and everyone. - Fernando Amorsolo was the first to receive this Filipino Artists. award. Artist - one who professes and practices an Aims of the Order of National Artists to Recognize imaginative art. Filipino artists who have made significant - In the past, the artist’s role was to create contributions to the cultural heritage of the something that was aesthetically pleasing, country. entertaining, and uplifted the spirit. The Filipino artistic accomplishment at its Filipino Artists Roles in the Present: highest level and to promote creative expression as significant to the development of Personal - artist expresses what he/she feels. a national cultural identity. Social - artist expresses what he/she sees.The Filipino artists who have dedicated their around him/her. lives to their works to forge new paths and Physical - artist finds a need to create directions for future generations of Filipino something not only pleasing to look at but artists. something useful as well. Immaterial - artist gives form to the immaterial, the hidden truth of the universe, and the spiritual force that inhabits the world. 4 Qualifications for the National Artist Award: Seven Art Categories: Living artists who are natural-born Filipino Literature - poetry, fiction, essay, playwriting, citizens. journalism, literary criticism The content and form of their work have Film and Broadcast Arts - direction, writing, procured in building a Filipino sense of production design, cinematography, editing, nationhood. camera work, performance An artist who has developed a mode of creative Architecture, Design and Allied Arts - expression or style and living a legend on architecture design, interior design, industrial succeeding generations of artists. arts design, landscape architecture and fashion An artist who manifest excellence in the design. practice of their art form Music - singing, composition, direction, The artwork made has attained international performance and national recognition. Dance - choreography, direction performance Benefits of Being a National Artist Theater - direction, performance, production The rank and title of National Artist, as design proclaimed by the President of the Philippines. Visual Arts - painting, sculpture, printmaking, The insignia of a national artist and a citation. photography, installation art, mixed media A lifetime emolument and material and works, illustration, performance art physical benefits comparable i value to those National Artists and their art fields: received by the highest officers of the land such as: Architecture, Design and Allied Arts ○ A cash award of one hundred thousand Juan Nakpil (+) - awarded 1973 pesos (100,000.00) net of taxes, for ○ UP Diliman Administration Building, living awardees. Quiapo Church, Reconstruction of Rizal ○ A cash award of (75,000.00) for Shrine. posthumous awardees, payable to legal Leandro V. Locsin (+) - awarded 1990 heir/s. ○ Cultural Center of the Philippines, ○ A monthly life pension, medical and Istana Nurul Iman. hospitalization benefits. Ramon Valera (++) - awarded 2006 ○ Life insurance coverage for Awardees ○ Philippine Terno who are still insurable Jose Maria Zaragoza (++) - awarded 2014 ○ A state funeral and burial at the ○ Meralco Building, Union Church of Libingan ng mga Bayani. Manila, Sto. Domingo Church. ○ A place of honor, in line with protocolar Pablo S. Antonio (++) - awarded 1976 precedence , at national state functions, ○ Far Eastern University, White Cross and recognition at cultural events Orphanage. Insignia of the Order of National Artist Ildefonso P. Santos (+) - awarded 2006 ○ Rizal Park, Manila Hotel, Bantayog ng - formed from a Grand Collar featuring circular links mga Bayani. depicting the arts and an eight-pointed sunburst suspended from a sampaguita wreath in green and Dance. white enamel. The center of the badge is divided into Francisca Reyes-Aquino (+) - awarded 1973 three equal portions, in red, white and blue ○ discovered Tinikling , Maglalatik, Polka representing the Philippine Flag with three stylized sa Nayon letter K’s that stands for the CCP’s motto “Katotohanan, Leonor Orosa-Goquingco (+) - awarded 1976 Kabutihan at Kagandahan “ ( The true, the good and ○ Return to the Native, The Magic the beautiful ). The Grand Collar is made from silver gilt Garden, The Clowns, Fireball, Vinta!. bronze. Lucresia Reyes-Urtulla (+) - awarded 1988 ○ Dance of the Slave, Dance of the warrior, Singkil 5  Ramon Obusan (++) - awarded 2006 Lazaro Francisco (++) - awarded 2009 ○ Vamos A Belen!, Noon Po Sa Amin, ○ Binhi at Bunga, Ama, Bayang tableaux of Philippine History in song, Nagpatiwakal, Ang Pamana ng Pulubi, Saludo sa Sentenyal. Sa Paanan ng Krus. Film and Broadcast Arts. Music. Gerardo de Leon (+) - awarded 1981 Jovita Flores Fuentes (+) - awarded 1976 ○ Huwag Mo Akong Limutin, El ○ Madama Butterfly (Giacomo Puccini), filibusterismo, Dyesebel, Pedro La Traviata (Giuseppe Verdi), Salome Penduko. (Richard Strauss) Lino Brocka (++) - awarded 1997 Felipe Padilla De Leon (++) - awarded 1997 ○ Maalaala Mo Kaya, Natutulog ba ang ○ Noche Buena, Hawak-Kamay, Ang Diyos, Bayan ko, Ang Tatay kong Maya Nanay. Lucrecia Kasilag (+) - awarded 1989 Eddie S. Romero (+) - awarded 2003 ○ Philippine Scenes, Sisa, Amada, Ang ○ Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Pamana Ngayon?, Kamakalawa, Hari sa Hari, Ramon Santos - awarded 2014 Lahi sa Lahi. ○ Ding Ding Nga Diyawa, Tuksuhan, Manuel Conde (++) - awarded 2009 Daragang Magayon, Awit ni Pulau ○ Genghis Khan, Juan Tamad, Ibong Levi Celerio (+) - awarded 1997 Adarna ○ Sa Ugoy ng Duyan, Ang Pasko ay Ishmael Bernal (++) -awarded 2001 Sumapit, Ako ay May Singsing ○ At the Top, Dalawang pugad… Isang - He is also a National Artist for Literature. Ibon , City After Dark, Himala Andrea O. Veneracio (+) - awarded 1999 - Himala (1982) features three National Artists, ○ Sa Iyong Mga Yapak, Pag-aalay ng with Ricky Lee (awarded 2022) as the writer, Bayan, Bituing Walang Ningning Bernal as the director, and Nora Aunor Theater (awarded 2022) as the main actress. Wilfrido María Guerrero (+) - awarded 1910 Literature. ○ Wanted: A Chaperone, No Todo Es Nick Joaquin (+) - awarded 1976 Risa, Forsaken House. ○ May Day Eve, Prose and Poems, The Daisy Avellana (+) - awarded 1999 House On Zapote Street ○ A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino Carlos P. Romulo (+) - awarded 1982 (acted), Sakay (writer), Pag-asa (writer). ○ I saw the Fall of the Philippines, I Walk - She is the wife of Lamberto Avellana, another with Heroes, The Magsaysay Story, National Artist for Film and Theater. Blood on the Rising Sun: The Japanese Rolando S. Tinio (++) - awarded 1997 Invasion of the Philippines. ○ A Matter of Language, Where English Edith L. Tiempo (+) - awarded 1999 Fails, Touchstones (column), Aguila ○ The Builder, A Blade of Fern,, His - He is also a National Artist for Literature. Apart Native Coast, The Alien Corn. from that, he is a dedicated translator, literary Bienvenido Lumbera (+) - awarded 2006 critic, educator, and actor. ○ Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa, Servant, Severino Montano (++) - awarded 2001 Sadness, Ka Bel, The Yaya's Lullaby ○ The Love of Leonor Rivera, Sabina, The N.V.M Gonzales (+) - awarded 1997 Ladies and the Senador ○ The Winds of April, A Season of Grace, Visual Arts, 2D. Seven Hills A Grammar of Dreams and Other Stories, Mindoro and Beyond: Carlos “Botong” V. Francisco (++) - awarded Twenty-one Stories 1973 ○ First Mass at Limasawa, Progress of Medicine in the Philippines, Bayanihan 6  Victorio C. Edades (+) - awarded 1976 A traditional artist who possesses all the qualities of a ○ The Sketch, The Builders, Poinsettia Girl Manlilikha ng Bayan candidate , but due to age or Cesar Legaspi (+) - awarded 1990 infirmity has left him/her incapable of teaching further ○ Gadgets, Man and Woman, Morning his/her craft, may still be recognized if: Dance had created a significant body of works and/or Arturo R. Luz (+) - awarded 1997 has consistently displayed excellence in the ○ Candle Vendors, Bagong Taon, Cities of practice of his/her art, thus achieving important the Past contributions for its development. Francisco Coching (++) - awarded 2014 has been instrumental in the revitalization of ○ Pedro Penduko, Sabas, ang Barbaro, his/her community’s artistic tradition. Dimasalang passed on to the other members of the Visual Arts, Sculpture. community skills in the folk art for which the community is traditionally known. Napoleon V. Abueva (+) - awarded 1976 the community has recognized him/her as ○ Kiss of Judas, UP Gateway, The master and teacher of his/her craft. Transfiguration - He is the youngest proclaimed National Artist Categories of the GAMABA Awardees: to date. Folk architecture Abdulmari Asia Imao (+) - awarded 2006 Maritime transport ○ Sarimanok, 2 Fishes, Water Buffalo Weaving Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan. Carving Performing arts Republic Act No. 7355 or Manlilikha ng Bayan Act - Literature any citizen who is engaged in any traditional art forms Graphic and plastics arts and has contributed to the development of cultural Ornament diversity and the creativity of humanity. Textile or fiber art National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) Pottery and; - highest policy and coordinating body for culture and other artistic expressions of traditional culture the arts of the state. They are responsible for searching Incentives Received by the Awardee: for the finest traditional artists in the nation. Special designed gold medallion, Qualifications to be a Manlilikha ng Bayan Awardee An initial grant of 100,000 pesos and 10,000 an inhabitant of an indigenous/traditional pesos monthly stipend for life. cultural community anywhere in the Philippines An additional monthly personal allowance of that has preserved indigenous customs, beliefs, 14,000 pesos rituals and traditions and/or has syncretized 750,000 pesos medical and hospitalization whatever external elements that have benefits. influenced it. GAMABA Awardees: engaged in a folk-art tradition that has been in existence and documented for at least 50 years. 1993. consistently performed or produced over a Ginaw Bilog - known for his Surat Mangyan significant period, works of superior and and Ambahan poetry (MIMAROPA) distinctive quality. Masino Intaray - known for being an epic possesses a mastery of tools and materials chanter and storyteller. (MIMAROPA) needed by the art as master and maker of Samaon Sulaiman - known for playing the works of extraordinary technical quality kudyapi. (BARMM) passed on and/or will pass to other members of the community their skills in the folk-art for 1998. which the community is traditionally known. Lang Dulay - known for her t’nalak weaving. (SOCCSKSARGEN) 7  Salinta Momon - known for her Inabal The Production Process and the Changing weaving. (SOCCSKSARGEN) Environment. 2000. Traditional artist's production is affected with dynamic Uwang Ahadas - known for playing Yakan change. instruments. (BARMM) Environmental degradation Federico Caballero - known for Chanting the Calamities Sugidanon Epic of the Panay Bukidnon. Modernization (Western Visayas) Capitalistic Endeavors Alonzo Saclag - known for playing Kalinga instruments. (CAR) Tourism 2004. - Land areas are converted into sites for tourist consumption. Hajja Amina Appi - known for her mat - Dances and rituals are staged for an external weaving. (SOCCSKSARGEN) audience rather than for the community's Eduardo Mutuc - known for his metal plating. observance of tradition. (Central Luzon) - Art forms native to the community tend to Darhata Sawabi - known for her pis syabit diminish in quality. weaving. (BARMM) Mining and Infrastructure Projects 2012. - The construction of dams and the Magdalena Gamayo - known for her able establishment of oil and mining companies weaving. (Ilocos Norte) evict people from their dwellings and severely Teofilo Garcia - known for his Kattukong or damage the environment. Tabungaw Hat Making (CAR) - Deprived of the bounty land, indigenous groups 2016. are prompted to seek short-term employment from these industries in order to make ends Ambalang Ausalin - known for her Yakan meet in a money economy. weaving. (BARMM) Estelita Tumandan Bantilan - known for her Militarization B’laan mat weaving. (SOCCSKSARGEN) - The insecurity and tensions brought about by Yabing Masalon Dulo - known for her B’laan militarized zones arrest the people's ability to Ikat or Tie-dye Fabric Weaving create art. It prevents people from having (SOCCSKSARGEN) communal gatherings, where exchanges and Difficulty in the Selection Process: passing of knowledge can take place. The archipelagic orientation of the Philippines Christianization makes some locations challenging to reach by - The influence of Christianity and the conversion land, air or sea. of the natives to a foreign religion have caused Places that pose security risks, particularly members of the community to forsake their militarized zones, prevent the sustained entry indigenous rituals and traditions. of researchers and possibly diminish reception - However, efforts have been made by multiple outside of the locality. communities (eg. the Manobo Community) to The awarding does not follow a regular revive the culture they almost lost. pattern, as the column of year of conferment on the table of GAMABA awardees shows. Support Systems in the Philippines: National Commission for Culture and the Arts Cultural Center of the Philippines National Museum Metropolitan Museum of the Philippines Ben Cab Museum (Cordillera) Art Fair Philippines 8  ManilART Sculpture. Finale Art File Bonifacio Monument - Guillermo Tolentino, Kublai Art Gallery and Davao Contemporary Luzon – NCR. It recalls the Philippine Revolution Gallery which was spearheaded by Andrés Bonifacio Thirteen Artists’ Awards who had urged his men to rise against the Comparing Philippine Arts From the Regions. colonial rule of Spain. Painting. The Sketch - Victorio Edades, Luzon – Region III. It presents a situation in which a painting is created within the representation itself Sandugo Shrine - Napoleon Abueva, Visayas – Region VII. Made with alabaster or cement and cast in bronze, this is considered as the first treaty of friendship between the Spaniards and Magellan’s Cross - Raul Agas, Visayas – Region Filipinos. VII. It marks the birth of Catholicism in Cebu The Durian - Kublai Millian, Mindanao – XI. The three pairs of human figures symbolizing the people of Davao: the indigenous Lumad, the Moros and the Christian settlers. - This is called “Six Ladies in Durian” in the powerpoint, despite the fact they are men-women pairs. Salaam - Rameer Tawasil, Mindanao – Region X. Salaam means “peace” and the painting serves a statement against war. The painting has Ukkil (“okir’’) strokes 9 Architecture. Film Tanghalang Pambansa - Leandro Locsin & Himala - Ishmael Bernal, Luzon– Region IV-B. A Ildefonso P. Santos Jr., Luzon– NCR. It was Filipino drama that deals with the dangers of established to preserve, develop and promote blind faith and false prophets. arts and culture in the Philippines. - This is called part of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex (a name more familiar sa ppt). - I.P. Santos handled the landscaping of the complex, whilst Leandro Locsin is responsible for the brutalist structure of the theater. Muro-ami - Marilou Diaz-Abaya, Visayas– Region VII. It depicts child labor, illegal fishing, and the destruction of marine natural resources. The Ruins - Don Mariano Ledesma Lacson, Visayas– Region VI. It was constructed in the early 1900s in memory of his late wife who died while giving birth to their eighth child. - During World War II, Filipino guerrillas destroyed the mansion to prevent Japanese forces from using the mansion as a military headquarters. Mindanao - Brillante Ma. Mendoza, Mindanao– Region XV. The film juxtaposed its plot with the folklore of Rajah Indara Patra and Rajah Sulayman, and imparts the value of never losing Pearl Farm Beach Resort - Francisco “Bobby” hope in the midst of ongoing battles, literally Mañosa, Mindanao– Region XI. It has and figuratively. Maranao-inspired walls , Okir design, bamboo and wood, with the goal of making tourists feel that they are in Mindanao. 10 Literature. Audio-Visual. Florante at Laura - Francisco Balagtas, Luzon– Rak of Aegis - Maribel Legarda, Luzon– NCR. It Region IV-A. An epic story and song that tells a revolves around struggles in contemporary compelling story of love, honor, and heroism society, focusing on hope amidst adversity. amid challenges and political strife. One Man Band - Edgar Balidio, Visayas– Region XIII. He performed on various instruments, incorporating Leyte's waray-waray people's customs and folk songs like cha-cha and kuratsa. Buyayang - Gary Granda, Mindanao– Region XI. An Iroy Nga Tuna - Iluminado Lucente, A Butuanon folk song and ballad, it talks about Visayas– Region XIII. It is considered the “Waray peace talks about a water strider's life in Waray Second National Anthem,” it revolves Mindanao, a part of the Philippines ravaged by around the bittersweet longing of one’s home war and disease. and the comfort of memories of family and Banga dance - Kalinga People, Luzon– CAR. community. This dance is performed with Kalinga women Indarapatra at Sulayman - Bartolome de Valle, showing their agility in balancing the Bangas on Mindanao– Region X. An epic which depicts two top of their heads while toddling through rice brothers defending the Kingdom of Mindanao paddies and mountain paths; a daily routine to and teaches people that love for family and fetch water from the mountain springs. country/community are no different. Kuratsa - Visayas– Region XIII. A dance of flirtation and courtship, designed to be danced with a partner. Its movements mimic the mating ritual of a rooster and hen. 11  Singkil - Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula, Mindanao– Recognizing Human Activities That Region X. It involves bamboo poles and fast Emanated from Deliberate Reflection. footwork. It tells a story about a princess lost in a stormy forest and the prince who rescues her. Deliberate Reflection - conscious and intentional reflection of the relationships of our thoughts, knowledge, and beliefs to our surroundings. Siddharta Gautama or Buddha - established Buddhism in the 5th century which is now one of the biggest religions in the world. He understood how humans are related to his surroundings, especially to animals, which is evident in his teachings about reincarnation. Nirvana - the main purpose of man is to end sufferings in this world and reach this realm. Meditation - through this and deliberate reflection, he Intro to Philosophy was able to understand the relationship of man to his surroundings. (based on DOST Starbooks - Frontlearners) Socrates (470-399 B.C.) - one of the greatest Greek Distinguishing a Holistic Perspective from a philosophers. However, he left no written accounts of Partial Point of View. his teachings. He was also executed for engaging the youth in intellectual discourse. Perspective - way of looking at a situation or fact based on true relation or relative importance. Socratic Method - style of inquiry used by Socrates that involves a continuous pattern of asking questions until a Partial Point of View - way of assessing a situation contradiction or flaw is found. Its purpose is to using a particular point of view based on personal distinguish mistaken beliefs from the truth. beliefs and experiences. Descartes (1596-1650) - father of western philosophy. Holistic Perspective - way of assessing a situation using all angles possible and weighing each perspective Doubt - Descartes used the process of doubting in for the best answer. order to reach for the only thing that he cannot doubt anymore, which is the ability of thinking. Partial Point of View Holistic Perspective Cogito ergo sum - I think, therefore I am. Pros: Pors: Summary: - Can make faster - Can give a decisions. deeper - Give a specific understanding of set of guidelines a situation. for everyday life. - Evaluates beliefs and principles thoroughly. Cons: Cons: - Limited - Takes time and understanding of effort for a other person. perspectives - Being critical to Realizing the Value of Doing Philosophy in about an issue, all perspectives Obtaining a Broad Perspective on Life. - Possible bias and before reaching a prejudices. consensus. Philosophy - study of fundamental ideas about knowledge, truth, morality, and human nature by Philosophical Perspectives - worldviews which try to exercising reason and logic in questioning existing define the nature of life, the world, and the relationship theories, beliefs, and laws about life as well as answer of individuals to the world and its parts. issues and problems that science and arts could not provide answers with. Philo means love, meanwhile 12 Sophia means wisdom, therefore, philosophy is the love John Locke - an empiricist and argued that when a of wisdom. person is born, the mind is in a completely empty state called “tabula rasa” or “empty slate”. Through sense and Branches of Philosophy experience, a person starts to gain knowledge about the Metaphysics - study of the fundamental nature of world. reality and the nature which science still cannot answer. Descartes - a rationalist, argued that there are concepts Thales - a Greek philosopher, thought that like Mathematics that a person can gain without the everything is made up of water. From the clouds need of sense-experience. to ice cubes to the human body, everything Immanuel Kant - neither of the two, argued that a consists of water. person is born with some innate ideas which he can use Heraclitus - argued that from chaos comes life to make sense of the world. and oneness. Opposites produce life which is unified by a system of balanced exchanges. Ethics - concerned with the nature of values , principles, Scepticism - according to this, it is impossible to and behaviors. It tries to give a concrete guideline for attain the truth using only our apprehension and the people to understand what is right from wrong. reason; therefore, we must suspend our Problems that Ethics Try to Solve judgment of all things, so we can remove ourselves from all the theories and beliefs we Moral Authority - blindly accepting an ideology, may have. norm, principle, or behavior. Qi energy - what ancient Chinese people Moral Relativism - the instance when right and believed the most basic element of all things on wrong is relative to a person or culture, Earth is. They believe that heaven and earth Aesthetics - concerns with the nature and value of arts work as a whole, and are interconnected with and aesthetic experience. one another, that the mandate of heaven always affects the lives of all beings and Gadamer - argued that the experience of the beautiful, inanimate things on Earth. and particularly the beautiful in art is the invocation of a potentially whole and holy order of things wherever it Epistemology - branch of philosophy that is concerned may be found. with the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge. Nietszche - related beauty with life. All beautiful things Reasoning - the construction of valid arguments using portray life, strength, fertility; thus, ugly for him is a logic and facts. degenerating man, On the other hand, it is the Two Types of Reasoning combination of Apollonian and Dionysiac elements that form the highest expression of art. Deductive Reasoning - develops from a general principle to a specific conclusion. Logic - study of proper reasoning using valid and sound Inductive Reasoning - uses multiple premises inference, statements, and propositions. to support the truthfulness of the conclusion. Three Elements of Logic Specific instances to general conclusion. Consistency - there is no contradiction between Two Types of Knowledge statements. A priori - propositions which are independent of Soundness - only true conclusion will be any experience and use logic and reason. inferred from true premises. A posteriori - propositions which are only Completeness - all premises can be proven. knowable through experience. Logical Fallacy - element of an argument, reasoning, or Empiricism - theory that all true knowledge can only be inference that causes it to be wrong. attained through sense-experience. Based on a priori Fallacies of ambiguity - term, statement, or statements and inductive reasoning. argument has more than one meaning. Rationalism - theory that all true knowledge is based Argumentum ad Hominem - direct attack to on logic, laws, and methods that reason develops. the person instead of attack to the argument Based on a posteriori statements and deductive made. reasoning. 13  Appeal to Emotions - uses emotions to persuade rather than prove. Argument from Ignorance - proven true because there is no way to disprove it. Appeal to Authority - believed as true mainly because the person saying it is considered as an “authority” on the subject matter even if not. Non-sequitur - an argument that proves an exaggerated conclusion even if it does not follow the given premises Universalization Principle - one way to conduct a Doing a Philosophical Reflection on a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation through Concrete Situation from a Holistic a holistic perspective. Perspective. Distinguishing Opinion from Truth. Holism - suggest that the proper way of rendering Opinion - propositions based on personal belief, view, observation and analysis is through a general view of or judgment that cannot be verified with evidence. It is the subject or object in question. also called value judgment, and is subjective. It is a Immanuel Kant - greatest minds that constituted the normative statement because they give evaluations and era of Modern Philosophy.. He is most prominent in the suggestions for particular situations. field of ethics, as his duty ethics characterized by the Fact - proposition or statement that can be verified principle of universalization is easily one of the most through empirical evidence. These are difficult to be remarkable frameworks developed under the said field. logically disputed or rejected. They are objective and 1st Categorical Imperative - “Act only on that maxim can be proven true using reasoning. by which you can, at the same time will that it should be Tools in Distinguishing Truth and Opinion: a universal law.” Critical Thinking - method of suspending beliefs and judgements in order to distinguish facts and opinions. It is careful, intentional thinking that uses reason and logic in assessing judgements and beliefs. Logic or Reason - composed of principles that govern the validity of arguments and assumptions. It uncovers possible biases and prejudices of an argument. It also distinguishes inconsistency and incoherence in one’s argument or opinion. Deductive Reasoning - top-down chain of an argument. From a general premise to a specific conclusion. Validity- logical connection between the premises and the conclusion of a deductive 2nd Categorical Imperative - “Act as to treat humanity argument. both in your own person and in the person of every other, always at the same time as an end, never simply Inductive Reasoning - makes broad generalization out as a means.”. One identifies the self and others as all of specific instances or observations. It is a bottom-top alike in as much as others as all alike in as much as chain of an argument. another must not be treated as instrumental to Strength - can only tell whether an argument is achieving some other desired good. No one should be strong or weak treated as an end in themselves. Soundness -property of statements and arguments that are both valid and true. 14 Truth Table - diagram that poses rows and columns of p q pq possible combinations of propositions and how their truth of falsity affects all of their components, especially T T T their conclusion. T F F Negation - states that if a statement is false, F T F then its negation or opposition is true. F F T p ~p (p and q are constant, unless given new variables.) T F Realizing That the Methods of Philosophy F T Lead to Wisdom and Truth. Methodology - a way of pursuing knowledge in a Conjunction - truthfulness of a statement is specified and controlled way. A set of methods, dependent on the truthfulness of both or all of procedures, and techniques that help in: the premises of the conclusion. validating, clarifying, and justifying existing knowledge; and p q p^q establishing new knowledge. T T T Philosophy - as a pursuit of knowledge, seeks out T F F wisdom and truth. It is concerned with the “problem of experience” F T F existence F F F soul reality Disjunction - truthfulness of a statement is truth dependent on the truthfulness of at least one of god the premises of its conclusion. Philosophical Method - way of thinking over philosophical problems. We use methods to arrive at a p q pvq philosophical theory. T T T Cartesian Method - by Descartes, in which he decided T F T to choose truths that are clear, distinct, and intuitively F T T known. This utilizes three main processes: doubt, intuition, and deduction. F F F Conditional - only time the statement will be false is when the condition of P is true but Q is false. p q p->q T T T T F F F T T Pragmatic Method - value and truth is determined F F T through practical consequences and usefulness of ideas and beliefs. This opposed absolutes, ultimates, and Bi-conditional - both p and q are both true or fixed principles. Everything is relative and knowledge both false. comes from perspectives, and will always be plural. 15 Socratic Method - the process of questioning to bring that the material world is a reflection of perfect objects out the truth in the mind. in the intelligible world. Evaluating Opinions. World of Forms – infinite and unchanging. It is an independent reality outside the scope of our Opinions - propositions based on personal beliefs, view, mental cognition. or judgment that cannot be verified with evidence. They Material World – changeable and unreliable. are prone to fallacies Aristotle – philosophizes that the form of essence of an Fallacies - common errors in reasoning that weakens object is not separate from the object. arguments. They are illogical, irrelevant, and baseless. Augustine – an African theologian known for his Argumentum ad hominem - attacks the interpretation of the Christian thoughts based on the person’s character rather than their arguments. Platonic and Neoplatonic teachings. He believed that Argumentum ad baculum - persuades through the human body is the reflection of the soul. The soul force or threats. rules the body. He also believed that it is possible to Argumentum ad populum - takes advantage of attain a perfect human life as long as we follow the the desire of people to belong. It is the eternal laws set by God. acceptance of an argument just because everyone else accepts it. Thomas Aquinas – argued that the main difference Hasty generalization - assumptions or among plants, animals, and humans is that humans are conclusions which don't have sufficient evidence given the function of reason or intellect. He believes to back it up. The sample is always too small. that God gave the gift of reason to humans to Red herring - switching to another topic to understand the truth of life. distract others on the previous topic. Cognitive – intellect that enables the people to Appeal to ignorance - not questioning the know and understand. status quo just because it was never proven Appetitive – will that makes the people desire wrong. to understand the good. Post hoc ergo propter hoc - aka post hoc or false cause, it assumes that event A caused Hinduism – believes in the duality of human nature, the event B only because B happened right after A. spiritual essence and the physical life. Circular Argument - aka paradoxical thinking or Samsara – the process of rebirth, being fed by begging of the question, this proves that the karma of a person. something is true by using a conclusion that is Moksha – escape from the impermanence that also one of the premises. is an inherent feature of life. Slippery Slope - asserting that some events, Buddhism – came from the word “Bodhi” which means usually the worst case scenario, will inevitably “to awaken” happen because another event happened. Appeal to Pity - the persuader uses emotions Buddha – the “Great Teacher” and the for people to agree with their argument. enlightened one. Strawman - oversimplifies the perspective of Four Noble Truths: the opposition. ○ Life is suffering. ○ Suffering is caused by craving and Evaluating Own Limitations and the aversion. Possibilities for Their Transcendence. ○ Suffering can be overcome by true Transcendence – means surpassing the physical happiness and affinity to the world experience or going past or beyond all others. It is also a Noble 8-fold path - the path that leads to the reality that is beyond one’s consciousness. end of suffering: ○ Right Understanding Truth – only be found through philosophizing ○ Right Intention Plato – one of the great triumvirates of Western ○ Right Speech Philosophy, thought that there are two parallel worlds: ○ Right Action the intelligible world and the sensible world, believing ○ Right Livelihood ○ Right Effort 16  ○ Right Mindfulness Social Ecology – understands the interactions of social, ○ Right Concentration institutional, and cultural contexts of the relationship of the people to nature. Noticing Things That Are Not in Their Proper Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Framework – focused on Place and Organizing Them in an Aesthetic the relationship of social structures to the life of an Way. individual or person. Urie Bronfenbenner believed that Aesthetics – came from the Greek term “aisthetikos” everyone must consider the entire ecological system to which means the perception by the senses. It is now in a understand human development. more specific term “beauty” Murray Bookchin – suggested that human beings Proportion – correspondence of harmony of forms such would complement nonhuman beings with their own as size, shape, and organization. Interchangeable with capacities to produce a richer, creative, and the term of symmetry. developmental whole-not as a “dominant” species but as a “supportive one”. Pythagoras – he and his followers explained beauty through numbers. They believed that beauty is best Ecofeminism – holds that ecological crisis is caused by exhibited by harmony and proportion of numbers. the domination of men over women and of nature. They associate anthropocentrism with patriarchy. Plato – associated proportion to beauty. He stated that what lacks symmetry and proportion lacks beauty. Practical Research 2 Teleology – way of identifying and explaining the (based on Ma’am Alejo-Galicia’s powerpoints, Alannah’s reasons of existence or occurrence of a thing through notes, Norein’s notes, Chesca’s reviewer) referencing its purpose. Characteristics, Strengths, & Weakness of Arete – virtue achieved through excellence. One’s will Quantitative Research. to act in accordance with one's nature. Friedrich Nietzsche – associate beauty with vitality. Research - the systematic investigation and study of Believes that anything beautiful is something that materials and sources to establish facts and reach new reminds one of the youth of life. conclusions. Ubermensch – all-powerful beings, or humans. Quantitative Research - an objective systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena Showing That Care for the Environment through the use of computational techniques. Contributes to Health, Well-Being and Characteristics: Sustainable Development. Objective Environmental Ethics – concerned with the relationship Clearly Defined Research Questions of human beings with their environment. Replicable Numerical Data Anthropocentrism – believes that any action must be Large Sample done in high consideration of its effects on man. Predictable Outcomes Biocentrism – holds that the moral worth of actions Strengths: depends upon its effect on any life form, and not necessarily on man. Objective Sophisticated Analysis Deep Ecology – believes that people need to create a Faster new theoretical or philosophical framework that is Replicable outside the scope of anthropocentrism. Weaknesses: Ecocentrism – an ethical principle that acknowledges the intrinsic value of the natural world that debunks the Needs a large number of respondents idea that human beings own everything and have Costly authority over it. Ignored background context Difficult to gather using research instruments 17  Data from questionnaires may be inaccurate if from observations and manifestations that have done incorrectly. already occurred in the past and are being compared. Kinds of Quantitative Research. Evaluation - aims to assess the effects, impacts, Experimental Design - utilizes the scientific method to or outcomes of practices, policies, or programs. test the cause and effect relationships under conditions Importance of Quantitative Research in controlled by the researchers. Different Fields. True Experimental - Already determined/chosen population. Communication - improves interpersonal skills and - Controls for both time-related threats. communication strategies - Highest internal validity. Household Census - assessing demographic insights, - With controlled and experimental groups. improves public services, provides demographic data on ❖ Pre-test Design - low validity a region. ❖ Pre-Test and Post-Test - highest Medicine - effectiveness of medicine/drugs through validity medical trials, development of vaccines, increase the ❖ Post-Test Only or Control Group validity of medical and statistical data to lessen doubt Design from the population. Quasi-Experimental - collects more data. ❖ Non Equivalent Control Group - Business - improves business strategy, ventures, effective at researching groups that product development, and identifies the target market. already exist in the population. Finance - improves financial literacy and predicts future Randomization occurs at the market trends. intervention level. Samples are randomly assigned to either receive Education - provides data regarding student treatment or receive a controlled performance, helps improve the methods of teaching treatment. and learning materials, and helps students validate ❖ Time Series Design - employs multiple data. measures before and after the ABM - helps students enhance their business strategic experimental intervention. skills, market preference, and increase their Pre-Experimental understanding of numbers and values in related fields.] - Cost-effective - Lower validity STEM - validate materials and design quality for - Preparatory building infrastructure, allows improvement on existing ❖ One Shot Case Study - experimental technology and understanding of the sciences. only, no controlled group and only HUMSS - helps understand the complexities of human post-test is administered. nature, societies, culture, and politics. ❖ One Group Pre-test and Post-test Design - only difference is that this has IT - improves technological enhancements, network a pre-test. services, and security in the online world. Descriptive Design - concerned with describing the Kinds of Variables. nature of things. Discrete - categorical or classificatory variable Survey - fundamental tool used to gather that is not countable. information. ○ Nominal - categories that cannot be ○ Cross-Sectional - collected from a ordered in any particular way. sample in just a single time. ○ Ordinal - categories that can be ○ Longitudinal - collected from a sample ordered and ranked. in a long period of time. ○ Dichotomous Variables - subtype of Correlational - examines the relationship nominal variables that only has two between two or more variables. categories/options. Causal-Comparative - also known as the ex post facto (after the fact). It gathers conclusions 18  Continuous - can take infinite numbers on the Research Questions. value that can occur and is countable. General Questions - derived from your research title, ○ Interval - has a numerical value which simply restates the title. can be measured along a continuum. It has no true zero. Intervals between Specific Questions - questions anchored on the values make sense and can be research title interpreted. Format of Research Questions in a Research Paper ○ Ratio - has a true zero, and it possesses the properties of interval variables that 1. Question about variable 1 have a clear definition of zero indicating 2. Question about variable 2 that there is none of that variable. 3. Statistical Question (significant Independent Variable - manipulated or cause relationship/difference) outcome, the variable that is being changed in the study. Scope and Delimitations. Dependent Variable - the affected variable, the Scope - states the specific variables covered in the variable to be measured in the study. study. The researcher/s should clearly define where and Extraneous Variable - outside variable that is when the study will be conducted, who the subjects not measured in the study. It must be controlled are, how the study will be conducted, and the purpose by the experimenter. (why)of conducting the study. It specifies the coverage Confounding Variable - when the extraneous of your study such as variables, population or variable does not give in to control. participant, and timeline. Intervening Variable - the linking variable. Limitations - the parameters of the research. These Characteristics of a Good Research Title. include topics that the researcher/s will not investigate in the study. It can be an aspect of the study which may A good research title: affect the results adversely but over which the Should give the readers information about the researcher has no control. contents of the research and is preferable to not - This includes an honest admission of any be vague or general. weaknesses or limitations of the research Does not need to be stuffy or dull; it must be study concerning the sampling technique, scope concise. of treatment, variables covered in the Choose a phrase rather than a complete instrument, time constraints etc. sentence. Should be straightforward. Delimitation - cites factors of your study that are not No punctuation at the end. included or excluded or those you will not deal with in your study. What should be included in your title? Must-Answer Basic Questions: It should include the independent and dependent variables. What - the topic of investigation and the It should include the setting or place where the variables included. study is conducted. Where - the venue or the setting of the It should include the subject or people involved research. in the study When - the time frame by which the study was The year when the research is conducted, conducted. however; is not necessary and is only needed Why - the general objectives of the research. when there is still space in the title (if it’s still Who - the subject of the study, the population, not lengthy enough) and sampling. How - the methodology of the research which may include the research design, methodology, and research instrument. 19 Research Framework. Conceptual Framework, additional. Research Framework - illustrates the structure or Narrative Conceptual Framework - summarize the blueprint of the research plan and helps the researcher variables and explore how it may change the formulate relevant research questions. hypothesis. Theoretical Framework - commonly used for studies Purpose of a Conceptual Framework that anchor on time-tested theories that relate the To clarify concepts and propose relationships findings of the investigation to the underpinning among the concepts during a study. relevant theory of knowledge. To provide context for interpreting research Conceptual Framework - refers to the actual ideas, findings. beliefs, and tentative theories that specifically support To explain observations the study. It is primarily a conception or model of what To encourage theory development that is is out there that the researcher plans to study. practical and useful. Similarities between the frameworks: Fundamental Steps in Constructing a Conceptual Framework (3 Ks) Provides an overall view of the research study; Anchors a theory that supports the study; Know your variables Guides in developing relevant research ○ Knowing specific variables and their questions/objectives; functions in your study is essential Helps to justify assumptions/hypothesis; because it helps you understand what Aids in choosing appropriate methodology; you want to find out in the study, Helps in gathering and interpreting data; and determine relationships between the Guides in identifying possible threats to validity. factors involved and make predictions about the outcome. Differences between the frameworks: Content of Discussion ○ Theoretical - focuses on specific theories used already in the field. ○ Conceptual - focuses on concepts related to your study Range ○ Theoretical - broader in sense, Know the basic parts of a conceptual diagram. applicable in different studies ○ Conceptual - narrower/focused, directly related to a specific study Theories Presented ○ Theoretical - presents one or more theories at a time and specifically related to the current study. ○ Conceptual - may synthesize one or Know the nature of the study or the more theories or concepts related to the phenomenon you are investigating. current study. ○ Construct the conceptual framework Time frame based on the causal relationship or ○ Theoretical - theory is established association you intend to find out in the before the study study. This means that the parts of the ○ Conceptual - a working concept during diagram should be well constructed to the time of study. be able to show clear direction towards an expected outcome. 20 Basic Patterns of a Conceptual Framework. Helps to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. Cause and effect relationship between Help to build public support for research. independent and dependent variables. Research promotes a variety of welfare protection such as on animals and human health. Plagiarism, Paraphrasing, Copyright. Plagiarism - the act of claiming one’s work as yours A moderating variable affecting the without crediting the author. independent variable resulting in a change in the level of effect to the dependent variable. Paraphrasing - a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form (Britannica, 2024). Copyright - legal right of a person/writer over his/her works, and it must be renewed every 5 years. Not Covered by Copyright Controlled variables are used when determining Works within the public domain can be a causal relationship in an experiment because reproduced or used by anyone but cite the they can affect the outcome or the dependent source/author. variable. Reasons why someone’s work is in the public domain: The copyright has expired The copyright owner failed to follow copyright renewal rules The copyright owner deliberately places it in the public domain, known as “dedication,” or Other Models: The copyright law does not protect this type of IPO (Input-Process-Output) Model - Largely used work. when the research attempts to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem, subject or APA 7th Edition Reference Guide. phenomenon under investigation. (information regarding the lesson is found from APA Definition of Terms. Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/refer Conceptual Definition - universal meaning of the word. ences) The definition of the word based on dictionaries, Journal Article: en