Farm Power and Machinery PDF

ABE 011 Farm Power and Machinery ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Content Lesson 1: History of Farm Mechanization in the Philippines Lesson 2: Agricultural Tractors Lesson 3: Agricultural Implements Lesson 4: Farmstead Equipment...

ABE 011 Farm Power and Machinery ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Content Lesson 1: History of Farm Mechanization in the Philippines Lesson 2: Agricultural Tractors Lesson 3: Agricultural Implements Lesson 4: Farmstead Equipment ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  History of Farm Mechanization ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim History of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines Pre Spanish Era Blacksmithing and metalworking acquired from Chinese traders. Agriculture and natural resources were abundant for the sparse population. Ifugao rice terraces as an early example of agricultural technology. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim History of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines Spanish Era (1521-1898) Introduction of animal-drawn plows and carts. Introduction of American Crops: Wheat Tomatoes Coffee Peanuts Cacao Potatoes Tobacco Avocados Cotton Chili Peppers Sugarcane Squash Pineapples Papayas Corn (Maize) ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim History of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines American Era (1902-1940) Introduction of tractors in abaca plantations. Transfer of mechanization technologies such as the McCormick thresher ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim History of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines 1950-1970 (Green revolution) Industrialization drive under President Quirino (made the PH the Top 2 economy in Asia). Agricultural mechanization levels remained low with reliance on human and animal power. Introduction of hand tractors from Japan and the UK (Land-master brand). Establishment of IRRI, 1960 IR8 (miracle rice) – 100% increased yield ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim History of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines 1971-1990 Agricultural Mechanization Development Program (IRRI-AMDP) – developed designs of small farm machines and devices Masagana-99 rice program (temporarily) boosted rice production thru unsustainable credit. Development of floating power tillers(Iloilo) and improvement to hydrotillers (IRRI) Establishment of Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) Establishment of the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), 1985 ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim History of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines 1990-2015 Local Government Code of 1991 Functions of the Department of Agriculture are devolved to local government units (LGUs) IRRI phases out design and development of rice production machinery and focuses instead on postharvest technologies RA 8435 - The Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law is passed in 2013. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim History of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines 2016-Present Republic Act 11203 (2018) – An Act Liberalizing the Importation, Exportation and Trading of Rice, Lifting for the Purpose the Quantitative Import Restriction on Rice, and For Other Purposes Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) to improve the competitiveness of rice farmers and increase their income. NFA mandated to maintain the country's emergency buffer stock that it will source solely from local farmers and farmer cooperatives Digitalization of supply chains Organic Farming Climate resilient Agriculture (Agriculture is one of the top contributors of greenhouse gas) ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Farm Mechanization in Asia ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Public sector spending on agricultural R&D (in billion 2011 PPP dollars and percentages of the total for specific years) ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Farm Mechanization is a system of production of food and fiber that embraces the use of tools, implement and machines for agricultural land development, production, harvesting, and on-farm processing is the development, manufacture and extension of appropriate agricultural tools, implements, and machinery using animal, human, mechanical, electrical, and other renewable sources of energy for agricultural production and development and post harvest operations. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Scope of Mechanization: Development Manufacture Distribution Utilization Provision of After-sales ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Level of Farm Mechanization 1. Hand tool technology 2. Draft animal technology 3. Mechanical Power technology ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim A. Axe C. Crowbar E. Grab hoe B. Bolo D. Bolo-Guna F. Hand cultivator ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim G. Hand fork I. Knife K. Pick-mattock H. Hand Trowel J. Light hoe L. Pruning shears ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim M. Rake O. Hole digger Q. Spading fork N. Shovel P. Sickle R. Sprayers ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim S. Wheel barrow T. Pail ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Level of Farm Mechanization 1. Hand tool technology 2. Draft animal technology 3. Mechanical Power technology ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Horses High speed Less endurance Good for transport Ideal for upland ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  = 550 lbf.ft/sec ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Cattle High strength and endurance Slow speed Ideal for upland ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Carabao High strength and endurance Slow speed Adapted to flooded and muddy fields ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Purposes of Farm Mechanization Increased Increased Full Utilization of cropping productivity of farm products intensity and labor and by products production Increased Value Employment Reduction of added of farm and livelihood losses products generation Import Export Increase overall Substitution Possibilities efficiency ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Small Farm Mechanization Barriers to Small Farm Mechanization Small Farm Size Limited Resources Resistance to change and Risk Aversion Lack of Information Lack of Training for extension personnel Lack of Appropriate Machines Other problems (Political and Societal Issues) ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Small Farm Mechanization Breaking the Barriers Farmers Organization, Land Clustering and Consolidation Creation of Credit Facilities and increase income Model Farm and Model farmers Information Dissemination and Management Training for Farmers, Extension Agents and Manufacturer Revitalize Government Policies Focus on Research and Development ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Farm Clustering is the grouping together of farms in an area (initially forming a minimum of 50-ha cluster) for synchronized farming operations from land preparation to harvesting in cooperation or contract with agricultural mechanized operations service providers for the purpose of making field operations efficient and thus, effect low cost, timely, and professional or high quality services to the benefit also of the farmers forming the cluster. Small, medium and large farms Farm size: ave of 2 has/farm ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Land Consolidation is the grouping together of small parcels of land comprising a contiguous area and reforming the boundaries for the purpose of effecting suitable field shapes and sizes conducive to efficient operation of agricultural machinery, building access roads, field irrigation and drainage canals as well as allotting spaces for crop postharvest processing structures ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Two Basic Challenges The Agricultural sector must be able to meet the growing demand for food, agricultural production must increase significantly in the face of less labor, less land, and less water along with greater concern for the climate change. Profitability of the agricultural production system must be increased amidst global free trade ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Farm Mechanization in the Philippines Appropriate Agricultural Mechanization Technology all agricultural tools, machines, and implements that are simple, cheap, and can be locally serviced or manufactured ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Level of Mechanization in rice and corn farms, 2005 ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Level of Mechanization in rice and corn farms, 2005 ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Rice Postproduction Operation and Technologies ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Problems and Possible solution ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Problems and Possible solution ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farm Mechanization Laboratory No. 2 Level of Farm Mechanization in the Locality Interview three Local Farmers. 1. Farm Size 2. Crop Cultivated 3. Level of Mechanization per operation (list down the implements they are using) 4. For Mechanical Power Technology, who owns the Machinery? 5. What are the barriers of introducing mechanization in your operation? *the three farmers should be cultivating different crops *No two groups should interview the same farmers ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Agricultural Tractors a traction machines designed primarily to supply power to agricultural implements and farmstead equipment. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Definition: A machine used primarily for traction or pulling an implement. A versatile machine and a mobile power source for wide variety of agricultural task. A machine that can deliver both stationary and mobile jobs. A machine that can pull or tow implement through traction from the drive wheel and or pull implement through the draft developed from its drawbar hitch or power implement through it PTO drive. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim TRACTOR – STEEL WHEELS Cleats Lugs ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim TRACTOR – PNEUMATIC TIRES ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Track layer/Crawler ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Functions of Tractors Pulling machines behind it Pushing machine in front of it Operating machine mounted on it Transmitting power to other machines through the PTO drive Raising, lowering, and controlling machines and attachment by its hydraulic power ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Tractor Functions of a Tractor Pull or tow implement through traction from drive wheel ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Tractor Functions of a Tractor Pull implement through draft developed from the drawbar ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Driving machines through belt power Transmitting power through flexible shaft Furnishing power for fast highway transportation and handling ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Advantages of Tractors Can work continuously at heavy load Not affected by bad weather Adapted to draft, belt, and PTO work Has considerable range of working speed Little attendance required when not in use Quickly available when needed in an emergency Requires small storage space ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Disadvantages of Tractors Limited overload capacity Requires cash expenditures for fuel and lubricants Requires some mechanical skill for successful operation Inflexibility of size of power unit for economical power production under some condition. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Tractor Hand Tractors machines with power ranging from 3-17 hp used for tilling and crop production operations such as planting, cultivating and harvesting two-wheel tractors, walking tractors, or pedestrian tractors ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Tractor Types of Hand Tractors Traction Type ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Tractor Types of Hand Tractors ROTARY Type ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Tractor Types of Hand Tractors General Purpose Type ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Tractor Four Wheel Tractors ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Tractor Types of Four wheel tractors Compact tractors, below 32 hp. Standard light tractors, 32 to 49 hp. Light-medium standard tractors, 50 to 69 hp. Medium standard tractors, 70-89 hp. Heavy standard tractors, 90 hp and above. Track type or crawler tractors 36 to 300 hp ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Classifications of Tractors Use Farm or Agricultural Forestry Earth working Industrial Military Farm Tractor Standard General Purpose, All purpose, Utility, Row Crop Special Orchard, vineyard, Lawn ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Running Gear Wheel (Two wheel,Tricycle, Four Wheel) Crawler/Track Semi Crawle/Half Track Type Walking, Garden Riding Tool Carrier Tandem Two Way Compact, mini Large, Extra Large, super large Frameless, Unit construction Frame, chassis construction ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Drive Rear, wheel drive Four wheel drive (unequal wheel, four even large wheel) Steering Front wheel Rear wheel Articulated frame Four wheel Crab Front axle Skid Steering Engine Diesel Gasoline ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Brief Description of Agricultural Tractors Compact Tractor – A four-wheel tractor of less than 20 hp. They are used for landscaping and gardening rather than massive agricultural task. They are equipped with single 12-in moldboard plow and capable to plow 1 hectare for 11 to 14 hours. Farm Tractor – A four-wheel tractor with no less than 20 brake horsepower. They are used for massive agricultural tasks such as plowing, harrowing, seeding and planting, and other operations. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Special Type Tractors Tract-type Tractors – They consist mainly of two heavy duty endless link device known as tract for traction purposes. They are used for heavy duty operation such as earth moving and other industrial jobs requiring higher power. All Purpose or Row Crop Tractors – They are designed to handle field and belt jobs including the planting and inter-tillage activities. Orchard Tractor – they are small and medium size. They are designed to be operated with advantages under trees. They are built with lower and few projecting parts and has fenders for protection purposes Industrial Tractors – The are machines of any size designed for various industrial operations and heavy hauling. They have hoisting, excavating, power-loading attachments. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  DRIVER SEAT HOOD STEERING WHEEL ROLL-OVER ENGINE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE REAR CHASSIS WHEEL FRONT WHEEL ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  LIGHT FUEL THROTTLE CONTROL LEVER DIFFERENTIAL BREAK CLUTCH HYDRAULIC CONTROL GEAR CONTROL LEVER ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING LEVER Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  THREE POINT HITCH SYSTEM POWER REAR TAKE OFF DRAWBAR WHEEL DRIVE HITCH SYSTEM ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Power Train of Wheel Drive Tractor 0.87 – 0.98 PTO Shaft Engine Clutch Transmission Differential 0.75 -0.81 1.00 0.96-0.98 Final Drive Wheel Axle 0.82 - 0.87 ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Final Drive Engine Wheel Axle Clutch Transmission Box ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  PTO Shaft Draw Bar ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Hitch Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Cab Muffler Engine Final Drive Transmission Box Differential Front Wheel Ballast Rear Wheel ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Implements Tools or machinery used directly in the cultivation and harvesting of crops. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Classification of Tractor Drawn Implements 1. Trailed/Pull type 2. Semi-mounted type 3. Mounted type ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Trailed/Pull Type Attached to the tractor’s drawbar and this cannot be raised or lowered. Implement trailed the tractor as it moves Heavy implement with wheels for easy hitching. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Semi-mounted This type of implement is one which is attached to the tractor only to the lower link of the hydraulic system. It is controlled directly by tractor steering unit but its weight is partly supported by the tractor. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Mounted type Attached to the 3-point linkage of hydraulic system, which can be controlled directly by the tractor steering unit. The implement is carried fully by the tractor. It can be raised, lowered and hold in any position. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Agricultural Machinery refers to the tools, implements, and equipment manufactured and used for field operations to effect land preparation, including land clearing and land forming, crop establishment, crop care and maintenance, and crop harvest and processing as well as to those for the establishment, care and maintenance of poultry, livestock, and aquaculture. deals with the study of application, use, and management of various agricultural machines, tools, and equipment used for production and post- production operation. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Classification of Agricultural Machinery 1. Agricultural Field Equipment designed primarily for agricultural field operation this includes agricultural tractors, self-propelled machines, implements, and their combinations. Agricultural Tractors Agricultural Implements – performs agricultural work Self-Propelled Machines – an implement designed with integral power unit to provide both mobility and power for performing agricultural operations. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Classification of Agricultural Machinery 2. Farmstead Equipment Equipment other than agricultural field equipment used in agricultural operation for the production of food and fiber. This includes: livestock equipment, waste handling system, crop dying and milling systems, material handling systems, and others.. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim TILLAGE is the mechanical manipulation of the soil from a known condition into a different desired condition Is the preparation of soil for planting and the process of keeping it loose and free from weeds during crop growth. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  To develop a desirable soil structure for a seed bed or rootbed. To control weeds or to remove unwanted crop plants. Objective of Tillage To manage plant residues. To minimize soil erosion by following practices such as contour tillage, listing, and proper placement of trash. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  To establish specific surface configurations, for planting, irrigating, drainage, harvesting operations, etc. To incorporate and mix fertilizers, Objective pesticides or soil amendments into the soil. of Tillage To accomplish segregation. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  reduce mechanical energy and labor requirements to conserve moisture and OBJECTIVES OF reduce soil erosion MINIMUM TILLAGE performance of necessary operations only minimize number of trips over the field ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Prime Movers ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim PRIMARY TILLAGE EQUIPMENT OBJECTIVES Use to break and loosen the soil for a depth of 6 to 36 inches To prepare a suitable seedbed To destroy competitive weeds To improve soil physical condition ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim PRIMARY TILLAGE EQUIPMENT Disc Plow Moldboard Plow Chisel Plow Subsoiler ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Moldboard Plow is a tillage implement that is widely used in breaking different types of soil. Equipment that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials. The advantage of moldboard plow is that it does an excellent job in inverting the soil and burying surface trash. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Moldboard Plow it eliminates back furrows and dead furrows leaving the field more nearly leveled for irrigation and drainage. it is suitable for terraced field or contour plowing and for small field of irregular shape. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Moldboard Parts ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Moldboard Plow 2 bottom moldboard plow ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Basic Components Moldboard Plow Standard (beam, leg ) upright support which connects the plow hitch bottom to tillage implement frame. Frog central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached. Hitch part of an implement designed to frog connect it to a power source. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Landside Heel part attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of the plow bottom to the furrow bottom Landside part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability during operation ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Shin leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside Share part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally Moldboard part of the plow which lifts, inverts and throws the furrow slice to one side ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Coulter flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom. It is used to cut the furrow slice from the land to leave a clean furrow wall. It is also used to cut through trashes so that the plow can cover it better. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim DISC PLOW it is suitable for sticky, waxy, gumbo, non-scouring soils having a hard pan. it is suitable for dry, hard, rough, stony and rooty ground. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Rear Thrust wheel Serve to counteract side pressures, hold the plow in alignment, and act as a gage wheel for plowing depth. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim CHISEL PLOW effective in loosening, hard and dry soil before the regular plow is used. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Chisel Shovel points ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim SUBSOIL PLOW effective in penetrating the soil to depths from 20-36” effective in opening and breaking-up compacted soils for drainage Requires 60-85 hp tractor just to pull single standard Built heavier than chisel plows ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim ROTARY PLOW effective for mixing chemical into the soil and for cultivation in certain row crops. good for cutting up vegetative matter and mixing through the tilled layer. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim ROTARY PLOW ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim SECONDARY TILLAGE tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create specific soil surface configurations before seeding Stirring of soil at comparatively shallow depth ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim OBJECTIVES 1. To improve the seedbed by greater pulverization of the soil. 2. To conserve moisture by summer-fallow operations to kill weeds and reduce evaporation. 3. To cut crop residue and cover crops and mix vegetable matter with top soil. 4. To break up clods, firm the topsoil, and put it in better tilth for seeding and germination of seeds 5. To destroy weeds on fallow lands. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Implement 1. Harrow – an implement use to level the ground and crush the clods, to stir the soil, and to prevent and destroy weeds. Disk harrow Spike-tooth harrow Spring tooth harrow 2. Land rollers and Pulverizers 3. Cultivators ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Disc Harrow Implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and growth Used before plowing to cut up vegetable matters and to pulverize the top soil to such an extent that furrow slices will make better connection with the bottom of the furrow soles. Frequently used in combination with crop-residue shredders to mix the shredded material into the soil. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim USES OF HARROW 1. Used after plowing to pulverize the soil again to put it in better tilth. 2. Used for the cultivation of the crops 3. Used for summer fallowing (when not possible to plant) 4. When seeds are sown broadcast, it is used to cover them. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim HARROW Cutaway or Notched Disc Harrow ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim HARROW ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim From PAES ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Gang Arrangement Single-action – consist to two gangs of discs, placed end to end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite directions Double-action consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite direction often called tandem harrow ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Gang Arrangement Offset – consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor centerline. Hitching 1. Trailing 2. Mounted ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim  Gang Arrangement ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Components Parts of Disk Harrow Disk Scrapers Frame Disk gang Standards Weight Boxes Bearings leveling bumpers devices ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Scrapers ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Spike-Tooth Harrow The teeth that stir the soil resemble long spikes. Also known as peg-tooth harrow, a drag harrow, a section harrow, and a smoothing harrow. Principal use is to smooth and level the soil directly after plowing. Stir the soil up to the depth of 2” ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Spike-Tooth Harrow ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Spike-Tooth Harrow ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Spring-Tooth Harrow The appearance is similar that of the spring-shank chisel plow, but the depth of penetration is shallow For use in rough and stony ground. Extensively used to loosen previously plowed soil ahead grain drill seeding rice or small grains Penetration is deeper than spike-tooth. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Spring-Tooth Harrow Parts ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Spring-Tooth Harrow ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim ROLLER effective as a clod-crusher effective in preparing the seedbox by thoroughly pulverizing and forming the loose soil so that there will not be any large air spaces or pockets. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim PULVERIZER - effective in pulverizing an area between rows. - effective for field work rather than row work. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Cultivator stir and pulverize the soil or after the crop has begun growing. before planting - to aerate the soil and prepare a smooth, loose seedbed after crop has begun growing - to kill weeds Note: controlled disturbance of the topsoil close to the crop plants kills the surrounding weeds by uprooting them, burying their leaves to disrupt their photosynthesis, or a combination of both. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivator) ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Cultivator Sweeps ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Field Cultivator ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Row Crop Cultivator ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Middle mounted Interrow Cultivator ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Hitching of Implements… Trailing Plow beam is attached in the drawbar hitch. Semi-mounted Front part of the plow is supported by the tractor; rear part is by the a rear furrow wheel. Integral Mounted The plow is lifted by hydraulic power ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Drawbar ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim 3 point hitch.. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) A set of technical standards for agricultural machinery, equipment, and infrastructure in the Philippines. Developed by the Department of Agriculture (DA) Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Importance and Benefits of PAES 1. Standardization of Practices 2. Quality Assurance 3. Safety Enhancement 4. Facilitates Trade 5. Regulatory Compliance ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim 11 Volumes as of 2024. Scope: 1. Agricultural Structures 2. Engineering Materials 3. Irrigation Structures 4. Production Machinery 5. Post-Harvest Machinery ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim PAES for Specifications 1. Scope - Describes the coverage and purpose of the standard. 2. References - Lists documents and standards referenced in the specification. 3. Definitions - Provides the definitions of terms used in the standard. 4. Classification - Describes the types or categories of the equipment. 5. General Requirements - States the general conditions and construction features applicable to the equipment. 6. Performance Requirements - Specifies the required performance levels for the equipment. 7. Safety, Workmanship, and Finish Requirements - Lists safety precautions, protective features and finishing standards. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim PAES for Specifications 8. Warranty - Specifies the warranty requirements for manufacturers. 9. Maintenance and Operation – (PAES102) Details on what maintenance tools shall be provided by the manufacturer and the inclusion of a standard operations manual. 10.Sampling – (PAES 103) Provides guidelines on how equipment or product samples should be selected for inspection, testing, or verification purposes. 11.Testing – (PAES for Methods of Testing) 12.Marking - Requires that the equipment or product be appropriately marked with information such as the manufacturer's name, model number, serial number, and any relevant warnings or instructions. ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Farmstead Equipment Tools and equipment in a farmstead ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Postharvest Machineries Moisture Content Determination Equipment: PAES 203:2000 – Moisture Content Determination for Rice and Corn Corn Shellers: PAES 208:2000 – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Specifications PAES 209:2000 – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Methods of Test Rubber Rolls for Rice Mills: PAES 214:2004 – Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Specifications PAES 215:2004 – Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Methods of Test Hammer Mills: PAES 216:2004 – Hammer Mill – Specifications PAES 217:2004 – Hammer Mill – Methods of Test Forage Choppers: PAES 218:2004 – Forage Chopper – Specifications PAES 219:2004 – Forage Chopper – Methods of Test ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Peanut Shellers: PAES 220:2004 – Peanut Sheller – Specifications PAES 221:2004 – Peanut Sheller – Methods of Test Chipping Machines: PAES 222:2005 – Chipping Machine – Specifications PAES 223:2005 – Chipping Machine – Methods of Test Rice Combines: PAES 224:2005 – Rice Combine – Specifications (Circulated) Micromills: PAES 226:2005 – Micromill – Specifications PAES 227:2005 – Micromill – Methods of Test Fiber Decorticators: PAES 228:2005 – Fiber Decorticator – Specifications PAES 229:2005 – Fiber Decorticator – Methods of Test ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Coconut Oil Expellers: PAES 230:2005 – Coconut Oil Expeller – Specifications PAES 231:2005 – Coconut Oil Expeller – Methods of Test Multicrop Washer-Peelers: PAES 232:2008 – Multicrop Washer-Peeler – Specifications PAES 233:2008 – Multicrop Washer-Peeler – Methods of Test Multicrop Juice Extractors: PAES 234:2008 – Multicrop Juice Extractor – Specifications PAES 235:2008 – Multicrop Juice Extractor – Methods of Test Crystallizers: PAES 236:2008 – Crystallizer – Specifications PAES 237:2008 – Crystallizer – Methods of Test Multicrop Micromills: PAES 238:2008 – Multicrop Micromill – Specifications PAES 239:2008 – Multicrop Micromill – Methods of Test ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Fans and Blowers: PNS/PAES 240:2010 – Fans and Blowers – Specifications PNS/PAES 241:2010 – Fans and Blowers – Methods of Test Biomass Furnaces: PNS/PAES 242:2010 – Biomass Furnace – Specifications PNS/PAES 243:2010 – Biomass Furnace – Methods of Test Biomass Shredders: PNS/PAES 244:2010 – Biomass Shredder – Specifications PNS/PAES 245:2010 – Biomass Shredder – Methods of Test Dehusked Corn Dryers: PNS/PAES 246:2010 – Dehusked Corn Dryer – Specifications PNS/PAES 247:2010 – Dehusked Corn Dryer – Methods of Test Fruit Dryers: PNS/PAES 248:2010 – Fruit Dryer – Specifications PNS/PAES 249:2010 – Fruit Dryer – Methods of Test ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Coconut Coir Decorticators: PNS/PAES 250:2011 – Coconut Coir Decorticator – Specifications PNS/PAES 251:2011 – Coconut Coir Decorticator – Methods of Test Coffee Pulpers: PNS/PAES 252:2011 – Coffee Pulper – Specifications PNS/PAES 253:2011 – Coffee Pulper – Methods of Test Abaca Strippers: PNS/PAES 254:2011 – Abaca Stripper – Specifications PNS/PAES 255:2011 – Abaca Stripper – Methods of Test Corn Pickers: PNS/PAES 256:2011 – Corn Picker – Specifications PNS/PAES 257:2011 – Corn Picker – Methods of Test Feed Mixers: PNS/PAES 258:2011 – Feed Mixer – Specifications PNS/PAES 259:2011 – Feed Mixer – Methods of Test ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim Coffee Grinders: PNS/BAFS/PAES 188:2018 – Coffee Grinder – Specifications PNS/BAFS/PAES 189:2018 – Coffee Grinder – Methods of Test Cacao Grinders: PNS/BAFS/PAES 190:2018 – Cacao Grinder – Specifications PNS/BAFS/PAES 191:2018 – Cacao Grinder – Methods of Test ABE 011 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Prepared by: B.U.Sioquim