Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization PDF

- Most sophisticated level; agricultural machinery. MODELS OF MECHANIZATION...

- Most sophisticated level; agricultural machinery. MODELS OF MECHANIZATION 1. High land area to farmer ratio (ex. USA) - Motivated into increasing the level of Mech. In Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization order to cultivate large agricultural lands with limited available manpower and take advantage - Embracing the manufacture, distribution, of favorable agricultureal commodity prices. utilization and provision of after-sales service Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia follow USA of tools, implements and machines for land model. development, agricultural production and primary-post-production processes. It 2. Low land area to farmer ratio (ex. Japan) includes the use of three main sources of - Motivated into increasing the level of Mech. power: HUMAN, ANIMAL, In order to increase yields and cropping MECHANICAL, FAO (1979). intensities to meet the growing demands for food and agricultural raw materials. SK, - Use of hand and animal-operated tools and China, Taiwan, Shi lanka and the Philippines implements as well as motorized equipment follow Japan model. to reduce human effort, improve quality, perform operations that cannot be done by POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM other means, and improve the timeliness of MECHANIZATION various operations, thereby increasing yield, 1. Increased cropping intensity and production quality of product and overall efficiency, 2. Increased productivity of labor (stout and downing 1974). 3. Full utilization of farm products and by THRESHING EQUIPMENT products 4. Reduction of losses - Methods of threshing 5. Increased value added of farm products 1. Rubbing Action 6. Employment and livelihood generation -grains are detached from their panicles 7. Import substitution because of a rubbing action as in treading by 8. Export possibilities man, animal and vehicle. -output of man treading is 14 kg/hr STATUS OF Ag. Mech. IN THE PH. LEVELS OF MECHANIZATION 1. The level of mechanization in the PH remains low compared to other Asian countries 1. Hand tool technology 2. From 1968 to 1990, Japan’s Mech level had - Simplest and most basic level; use of tools increased from 3 to 7 hp/ha, Korea from and simple implements powered by human 0.435 to 4.11 hp/ha while the PH had muscle. Even where sophisticated levels of increased only from 0.198 to 0.52 hp/ha. mechanization are commonly used, hand tool 3. It was also estimated that in 1968, the total technology retains importance in agricultural available power per unit area for PH, operations. contributors from human, animal and 2. Draft Animal Technology mechanical power were 36%, 52% and 12% - Implements and machines utilizing animal respectively. In 1990, human power accounts muscle as the power source. for 50% of the total available power per unit 3. Mechanical Power Technology area, while animal power decreased to 14% and mechanical power increased to 35%  (Ozaki and McColly, 1968 and Rahman 1994 knapsack (imported as cited in Gavino et al 2005.) sprayer from China, manual Taiwan etc.) STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL rotary Adopted in MECHANIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES weeder Laguna, - Table 1. Level of Mechanization in rice and Cotabato and corn farms Nueva Vizcaya. Sources of Power Hp/ha Harvesting None- still IRRI reaper 1.Human Labor 0.24 done mostly introduced 2.Draft animal 0.08 by sickle but not 3.Four-wheel tractor 0.56 popular; 4.Engines PhilRICE a. power tiller 0.56 reaper b. thresher 0.34 released for c. irrigation pump 0.07 commercial d. harvesting, drying, 0.15 manufacture. shelling equipment’s Improved Total 1.68 reaper- Table 2. Present areas of rice mechanization by windrower operation in the Philippines, 1999. highly adopted in Operation Equipment’s Level of R/D Bataan and locally and nearby adopted equipment provinces. adoption Table 3. Percentage of rice and corn farms using Land Power tiller + Highly 3 sources of power. preparation attachments adopted in four-wheel favorable Operation Manua Man- Mechanic tractor + areas; for l Anima al rotavator custom hiring l in irrigated Land Preparation 3.15 64.71 23.17 areas for Planting 98.67 1.15 0.16 custom Weeding 85.20 14.80 0 service near Fertilizer 98.69 1.31 0 sugar estates Application popular in Spraying 100 0 0 Luzon for Harvesting 98.79 0 1.21 custom land Threshing/shelli 31.01 0 68.99 preparation ng Transplanting Done IRRI manual Drying 100 0 0 manually transplanter Milling 0 0 100 introduced Average 56.53 19.25 21.70 but was not Source: Canapi and follosco 2002 as cited in Gavino widely et al. 2015. accepted Direct Mostly by Slow but 1. Lowly mechanized: Manual power exceeds Seeding hand continuing 33% broadcast adoption of 2. Fairly Mechanized: Animal power utilization drum seeder ranged from 34-100% Crop Lever- Highly Protection operated adopted  3. Highly Mechanized: mechanical power b. Agricultural Machinery testing and Evaluation utilization ranged from 67-100% Center (AMTEC) – Testing and evaluation of agricultural machinery; development of agricultural GOVERNMENT SECTOR machinery standards. 1. Department of Agriculture (DA): 3. Central Luzon State University (CLSU): a. Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization a. Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural Committee (AFMeC) – inter-agency committee technology (PhilSCAT) – adaption and promotion of which serves as advisory to the secretary on Chinese agricultural machinery for local conditions. mechanization concerns. 4. Department of Science and Technology b. Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (DOST): (BPRE)- in charge of postharvest mechanization and corn mech. a. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development ( c. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)- in PCARRD) – base of the agricultural engineering R/D charge of rice mech. team which provides policy direction for ag. Mech. d. Bureau of Soils and Water management (BSWM) 5. Professional regulation Commission (PRC) – base – in-charge of developing small-scale irrigation of the board of ag. Eng’g (BOAE) which regulates projects. and promotes the ag. Eng. Professions. e. National Irrigation administration (NIA) – in PRIVATE SECTORS charge of developing small-scale irrigation projects. 1. Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers f. Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) – in charge of (PSAE) -national and regional proff. Org. og vegetable mechanization. ag. Eng’g with similar fn as BOAE. g. National Food Authority (NFA) – in charge of 2. Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers, grain storage and marketing. Dealers and Distributors Association (AMMDA) – heart of the agricultural h. Bureau of Agriculture Research (BAR) – base of machinery manufacturing, marketing and the agricultural Eng’g RDE network. after-sales service. i. Philippine Center for Postharvest Development REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 8435 and Mechanization (PhilMech) – generate, extend and commercialize appropriate and problem- - Or the Agriculture and Fisheries oriented agriculture and fishery postharvest and Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997 (dec, mechanization technologies. 22, 1997). It is a policy instrument defining measures to modernize Philippine ag. For j. Regional Agricultural Engineering Group (RAEG) country to compete in a global market. – in charge of agricultural mechanization concerns in - In general, AFMA aims to transform the agri. the different regions. and fisheries sectors to technology based, 2. University of the Philippines Los Banos advanced and competitive industry; ensure (UPLB). that small farmer and fisherfolk have equal access to assets, resources and services; a. Agricultural Mechanization Development guarantee food security; encourage farmer Program (AMDP) – Research and extension on and fisherfolk groups to bond together for agricultural mech; Philippine counterpart of the more bargaining power; strengthen people’s regional network for agricultural machinery org, cooperatives and non-gov. org. by (RNAM). enhancing their participation in decision- making; pursue an aggressive market driven  approach to make the products more competitive in the market; stimulate further processing of agricultural products and make it more marketable; and implements policies that will invite more investors to establish business in the country. RA 10601 -farm mech can enhance the efficiency of both land and labor, inputs that are vital in sustaining food production and increasing farm income. However, despite innovation in mech in the PH, it lagged behind other country in terms of mech power at 1.68 hp/ha (Amongo, 2011) In Ph, DA was mandated by AFMA of 1997 to give priority to the dev. And promotion of appropriate agricultural machinery and other ag. Mech. tech. to enchance agri. Mech in the country. To fully realize this, thisRA 10601 is signed by former pres. Benigno Simeon Aquino iii on June 5, 2013.