Introduction to Medical Terminology PDF

# Introduction to Medical Terminology ## Lecture 1 ### Parts of a Medical Term - Prefix - Suffix - Root - Linking Vowel ## 1. Prefixes ### Examples of Prefixes - **Il** - legal - **Im** - impolite/imperfect - **Un** - unlock - **Anti** - antibacterial ## 2. Suffixes ### Examples of Suffixe...

# Introduction to Medical Terminology ## Lecture 1 ### Parts of a Medical Term - Prefix - Suffix - Root - Linking Vowel ## 1. Prefixes ### Examples of Prefixes - **Il** - legal - **Im** - impolite/imperfect - **Un** - unlock - **Anti** - antibacterial ## 2. Suffixes ### Examples of Suffixes - **Less** - endless/useless - **Itis** - dermatitis - **Ology** - psychology ## Lecture 2 # Introduction to Medical Terminology ## Dr. Amira Saad Hafez ## 3. Root ### Examples of Roots - **Care** - carelessness - **Cardi** - heart/cardiologist - Try analyzing this word: - **Ungenlemanliness** - Un/gentle/man/li/ness ## 4. Linking Vowel ### Examples of Linking Vowel - Linking Vowel - to make the term readable and more flexible - Example: (pedodontics) ## Lecture 3 # Lists of Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes ### Your List of Prefixes - **A** = without - **Anti** = against - **Bi** = two - **Hemi** = half - **Hypo** = below - **Pre** = before - **Pari** = surrounding/around - **Endo** = within ### Suffixes - **Emia** = blood condition - **Algia** = pain - **Gram** = x-ray/record - **Graph** - instrument used to record - **Meter** = instrument used to measure - **Ology** = science - **Ologist** = specialist - **Oma** = tumor - **Itis** = inflammation ### Roots - **Aden** = gland - **Encephal** = brain - **Cardi** = heart - **Col** = colon - **Cry** = cold - **Derm/dermat** = skin - **Dent/odont** = teeth - **Electr** = electricity - **Cyt** = cell - **Hem/hemat** = blood - **Hist** = tissue - **Neur** = nerve - **Ophthalm** = eye - **Oste** = bone - **Toxic** = poison ## Lecture 4 # Practical Examples for Medical Term Analysis ### Pericarditis - **Peri** = prefix = around - **Card** = root = heart - **Itis** = suffix = inflammation ### Endodontics - **Endo** = prefix = inside/within - **Dontics** = root = tooth ### Electrocardiograph - **Electr** = root = electricity - **O** = linking vowel - **Cardi** = root = heart - **O** = linking vowel - **Graph** = suffix = instrument used to record ### Cryometer - **Cry** = root = cold - **O** = linking vowel - **Meter** = suffix = instrument used to measure ### Electroencephalogram - **Electr** = root = electricity - **O** = linking vowel - **Encephal** = root = brain - **O** = linking vowel - **Gram** = suffix = x-ray/record ### Colitis - **Col** = root = colon - **Itis** = suffix = inflammation ### Cytotoxic - **Cyt** = root = cell - **O** = linking vowel - **Toxic** = root = poisonous ### Neuralgia - **Neur** = root = nerve - **Algia** = suffix = pain ## Lecture 5 # Medical Terms 1 ### Model 1 - **Heal** = to become healthy, esp. to grow new skin. - **Cure** = to make a disease or illness go away especially by medical treatment. - **Infection** = the successful invasion, establishment and growth of microorganisms in the tissues of the host. - **Host** = the organic structure upon which micro-organisms live. - **Symptom** = a manifestation of disease, i.e. change in the body's conditions that indicates illness. - **Immune** = free, secure (from possibility of catching a disease, etc.). - **Sterilization** = any process by which all forms of life are destroyed - **Fungus** = plant, without green leaves, which usually grows on other plants or decaying matter. ### Model 2 - **Swell** = part of the body that becomes greater in volume or thickness (e.g. the result of a blow or a diseased tooth). - **Pus** = thick yellowish white liquid formed in and coming out from a poisoned place in the body. - **Haemorrhage** = escape of blood from blood vessels. - **Inflammation** = swelling and soreness which is often red and hot to the touch as a result of a disease. - **Acute inflammation** = an inflammation which occurs all of a sudden and quickly. - **Chronic inflammation** = an inflammation which is continual. Lasting for a long time. - **Allergy** = a condition of being usually sensitive to something eaten, breathed in or touched, in a way that causes pain or suffering. - **Allergic** = related to or suffering from an allergy. - **Paralysis** = inability to move - **Nausea** = feeling of sickness and desire to vomit. ### Model 3 - **Hypertension** = an increase in blood pressure. - **Hypotension** = a decrease in blood pressure. - **Neuralgia** = sharp jumping pain in the nerves, esp. of the face and head. - **Nerve** = fiber or bundle of fibers carrying feelings and impulses between the brain and parts of the body. ## Lecture 6 # Medical Terms 2 ### Model 4 - **Heart** = the organ inside the chest which controls the flow of blood by pushing it into the blood vessels of the body. - **Artery** = a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. - **Vein** = a blood vessel the carries blood from any part of the body to the heart. - **Clot** = a half solid mass or lump usually from liquid especially blood. - **Pulse** = the regular beat of arteries as the blood is pumped through them by the heart (e.g. as felt at the wrist). - **Cardiac** = related to the heart (e.g. cardiac muscle). - **Tissue** = a group of animal or plant cells, especially those that make up a particular organ. - **Cell** = unit of living matter: all animal and plants are made up of cells. - **Saliva** = the secretion of salivary glands - **Gland** = an organ or structure capable of making and internal or external secretion. - **Analgesic** = a substance which makes one unable to feel pain. - **Ache** = continuing pain - **Injection** = drive or force a liquid, drug etc. into the body with a syringe. - **Transfusion** = putting the blood of one person into the body of another. - **Antibody** = a substance produced in the body which fights disease. - **Antibiotic** = a medical substance (e.g. penicillin) which stops the growth of or destroys harmful bacteria that entered the body. - **Dose** = a measured amount of medicine given at a time. ## Lecture 7 # Reading Essay ## Disease: Its symptoms and Treatments ### Paragraph 1 - In order to treat an illness successfully and prevent a recurrence, a physician usually needs to identify not only the condition but also its cause. The first step is to ascertain whether the illness is infectious or noninfectious. An infectious disease is caused by microorganisms (minute living bodies that are invisible to the naked eye). These tiny organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or worms) are also called pathogens or, more commonly, germs. Infectious disease are often (but not always) communicable contagious, which means that an infected person can pass the disease to another through direct or indirect contact. ### Paragraph 2 - Diseases not caused by pathogens are classified as noninfectious. In this category are chronic degenerative diseases characterized by the breakdown of tissues and/or organs (often the result of aging), congenital defects (those existing from birth), hormonal disorders, environmental and occupational diseases, immunological diseases, and mental illness. One cause of illness that doctors dislike even thinking about is the iatrogenic disorder (an abnormal condition caused by the physician's treatment). Finally, there are disease conditions labeled idiopathic- which means without any recognizable causes. ### Paragraph 3 - Whether a person exposed to pathogens becomes ill or not depends upon the body's ability to resist microorganisms. This ability is termed immunity and may be natural or acquired. Natural immunity is proved by such bodily defense mechanisms as (a) the skin, tears, and the mucous membranes that line the mouth, nose and bronchial tubes; (b) harmless bacteria in the body which interfere with the growth of harmful germs; (c) stomach juices that are highly acidic and also contain diseases-fighting chemicals; and (d) specialized white blood cells that live in the tissues, fluids, and blood. ### Paragraph 4 - Acquired immunity is developed by exposure to germs and their products and depends on specific antibodies produced by sensitized plasma cells. Introducing germs into the body artificially in a controlled manner stimulates the body to produce the antibodies that will prevent the growth of the same antigen in the future. Vaccines are used to produce an acquired immunity. A person is vaccinated with from the germ. Because this acquired immunity often does not last a lifetime, it may be necessary to immunize people periodically with booster shots of the vaccine. ### Paragraph 5 - Whether a person's illness is infectious or noninfectious, there is always the hope that the doctor and the pharmacist will have a "magic potion" which, once swallowed, will make all signs and symptoms or disease disappear forever. Substances prescribed recommended to people often found effective drugs or medicine. In past centuries, and error. Today, medical personnel have a clear idea of how and why a particular drug works and what its side effects and contraindications are. The physician's desk reference lists and describes various drugs on the market in the United States and shows illustrations of them. About 200 different drugs are currently available for the treatment of illness, and new ones are continually being developed. ## Lecture 8 # English and Terminology ## Dr. Amira Saad Hafez ## Disease: Its Symptoms and Treatments ### Paragraph 6 - Many drugs are available by prescription only. These drugs are potent and may be dangerous if taken in an overdose. Some are addictive; therefore, their use must be strictly controlled. A patient can buy these medicines only if a doctor writes a prescription. ### Paragraph 7 - Antibiotic drugs are often called "miracle drugs" because of their ability to bring rapid improvement and quick cures of some serious infections. Penicillin, a well-known antibiotic, is generally effective against a variety of bacterial infections. - The mycin drugs, such as streptomycin, often work where penicillin fails or when a patient is allergic to penicillin. ### Paragraph 8 - Narcotic drugs such as codeine and morphine can also be obtained only with a prescription. They are addictive and thus can be used only in restricted dosages. Originally derived from opium and now mostly synthetic, they are excellent painkillers, but in excessive amounts they can cause death. ### Paragraph 9 - Many other drugs that do not require a doctor's prescription are available in pharmacies (drugstores). One of the most well-known and widely used is aspirin. Aspirin has long been taken to relieve pain and reduce inflammation and fever. - However, in recent years, a valuable new use for Aspirin has been discovered. Many patients with heart conditions take aspirin on a daily basis because its blood-thinning properties lower the risk of heart attack. ### Paragraph 10 - Although there is no drug to cure the upper respiratory viral infection called the common cold, many drugs help to relieve the symptoms. - Gargling with salt water or sucking on lozenges or hard candy can soothe a sore throat. ### Paragraph 11 - Many other over-the-counter medications are used (and often overused) by the general public, including laxatives (to relieve constipation), tranquilizers, sedatives, sleeping pills, and pep pills (stimulants). ### Paragraph 12 - radiation therapy - chemotherapy - special equipment prescribed for patient use - non-medical recommendations for a change in a patient's lifestyle (following special diets, increasing or altering habits of exercise, moving to a different climate, decreasing workload and stressor, and so on) ### Paragraph 13 - In highly industrialized societies, pollution has created an increase in allergic and other conditions that require medical care. - The challenge of modern medicine is to meet the changing medical needs of rapidly changing societies in which people have very high (sometimes unreasonably high) expectations of their doctors' curative powers. People want to live long lives and to feel as good at 80 as they felt at 20 ## Lecture 9 # Academic Writing ## Introduction to Writing Course - This writing course has two main objectives. The first is to help you know, understand and be able to use skills that are necessary for writing effectively in English. The second is to give you the time, help and opportunities to practice the actual process of writing. The course covers the basic skills and strategies for Academic essay writing, and it is hoped that, using these, you will then go on to develop your own personal way of writing in English, which is supposed not only to satisfy you, but also your readers. - These strategies also help you in preparing and developing your presentations. - An outline may be needed in order to organize all the ideas. This includes thinking about introductory, developmental and concluding material, choosing suitable methods of development; deciding how to support the main points you wish to make. This outline will be the basis of the writing. ## Essay Structure - The most acceptable form of an essay or a one-paragraph essay is to have three clear stages. - Introduction - Development (the body of the essay) - Conclusion - Which means that you have to: - Introduce the subject of the essay or the paragraph to the reader. - Develop the subject of your writing. - Conclude the essay or the paragraph. ## Essay Stages - In a one paragraph essay- which you are required to write in this course- the first sentence or sentences will contain the introduction; the sentences which follow will contain the development and this is the part where we are expected to supporthe reader with information and this is the longest part of any paragraph writing. The last sentence or sentences will contain the conclusion of the topic. Below is an account of what you should do in every stage: ### Introduction Stage - You are not expected to get to your topic directly and start giving information from the very first sentence. For example, consider a topic about divorce and how it may affect families, would you accept starting this topic with the following sentence? 50% of the American marriages end with divorce. course this sounds illogical because it may distract the reader and may make him wrongly think that the topic is all about divorce in the American society. This is an illustration method that may be better used in the development stage to exemplify how serious the problem may grow, but for an introduction this is not appropriate and is too abrupt. ### Introduction Methods - Accordingly, there are more appropriate methods to start your writing with and below are the most preferable strategies to introduce for your topic: - Background information an identification of the subject - Definition - Attracting the reader's attention - Proverbs - Going from the general to the more specific #### Introduction Methods 2: Definition - If the topic is about a certain specialization which cannot be known for all kinds of readers or if you assume that your reader is not acquainted with the nature of the topic, you have to define it first. Defining means stating as precisely as possible the meaning of a word, Giving a definition of a subject or topic can help the reader in two ways. Firstly, it proves to the reader that you understand your subject. This in often essential in examination situations. Secondly, there may be more than one interpretation of the meaning of a subject. In this situation, it is extremely important for you to define what you believe the subject means. ## Lecture 10 # Academic Writing 2 ## Essay structure ### Introduction Methods 3: Attracting the reader's attention - This is actually achieved through using unusual ways like exclamation, quotations or any other means through which the attention of the reader is attracted like starting an essay or a paragraph about your first day at university by " I shall never forget my first day at university" consider also paragraph about tourist attraction in Egypt. It is very presumable that the reader's attention may be attracted to the following introducing sentence: "mystical, majestic, wonderful – these are the words so often heard when tourists visit the pyramids. ### 4. Proverbs - Using a proverb or a well-known saying is a good and precise way to start an essay or a paragraph because it lets your reader know what the topic is about and attracts the readers attention. For example a paragraph about friends can be started by the famous proverb " A friend in need is a friend indeed". ### 5. Going from the general to the more specific - The essay norms through years showed a special importance to generalization as a way of introducing for a topic only if it is applicable i.e. only if the subject is actually general. So, going from the general to the more specific may contribute to a gradu)))) each to the subject of the topic itself. - For instance, a topic about overpopulation in Egypt can be started by stating that overpopulation is a worldwide problem and that the world now is over 6 Billion people and china alone has 1/6 of the world's population which means a serious problem then gradually go from the general to the more specific which is the same problem but in Egypt. ### Development Stage - When you have decided what the reader expects you to do, you have to think how you are going to it. For example, if the essay title is our country needs more universities. Discuss, you know that the writer expects you to support or ute. Let us say you decide to refute it because you disagree. You want to convince the reader but you do not know how. So, your next decision will be about the methods of development you will use. - Here are brief examples of development methods: - Giving Reasons: - family bonds - addiction - Giving proof or evidence/stating facts/giving examples - news - statistics - Showing effects - productivity at work has become less negatively affected people's lives - Making comparisons - Now and the past - You can choose one method to develop or you can use more than one method. This depends on har you want to develop the topic and how far you think this is convincing to the reader. Moreover, the above examples are very brief and short as mentioned before, but you can use more sentences in every method of development. - Below are more methods of development - Classification - classification means to state what class or group something belongs to. It may be especially useful if the reader does not know anything about the subject examples: endodontics is a branch of dentistry. - Partitioning - means dividing the subject of the paragraph or the essay into pt and then writing about each part separately. In this way, the reader can follow easily the step by step development of the essay. For example, if the subject of the essay requires you to analyze unemployment, you can divide this subject into many dimensions : economic, political and social reasons - Citing statistics: number - percentages ### Conclusion Stage - This stage includes the remarks or comments about the topic of a paragraph or the subjects of on essay. It is a short part of a paragraph or an essay you cannot end your writing in the moment you stop giving information by putting a f (1) stop and consider that you finished your paragraph. You have to find a way to end up your subject without abrupt stop. This is the role of the concluding sentence or sentences and you can do so by using one or more of the following strategies: #### Conclusion Strategies - **Sum Up** - To summarize the main objective of the writing you can link you conclusion to the whole writing by words like - To sum up - In brief - Briefly - **Comments and Proverbs** - We have mentioned before prover(s) and quotations as a way of introducing to a paragraph or an essay. However, they can also be used in the conclusion stage on the condition not to repeat the same sentence in both parts because repetition is a deviation of the academic norms. To do so we many link this or these sentences to the rest of the writing by words like; - In conclusion - To conclude - **Mentioning Significance** - **Stating Effects** ## Coherence & Unity - After learning the stages of any academic wating, you need to know some of the basic writing skills: - Coherence - Unity ## 1. Coherence - Coherence is the most important writing skill. Writing is said to be coherent if it is easily understood. This means that the reader experiences no difficulty in following the development of the essay. the main way to achieve coherent discourse is to use special words, phrases or clauses which act as a sign posts to the reader. They link your writing together and let your reader know what are you going to do in your writing. give examples, show results, mention reasons....etc. ### Coherence Makers - Below we have some coherence makers classified according their function: - **Addition:** - Moreover, Furthermore, In addition to this, Also, Additionally, This is added to - **Giving Reasons:** - Because, due to the fact that, Owing to the fact that, As, Due to, Because of, Since, In order to, For this reason - **Showing Results:** - Consequently, Therefore, Thus, Accordingly - **Giving Examples:** - For example, For instance, This is shown When, An example of this is, This is clearly shown by, This is demonstrated when, This can be seen when, An illustration of this is when ### Similarity & Dissimilarity - **Similarity:** - Both ...and, Alike, Like, In common, Likewise, Too, So, Similarly, In a similar way, Equally, As ....as - **Dissimilarity:** - Whereas, where, While, Unlike, On the other hand, Conversely, In contrast to this, However, On the contrary, ### Partition & Division - **Partition** - Made up of, Consist of, Comprised of, Composed of, Divided into - **Division** - Firstly, secondly, thirdly, First, then, after, Initially, Finally, Following this, ### Displaying Opposite Ideas & Illustration & Definition - **Displaying Opposite Ideas** - Although, Despite, In spite of, In spite of the fact that - **Illustration & Definition** - This means, In other words, That is to say, Namely ## 2. Unity - When you plan an essay, you will have ideas about the subject and the way in which you want to develop it. Before you write anything, you should check that all these ideas, which will be the topics and main points of your essay, refer directly to the subject of the essay. It can be very easy to write off the point, and, in English discourse, this is not at all acceptable. Therefore, check that every topic of every paragraph directly develops the essay subject. If any do not, cross them out, because they are irrelevant. When you have checked that every topic is relevant, you can be sure that the essay will be unified. - Similarly, each sentence of a paragraph must refer to and develop the topic sentence. ## 3. Avoid Repetition - In writing formal academic writing one should avoid repeating the same words. This is not easy especially that we are usually writing abou. certain subject. Which make words more likely to be repeated. One of the effective ways to avoid repeating the same word in an essay is by using synonyms. These are different words that have the same meaning. ## 4. Style - In the study of language, the term style refers to how formal the language is. For example when we talk, we use different levels of formality according to the situation and the person we are addressing. Think of the way you would talk with a close friend compared to how you would talk to the president if you had an interview with him. Similarly, we use different levels of formality when we write. Accordingly, academic writing requires a formal style. ## That's All for This Part - Thank you and wish you all the best.