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# Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis **I. Cellular Respiration** * **Glycolysis:** * Location: Cytosol * Starting Material: Glucose * Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH * **Krebs Cycle:** * Location: Mitochondrial Matrix * Starting Material: Acetyl CoA *...

# Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis **I. Cellular Respiration** * **Glycolysis:** * Location: Cytosol * Starting Material: Glucose * Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH * **Krebs Cycle:** * Location: Mitochondrial Matrix * Starting Material: Acetyl CoA * Products: 2 $CO_2$, 3 NADH, 1 FADH$_2$, 1 ATP * **Oxidative Phosphorylation/Chemiosmosis:** * Location: Mitochondrial Cristae * Starting Material: NADH/FADH$_2$ (electrons) * Product: ATP * Electron Transport Chain * Two Parts: Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis * Protons pumped into IM space * Generates proton gradient * Final electron acceptor: OXYGEN **II. Photosynthesis** * **Light Reactions:** * Location: Thylakoid Membrane * Starting Material: Water (electrons), Photons (energy) * Products: ATP, NADPH * Linear Electron Flow (PSI & PSII) produces ATP & NADPH * Cyclic Electron Flow (PSI only) produces ATP only * **Calvin Cycle:** * Location: Stroma * Starting Material: $CO_2$, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH * Products: $G_3P$ **III. Enzymes** * **Functions:** Biological catalysts, speed up chemical reactions, reduce activation energy. * **Important Notes:** Enzymes are proteins, not consumed by the reaction, do not affect the change in Gibbs Free Energy. * **Inhibitors:** Competitive, Non-competitive. * **Denaturation:** Environmental temperatures (outside optimal range), salinity. **IV. Gibbs Free Energy & Reactions** * Gibbs Free Energy: Energy available to do work * $ΔG = ΔH - TΔS$ (equation for Gibbs Free Energy) **V. Multiple Choice Practice** * The chemical reaction for photosynthesis: $6 CO_2 + 12 H_2O + light\ energy\rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 + 6 H_2O$ * **If the input water labeled with a radioactive oxygen isotope ($^{18}O$), the oxygen gas released has the isotope as well.** The most likely explanation is that water is split during the light reactions, producing oxygen. **VI. Free Response Practice (2023 #4)** **(a)** Chlorophyll captures/absorbs light (energy). **(b)** Based on Figure 1, an increase in the ratio NADPH/NADP+ will cause an increase in the flow of electrons through the cyclic pathway because there is less/no NADP+ to accept the electrons, therefore electrons pass (instead) to the cyclic pathway/from ferrodoxin to the cytochrome complex. **VII. Figures**: The document contains multiple figures depicting the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. The figures include diagrams of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, photosystems, and the Calvin cycle. These diagrams show the structural and mechanistic details of the processes. There are also two diagrams of ATP Synthesis and various enzymes.