Language Research PDF

Language Research Norquez M. Mangindra, Ed.D. Subject Professor  Introduction Research is a key to progress. There can be no progress without research in almost if not all human endeavors. It is vital and essential Definitions of Research  It is to search again,...

Language Research Norquez M. Mangindra, Ed.D. Subject Professor  Introduction Research is a key to progress. There can be no progress without research in almost if not all human endeavors. It is vital and essential Definitions of Research  It is to search again, to take another more careful look, to find out more (Selltiz, et.al., 1976). It is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth (Leedy, 1974). It is a systematic attempt to provide answers to questions (Tuckman, 1972).  Careful, critical, disciplines inquiry, varying in technique and method according to the nature and conditions of the problem – Good, p.464 Simply, the systematic search for pertinent information on a special topic or problem. After a careful, systematic search for pertinent information or data on a specific topic or problem, and after the research worker has analyzed and interpreted the data, he eventually faces another essential task, that of preparing the research report – Aquino, p.1  Process of gathering data or information to solve a particular or specific problem in a scientific manner. – Manuel and Medel, p.5 Systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of answering questions posed by the researcher. – Sanchez, p.2 Purpose of Research For the quality of life to progress  To serve man Goal of research is the good life (Good and Scates, p.15) – To satisfy man’s craving for more understanding to improve his judgment; – to add to his power; – to reduce the burden of work; – to relieve suffering – and to increase satisfaction in multitudinous ways To provide solutions to problems For scientific and technological advancement of the new millennium More Specific Purposes and Goals of Research 1. To discover new facts about known phenomena Alcohol is a known phenomenon and research may turn it into a kind of fuel equal I quality to gasoline 2. To find answers which are only partially solved by existing methods and information Cancer is a serious disease which is only partially cured by present methods but due to intensive and continuous research, the disease may be eradicated later on. 3. Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products. Invention of new gadgets and machines, food products and others used by man. 4. To discover previously unrecognized substances or elements Due to research we have more than 100 elements. 5. Discover pathways of action of known substances and elements Due to research we come to know the dangers from the abusive use of un- prescribed drugs and some poisonous substances. 6. To order related, valid generalizations into systematized science. The result of this purpose of research is the science we are now studying in school. 7. To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry, education, government, and in other undertakings. One approach in decision-making is the research approach. 8. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity. Edison was curious about how a hen hatches her eggs and made a research on that and he invented the incubator. 9. To find answers to queries by means of scientific methods. 10. To acquire a better and deeper understanding about one phenomenon that can be known and understood better by research is why women are generally smaller than men. 11. To expand or verify existing knowledge. This happens when researches are replicated. 12. To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school products. 13. To promote health and prolong life. Pharmaceutical, nutritional and medical research. 14. To provide man with more of his basic needs More and better food, clothing, shelter, etc. 15. To make work, travel, and communication faster, easier, and more comfortable. Characteristics of Research Research is expert, systematic and accurate investigation. Research gathers new knowledge and data from primary or firsthand sources. Research is logical and objective.  Research endeavors to organize data in quantitative (measurable) terms if possible and to express these data in numerical measures.  Research is carefully recorded and reported. Characteristics of research may be summarized as follows: 1. Research is systematic – it follows an orderly and sequential procedure. 2. Research is controlled – All variables except those that are tested or being experimented upon are kept constant. 3. Research is empirical – All procedures employed and the data gathered are perceived in the same manner by all observers 4. Research is analytical – There is a critical analysis of all the data used so that there is no error in the interpretation. 5. Research is objective, unbiased and logical – All the findings and conclusions are logically based on empirical data and no effort is made to alter the results of the research. 6. Research employs hypothesis – This is to guide the investigation process. – In experimental studies, hypotheses are expressly stated but in descriptive studies, the specific subproblems or specific questions serve as the hypotheses and the hypotheses are tested not proved. 7. Research employs quantitative or statistical methods – Data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically to determine their significance. 8. Research is original work – Except in historical research, data are gathered from primary sources. 9. Research is done by an expert – The researcher uses valid and carefully designed procedures, valid data gathering instruments, and valid data. 10. Research is accurate investigation, observation and description – All conclusions are based on actual evidence 11. Research is patient and unhurried activity – To ensure accuracy and avoid shaky conclusions and generalizations. 12. Research requires an effort-making capacity – No research can be conducted without the exertion of much effort. 13. Research requires courage – The researcher oftentimes undergo hazards, discomforts and the like. Products of Research Basic necessities Technological gadgets Appliances Infrastructures Transportation Communication  Kinds and Classifications of Research  Predictive or Prognostic According to Purpose (Trow) Illuminative Directive  Predictive or Prognostic Has the purpose of determining the future operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting such for the better. Proposes to give the result from one specific educational practices or pattern and seeks to establish a close statistical connection between characteristics of students and a prediction of educational outcome Directive Determines what should be done based on the findings. This is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is any. Illuminative Concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being investigated, as for example, “interaction of the components of educational systems and aims to show the connections among, for example, student characteristics, organizational patterns and policies, and educational consequence.”  Basic or pure According to goal Applied Basic or pure Done for the development of theories or principles. Conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning. Much of this kind of research has been done in psychology and sociology. Applied The application of the results of pure research. This is testing the efficacy of theories and principles.  Exploratory According to the levels of investigation Experimental Descriptive  Exploratory –The researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific situation. Descriptive –The researcher studies the relationships of the variables. Experimental –The experimenter studies the effects of the variables on each other.  Analytic According to the type of analysis Holistic  Analytical approach –The researcher attempts to identify and isolate the components of the research situation. Holistic approach –Begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the system first and then on its internal relationships  Action research According to scope  Action Research –Done on a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big; –It is almost problem-solving –A firing-line or on the job type of problem-solving or research used by teachers, supervisors and administrators to improve the quality of their decisions and actions; –It seeks more dependable and appropriate means of promoting and evaluating pupil growth in line with specific and general objectives and attempts to improve educational practices without reference to whether findings would be applicable beyond the group studied.  Evaluation research According to choice of answers to problems (Ackoff) Developmental research  Evaluation research –All possible courses of action are specified and identified and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous. Developmental research –The focus is on finding or developing a more suitable instrument or process than has been available.  quantitative or statistical According to statistical content Non- quantitative  Quantitative or statistical –One in which inferential statistics are utilized to determine the results of the study. Inferential statistics such as correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance are used to test the hypothesis. –Usually includes comparison studies, cause-and-effect relationships, etc.  Non-quantitative –The use of quantity or statistics is practically nil. –It is especially true in anthropological studies where description is usually used. –Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.  Historical According to time element Experimental Descriptive  Historical –Describes what was Descriptive –Describes what is Experimental –Describes what will be  Other types and kinds of research Sociological Research Industrial Research Social Research Economics Research Psychological Research Health Research Anthropological Nursing Research Research Curriculum Research Physical Research Educational Research Chemical Research etc  Based on purpose Based on Based on inquiry method Types of research  Rationalistic Based on inquiry Naturalistic  Rationalistic Inquiries Begin with an existing theory Formal instruments are used Findings are generalized Problem is converted into dependent and independent variables after which the researcher develops strategies and instruments to control relationships between and among naturally occurring variables.  Naturalistic Inquiries State that we must understand the framework within which the subjects under study interpret their environment to be able to understand human behavior The individual’s thoughts, values, perceptions and actions are studied.  Basic/ fundamental / pure Applied/ action Develop- mental Basic Research Directed towards developing new or fuller scientific knowledge or understanding of the subject rather than its practical application Researcher’s intellect is triggered and social implications of existing social problems are uncovered.  Applied Research Also known as action research Directed towards the practical application of knowledge Theory may be supported, modified or revised. New theory may even be provided. Covers mostly social science areas Entails large-scale studies with subsequent problems on data collection  Developmental Research Refers to the systematic work drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience that is directed to producing new materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems and services; and to improving substantially those already produced or installed Often used in engineering and technology areas  Formative Evaluation summative Case study Qualitative Ethnography Descriptive Based content on Ex-post facto method Quantitative Survey Correlational Cross- sectional historical Field longitudinal experimental experimental Quasi experimental  Historical Research Critical investigation of events, developments and experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of sources of information on the past and the interpretation of the weighed evidence (Kellinger, 1972) Data are gathered through the collection of original documents or interviewing eye witnesses.  Descriptive Research Describes the population’s characteristics A study where the major emphasis is on the discovery of ideas and insights (Selltiz, et.al., 1979)  Correlational Research Involves the collection of two or more sets of data from a group of subjects with the attempt to determine the subsequent relationship between those sets of data (Tuckman, 1972) Ex Post Facto Research A systematic empirical inquiry in which the researcher does not have direct control of the independent variables  Evaluation Research Judges the value, worth or merit of an existing program Formative and summative evaluation are applied in training programs, textbooks, manuals or curricula.  Experimental Research A study conducted in the laboratory Involves two groups: Experimental group Control group