The Physical Self - PDF

THE PHYSICAL SELF Are you beautiful? THE PHYSICAL SELF “Beauty is when you can appreciate yourself. When you love yourself, that’s when you’re most beautiful.” -Zoe Kravitz Two most-debated views about beauty: 1. Beauty is objectiv...

THE PHYSICAL SELF Are you beautiful? THE PHYSICAL SELF “Beauty is when you can appreciate yourself. When you love yourself, that’s when you’re most beautiful.” -Zoe Kravitz Two most-debated views about beauty: 1. Beauty is objective 2. Beauty is subjective THE PHYSICAL SELF Views of Western Philosophers on Beauty (Before 18th Century) A. St. Augustine asked whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful. THE PHYSICAL SELF Views of Western Philosophers on Beauty (Before 18th Century) B. Plato connected beauty as a response to love and desire. He asserted that beauty exists in the realm of Forms, and that objects are found beautiful because they are a reflection of the idea of beauty that already exist in the realm of forms. THE PHYSICAL SELF Views of Western Philosophers on Beauty (Before 18th Century) C. Aristotle asserted that the chief forms of beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness. THE PHYSICAL SELF Views of Western Philosophers on Beauty (During 18th Century) A. David Hume noted that beauty is no quality in things themselves. It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them, and each mind perceives a different beauty. THE PHYSICAL SELF Views of Western Philosophers on Beauty (During 18th Century) B. Immanuel Kant said that the judgment of taste is therefore not as judgment of cognition, and is consequently not logical but aesthetical. THE PHYSICAL SELF Views of Western Philosophers on Beauty (During 18th Century) C. Francis Hutcheson said that the perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight; however, internal sense of beauty, operates as an internal or reflect sense. THE PHYSICAL SELF What is beauty in Psychology? Research found that a person who is perceived as attractive makes more money than a person of below-average looks. This can be attributed to cognitive bias called the “halo effect.” Cognitive Bias refers to error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering or any other mental process. The “halo effect” (also known as physical attractiveness stereotype and the “what is beautiful is good” principle) refers to the tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more as compared to those less attractive. THE PHYSICAL SELF What is beauty in Psychology? Evolutionary psychologist found that faces hold certain fundamental and important characteristics that could indicate a person’s quality as a romantic partner and as a mate. 1. For female raters: 2. For male raters: an attractive man is generally one women who are attractive with relatively prominent cheekbone have prominent cheekbone, and eyebrow ridges and relatively large eyes, small nose, a taller long lower face. forehead, smooth skin and are overall young or even childlike appearance. THE PHYSICAL SELF Cultural Traditions in Shaping Body Image Cultural traditions can either have a positive or a negative influence on body image and on self-esteem. Body image is defined as how one thinks and feels toward one’s body. Self esteem was coined by William James to refer to the number of successes a person achieves divided by the number of failures that occurred. Behavioral scientists defined self esteem in terms of an attitude concerning one’s worth as a person. THE PHYSICAL SELF How important is physical beauty? “Do not judge the book by its cover.” Physical beauty is extremely important. The dictionary’s definition of beauty is… …the degree to which a person’s physical traits are considered pleasing or beautiful. Self image problem happens when your looks do not match your beauty standards. THE SEXUAL SELF THE SEXUAL SELF Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics and the Human Reproductive System Soon after the fertilization of an egg, the development of the reproductive system begins. Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus For a fertilized egg to become male, a cascade of chemical reactions must be present initiated by a single gene in the male Y chromosome called the SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome).  THE SEXUAL SELF Further Sexual Development Occurs at Puberty Puberty is the stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature. Stages of Puberty Boys Girls Stage One Approximately between the Approximately between the ages of 9 and 12 ages of 8 and 11 no sexual development but ovaries enlarge and hormone hormones become more production starts active Growth spurt begins at this time  FIVE STAGES OF PUBERTY Stages Boys Girls Stage Two ages 9 to 15 ages 8 to 14 height increases and body shape breast develops; nipples begin to changes tender and become elevated muscle tissue and fats develop the aureole begins to increase in size the aureole darkens and pubic hair grows(coarse and curly/fine increases in size or straight) testicles and scrotum grows but height and weigh increase and body penis does not becomes rounder and curvier pubic hair begins to grow  FIVE STAGES OF PUBERTY Stages Boys Girls Stage Three ages 11 to 16 ages 9 to 15 penis starts to enlarge Breast growth continues and pubic hair gets coarser and darker Pubic hair is getting coarser and Whitish discharge from the vagina may be darker present Continue to grow in height and face Menarche begins begins to mature Shoulders broaden Muscle tissue increases and voice starts to change and deepen Mustache begins to develop  FIVE STAGES OF PUBERTY Stages Boys Girls Stage Four ages 11 to 17 ages 10 to 16 Penis starts to grow in width; Aureoles become darker and pubic testicles and scrotum continue to hair with triangular pattern of grow growth Hair begin to grow in the anus; Start of ovulation penis become more adult looking Facial and under arm hair increases Ejaculation appears and voice continue to deepen  FIVE STAGES OF PUBERTY Stages Boys Girls Stage five Approximately 14 to 18 Approximately 12 to 19 Full adult height is Full height is reached with reached regular ovulation Pubic hair and genitals Pubic hair is filled in and have an adult body is fully developed appearance SOURCE : Child Development Institute. http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com. 2005.  EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY Erogenous Zones are areas of the body that are highly sensitive to stimuli and are often sexually exciting. The skin serves as the primary erotic stimulus with two types of erogenous zones: A. Nonspecific Type 1. Similar to any other portion of the usual haired skin 2. Nerves supplying it are composed of the usual density of dermal-nerve networks and hair follicle networks 3. Amplified sensation is produced when learned and anticipated pleasurable sensations are stimulated 4. Pleasurable sensation felt is considered as an exaggerated form of tickle 5. Examples of this skin are back and sides of the neck, axilla and side of the thorax.  EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY B. Specific Type 1. It is formed in the mucocutaneous regions of the body 2. Region which favors acute sensation 3. Genital regions: Prepuce -foreskin on the top of the penis and skin covering the top of the clitoris Penis -erectile organ of copulation where urine and semen are ejected—orifice)  EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY Female external genitalia (vulva) include:  mons pubis -fatty tissue on the pubic symphysis  clitoris -female sexual organ that is small, sensitive and located in front of opening of the vagina  Labia majora -fleshly outer lips around the vagina  Labia minora -inner lips situated between the labia majora  Vaginal introitus -opening of the vulva  Hymen -membrane that surrounds or covers the external vaginal opening) EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY Perianal skin is the area surrounding the anus; very sensitive, thus susceptible to damage and injury. Lips are soft and movable skin; can be an erogenous zone when used in kissing. Nipples are the raised regions of tissue on the surface of the breast. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Sexual Response Cycle (SRC) refers to the sequence of physical and emotional occurrences when the person is participating in a sexuality stimulating activity such as intercourse or masturbation. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Four Phases of Human SRC Excitement Muscle tension increases. Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated. Nipples become hardened and erect. Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman’s clitoris and labia minora, and erection of man’s penis. Vaginal lubrication begins The man’s testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a lubricating fluid. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Four Phases of Human SRC Plateau The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn to a dark purple. Clitoris become highly sensitive and man’s testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum. Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face and hands. Tension in the muscle increases. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Four Phases of Human SRC Orgasm Involuntary muscle contractions begin. Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing begin are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen. Muscles in the feet spasm. There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension. In women, the muscle of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions. In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Four Phases of Human SRC Resolution Body slowly returns to its normal functioning level. The swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. Marked by general sense of well-being; often fatigue sets in. Refractory period Recovery time after orgasm among men. SEX AND THE BRAIN Roles of the Brain in sexual activity: 1. It is responsible for translating the nerve impulses sensed by the skin into pleasurable sensations 2. It controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities 3. It theorizes sexual thoughts and fantasies (cerebral cortex) 4. It has limbic system in regulating emotions and feelings 5. It releases hormones considered as physiological origin of sexual desire. SEX AND THE BRAIN Roles of Hormones in sexual activity: Hypothalamus is the part of the brain playing an important role for sexual functioning responsible in regulating endocrine activities. 1. Oxytocin ”love hormone” which is involved in our desire to maintain close relationship. released during sexual intercourse when orgasm is achieved. 2. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) responsible for ovulation in females where sexual activity become more frequent. SEX AND THE BRAIN 3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) crucial in regulating the testes in men in producing testosterone in women, it stimulates ovaries in producing estrogen. 4. Vasopressin involved in males arousal phase and believed to increase male’s sexual activity. 5. Estrogen and progesterone women’s hormone that typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior Estrogen increases sexual motivation; progesterone decreases sexual desire. UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT Three Stages in Falling in love ( Helen Fisher) 1. Lust (erotic passion)  marked by physical attraction driven by testosterone and estrogen  couples are not expected to fall in love in a lasting way 2. Attraction (romantic passion)  craving for partner’s presence where there is excitement and energy in fantasizing the things you could do together as couples triggered by: A. Norepinephrine -responsible for extra surge of energy. B. Dopamine -motivation and goal-directed behavior—feeling proud in having the person as to his admirable qualities. C. Serotonin -cause obsessive thought and believed to be low with OCD. UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT 3. Attachment (commitment)  stage where you want to get married and have children. Psychological aspect of sexual behavior: 1. Sexual desire is sometimes accompanied by genital arousal 2. Sexual desire can be triggered by variety of cues and situations (thoughts, feelings, fantasies, erotic materials). FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES GENDER DIFFERENCES ON SEXUAL DESIRE 1. Culture 2. Social environment 3. Political situations PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR MOTIVATION: Amygdala --integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior and motivation Nucleus accumbens --pleasure center of the brain --plays an important role in motivation and cognitive processing of aversion --it plays role in response to reward and reinforcing effects, translating emotional stimulus into behaviors.  DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Sexual orientation refers to a person’s general sexual disposition toward partners of the same sex, the opposite sex or both sexes. Heterosexuality refers to the sexual preference for members of the opposite sex. Homosexuality refers to the sexual preference for members of the same sex. Bisexuality refers to the sexual preference for members of both sexes. Asexuality refers to indifference toward or lack of attraction to either sex. Gender Identity refers to one’s sense of being male or female  WHAT IS LGBTQQIP2SAA Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, queer, intersex, pansexual, two-spirit (2S), androgynous, and asexual  THE “THIRD GENDER” Hermaphrodites ---people born with genitalia that is neither clearly male or female. Transgender -describes a person who dresses, behaves or presents in a way that is different from their gender norm. -Is the state of one’s gender identity or gender expression not matching one’s assigned sex.  THE “THIRD GENDER” Intersex --describes a person, male or female, born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male. Transsexual A person who strongly identifies with the opposite sex and may seek to live as a member of this sex especially by undergoing surgery and hormone therapy to obtain necessary physical appearance. Transvestite --cross-dresser(people who dress in clothes of the opposite sex)  THE “THIRD GENDER” Two-Spirit 2S (also two spirit or, occasionally, two spirited) A modern, pan-Indian, umbrella term used by some indigenous North Americans to describe certain people in their communities who fulfill a traditional third-gender (or other gender-variant) ceremonial role in their cultures. Queer An umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities who are not heterosexual or cisgender. Cisgender A term used to describe people whose gender identity matches the sex that they were assigned at birth.  THE “THIRD GENDER” Questioning Questioning of one's gender, sexual identity, sexual orientation, or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure, still exploring, and concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons. Bisexuality Due to the prefix bi-, is sexual or romantic attraction to two sexes (males and females), or to two genders (men and women). Pansexuality however, composed with the prefix pan-, is the sexual attraction to a person of any sex or gender. THE “THIRD GENDER” Androgyny The combination of masculine and feminine characteristics. Usually used to describe characters or people who have no specific gender, gender ambiguity may also be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle. SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY ISSUES Sex a collective word signifying one of the two divisions of any organism…the male and the female refers to biological differences of male and female Sexuality the fundamental driving force that refers to the biological, physiological and socio-psychological characteristics of human beings.  SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY ISSUES Gender the cultural construction of male & female characteristics refers to the ways members of the two sexes are perceived, evaluated and expected to behave. Sexual dimorphism refers to marked differences in male and female biology besides the primary and secondary sexual features. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS In Philippines and other SE Asian countries, they view homosexuality as the norm, either a male or a female. In PNG, young boys are expected to engage in sexual behavior with any other boys for a given period for them to become men. In Thailand, a person is categorized more than two categories—male, female and kathoey (transgender) SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS Family Influence --children’s upbringing and social environment influences their gender identity development. --parents can greatly influence their children self-concept in terms of their interests, preferences, and behaviors. Urban setting In a study, it was found out that homosexuality had a positive correlation with urbanization.  FAMILY PLANNING The concept of Family Planning in the Philippines is contraception and planned or responsible parenthood. Contraception means prevention of unwanted pregnancy. Responsible parenthood means purposeful procreation and socialization of children.  THINGS TO CONSIDER IN PRACTICING CONTRACEPTION: Safety. The methods should be free from harmful side effects both for the person using the method and for the sexual partner. Effectiveness. It must be effective in preventing an unwanted pregnancy. Ease of administration. It is to be applied by the person like the chemicals or mechanical devices, it has to be simple and easy. Cost and availability. The method should not only be cheap but should be readily available. TYPES OF BIRTH CONTROL Natural family planning is a way to help a couple determine when sexual intercourse can and cannot result in pregnancy. RHYTHM METHOD CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD SYMTOTHERMAL TYPES OF BIRTH CONTROL Artificial Method is a way to help a couple to control union of cells using artificial methods. CERVICAL CAP A soft, deep rubber cup (like a thimble) with a firm, round rim that fits snugly over the cervix. The groove along the inner rim improves the seal between the inner rim of the cap and the surface of the cervix.  MALE CONDOMS A thin sheath made of latex or other materials. Latex condoms protect against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV infection.  FEMALE CONDOM A thin, loose-fitting covering made of polyurethane plastic that forms a pouch lining the vagina. It has two flexible rings.  DIAPHRAGM A diaphragm is a shallow rubber cup. Birth Control Pills Pills can be taken to prevent pregnancy Pills are safe and effective when taken properly Pills are over 99% effective  POSITIVE BENEFITS OF BIRTH CONTROL PILLS Prevents pregnancy Decreases incidence of Eases menstrual cramps ovarian cysts Shortens period Prevents ovarian and Regulates period uterine cancer Decreases acne SIDE-EFFECTS Breast tenderness Moodiness Nausea Weight Increase in change headaches Spotting TAKING THE PILL Once a day at the same time everyday Use condoms for first month Use condoms when on antibiotics Use condoms for 1 week if you miss a pill or take one late The pill offers no protection from STD’s DEPO-PROVERA Birth control shot given once every three months to prevent pregnancy 99.7% effective preventing pregnancy No daily pills to remember  SIDE EFFECTS Extremely irregular menstrual bleeding and spotting for 3-6 months! NO PERIOD  after 3-6 months Weight change Breast tenderness Mood change *NOT EVERY WOMAN EXPERIENCES SIDE-EFFECTS! IMPLANTS Implants are placed in the body filled with hormone that prevents pregnancy Physically inserted in simple 15 minute outpatient procedure Plastic capsules the size of paper matchsticks inserted under the skin in the arm 99.95% effectiveness rate NORPLANT I VS. NORPLANT II Six Two capsules capsules Five years Three years NORPLANT IMPLANT NORPLANT CONSIDERATIONS Should be considered long term birth control Requires no upkeep  Extremely effective in pregnancy prevention > 99% INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUD) T-shaped object placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy Must be on period during insertion A Natural childbirth required to use IUD Extremely effective without using hormones > 97 % Must be in monogamous relationship COPPER T VERSUS PROGESTASERT 10 years 1 year 99.2 % effective 98% effective Copper on IUD acts as T shaped plastic that releases spermicide, IUD blocks hormones over a one year time frame egg from implanting Thickens mucus, blocking egg Must check string before sex and after shedding of Check string before sex & after shedding of uterine uterine lining. lining. STERILIZATION Procedure performed on a man or a woman permanently sterilizes Female = Tubal Ligation Male = Vasectomy TUBAL LIGATION Surgical procedure performed on a woman Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized, prevents eggs from reaching sperm Failure rates vary by procedure, from 0.8%- 3.7% May experience heavier periods LAPAROSCOPY-’BAND-AID’ STERILIZATION VASECTOMY Male sterilization procedure Ligation of Vas Deferens tube No-scalpel technique available Faster and easier recovery than a tubal ligation Failure rate = 0.1%, more effective than female sterilization VASECTOMY METHODS BASED ON INFORMATION Withdrawal (coitus iterruptus) Natural Family Planning Fertility Awareness Method Abstinence WITHDRAWAL Removal of penis from the vagina before ejaculation occurs NOT a sufficient method of birth control by itself Effectiveness rate is 80% (very unpredictable in teens, wide variation) 1 of 5 women practicing withdrawal become pregnant Very difficult for a male to ‘control’ ABSTINENCE Only 100% method of birth control Abstinence is when partners do not engage in sexual intercourse Communication between partners is important for those practicing abstinence to be successful