UTS (Physical & Material Self) PDF

Subject Body Image Disturbance: Topic - Perceptual Component – how we actually perceive our body size, also known as body...

Subject Body Image Disturbance: Topic - Perceptual Component – how we actually perceive our body size, also known as body size estimation Part of the topic/subtopic - Attitudinal Component – how we think/feel about the size or shape of our body UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Steve and Whitenton (2002), found out that body PHYSICAL SELF dissatisfaction is also linked with mental disorders, including depression and anxiety among adolescents. - refers to the body The Filtered Self: - Gregor Mendel (Father of Genetics) deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units -our filtered beauty-made photos make us feel good - Heredity – transmission or passing on of traits from the Celebrating Beauty in Diversity: parents to the offspring - is about showing respect and gratitude for the Philosophers: differences between us St. Augustine – things were beautiful because it gave - is important because it invites people to appreciate and delight / it gave delight because it was beautiful. He understand one another, rather than to judge or criticize believed it to be the latter. - enables us to break down stereotypes Plato – connected beauty as a response to love and desire You Are Who You Look! Embracing Your Physical Self: Aristotle – beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness - surround yourself with supportive people David Hume – beauty is no quality in things themselves; - focus on the aspects of your appearance you do like exist merely in the mind that contemplated them; each mind perceives different beauty. - avoid comparing yourself to others Immanuel Kant – judgement of taste is therefore not a - take care of yourself physically judgement of cognition, and is not logical but aesthetical, no other than subjective. - consider what kind of clothes you’re wearing Francis Hutcherson – the perception of beauty depends MATERIAL SELF on the external sense of sight, the internal sense of beauty - somehow connected to physical self, however, it deals operates as an internal or reflex sense. with possessions Cultural Standard: - sum total of what he calls his, not only his body physique African country of Taniti – fattening purposes of men powers, but his clothes, and his house, his wife and and women; they are covered in large amounts of tapa children barkcloth Material Self Hierarchy: Nigeria – being fat was viewed as a sign of prosperity, fertility, and beauty Body – inner most part of our material self Philippines – skin color signifies the value of the people Clothing – we are what we wear, form of self-expression in society; whiteness has become a goal for most Filipinos Family – shape and influence the development of the self- Psychology Discoveries about Beauty: identity Research found that a person who is perceived as House – earliest nest of our selfhood, extension of self attractive makes more money than a person of below- Other Properties – other things you give value average looks. The result of the study can be attributed to a cognitive bias called the “halo effect” Consumer Culture and the Self: Cognitive bias – error in reasoning, evaluating, or Consume – defined as “use up, to spend wastefully, to remembering destroy” Halo Effect – tendency of people to rate attractive Necessity – mother of consumption individuals more favorably for their personality traits or characteristics as compared to those who are less Behind every consumption, there’s production attractive Consumers are often portrayed as “victims”, exploited by greedy companies. However, every person has “free will” Body Dysmorphic Order – physical flaw that is either absent or so trivial that only the one suffering from it sees Diderot Effect – states that obtaining a new possession it as a problem, being so much distressed about it, that often creates a spiral of consumption which leads you to daily routines are affected. acquire more new things. Anorexia – mental illness where people are low weight Semiotics of Consumption: due to limiting their energy intake. It can affect anyone of Semiotics deals with language, symbols, and sign age, gender, and background. As well as restricting the amount of food eaten, they may do a lot of exercises to Ferdinand de Saussure – the founder of semiotics get rid of food eaten. One such basic semiotic concept is Saussure's distinction Body Shaming – act of criticizing yourself or others between the two inseparable components of a sign: the because of some aspect of physical appearance. signifier, which in a language is a set of speech sounds or marks on a page, and the signified, which is the concept Alienation or idea behind the sign -constringent or separation of individuals from the Language & Parole products of their labor, their own human nature, and their social & economic relationships. structure that dictates the rules and conventions (grammar) Marx thought that feeling disconnected & unhappy at work is a natural part of the way capitalism works. speech – any given linguistic fragment/item extracted from that very structure SEXUAL SELF Langue of Consumption – set of general rules & ideas Central aspect of being human throughout life which in consumer culture, like “expensive brands means high encompasses sex, gender identities, and roles, sexual status” or “green products are eco-friendly” orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy, and Parole of Consumption – personal shopping choices, reproduction. such as buying a luxury brand bag to show your high SEX- person characterization as female or male at birth status or choosing eco-friendly products to reflect your concern for the environment GENDER- social characteristics that may be (or not be) aligned with persons sex and adopted individual as their Denotation and Connotation gender identity. literal meaning, in the material self, it relates to the physical attributes & characteristics of the object GENDER IDENTITY – how you identify yourself secondary meaning, additional layers of meaning that go GENDER EXPRESSION – how you demonstrate you beyond denotation gender Anchorage and Relay BIOLOGICAL SELF – sex when you are born process of using additional text or images to clarify or SEXUAL ORIENTATION- who you are attracted to reinforce the meaning of a sign. Helps guide the interpretation of the primary meaning HETEROSEXUAL- attracted to opposite gender (male to female/ female to male) applied to the use of objects & products that collectively convey an individual identity/story BISEXUAL – attracted to the opposite and same gender as you Buyer Decision Process: Recognition of Need HOMOSEXUAL – attracted to the same gender as you Information Search DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS Evaluation of Alternatives - Sex that are differ between the two sexes but are Purchase Decision not part of the reproductive system Post-Purchase Evaluation PUBERTY – process of hormonal and physical change Calvinist Principle: that causes the younf person to sexual maturity John Calvin – founder of calvinism AGE IN YEARS (GIRLS) Calvinism – theological & religious tradition that has - Budding breast had historical & cultural implications, including in the - Growth of pubic hair realm of consumption and materialism. - Growth spurt 1. Predestination & God’s Sovereignty – material - First period wealth doesn’t indicate divine favor for a guarantee of - Growth of underarm hair salvation - Change in body shape - Adult breast 2. Work Ethic – work is a form of service to God & that’s success in one’s profession is a sign of God’s blessing AGE IN YEARS (BOYS) and can lead some Calvinists to engage in diligent work & productive labor - Change in voice - Lengthening of penis 3. Simplicity & Moderation – choose to live a more - Growth of pubic hair modest lifestyle, avoid excessive extravagance - Growth spurt 4. Stewardship – stewards of the resources & wealth - Change in body shape entrusted to us by God - Growth of underarm, facial hair Marxist Perspective: EROGENOUS ZONE “No production without a need. But consumption BOYS reproduces the need.” – Karl Marx - Mouth Commodity Fetishism - Lips -in a capitalist society, commodities (goods/services) take - Ears on a “fetishized” quality - Back and nape of neck - Nipples - certain goods are given high monetary value with no - Pubic hair regard for the labor that went into its creation - Scrotum  - Penis - Herbs, olive oil, ginger, tobacco juices to kill the - Perineum semen - Inner thigh - French prostitute used acidic douches - Greek women jump seven times backward after GIRLS intercourse - Mouth Traditional Methods - Lips - Ears - Periodic abstinence (set a time) - Breast - Withdrawal - Back and nape of neck - Lactational amenorrhea method - Vagina - Nipples Modern Contraceptive method - Lower back - Hormonal method – prevents the ovary from - Clitoris realizing an egg, thickening of the cervical mucus - Inner thigh - Barrier method – prevents pregnancy by blocking the egg and sperm from meeting ex. STAGE OF LOVE Spermicides, male condoms, female condoms, 1. Lust (hormones testosterone + oestrogen) – diaphragm cervical cup hormonal change satisfies your sexual pleasure - Emergency contraceptive – must be taken 72 2. Attraction (adrenaline + dopamine + serotonin) hours of the act of unprotected - you begin to obsess your lover and crave his - Surgical method – surgical procedure to prevent presence. (infatuation) fertilization and vasectomy Attachment (Oxytocin + Vasopressin) - wanting to make SPIRITUAL SELF a more lasting commitment to your loved one. Every individual has a spiritual belief and practice that MODELS OF SEXUAL RESPONSE creates a pattern in their lives and sets the standard for one's morality. 1. Excitement- things that trigger you 2. Plateau- period before orgasm The assessment of the spiritual self includes two things: 3. Resolution phase- back to normal states belief and practice. TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION Beliefs- what sets the foundation for one’s action. 1. Heterosexual – (straight) sexual attracted to Religious practices- the action which manifests the belief opposite sex of that person. 2. Bisexual – attracted to both sexes 3. Asexual- not sexuality attracted to any sex or BELIEF AND PRACTICES IN SUPERNATURAL gender BEING AND POWER 4. Pansexual – can be sexually attracted to any sex People have long argued whether God exists or if the idea or gender identity. of God is something humans created. These beliefs 5. Homosexual (gay/lesbian) – sexually attracted to influence how we think and act. members of the same sex Different religions have different beliefs about the TYPES OF GENDER IDENTITY spiritual self: 1. Cisgender/ CIS – gender identity consistent is Christians believe humans were created in God's image. with the sex they were assigned at birth 2. Transgender/ trans – gender identity does not Buddhists and Hindus seek Nirvana by eliminating match the sex they were assigned at birth desires and suffering. 3. Agender- people who do not identify with any Muslims submit to Allah and his laws. gender 4. Non- binary – people who do not identify strictly The Christian God would be the MOST common belief in as a boy or a girl the Philippines. SEXUAL TRANSIMITTED DISEASE (STD) Major World Religions (2015 Distribution): - Refers to a condition passed from one person to Christians are the largest group globally, followed by another sexual contact. Muslims, the unaffiliated, and Hindus. Other religions like Buddhism, folk religion, and Judaism had smaller Family Planning percentages. - Program that enables parents to deliberately and Christianity: The Christian God is the most common responsibly decide the member and spacing of the belief in the Philippines. children. - RA 10354 – responsible parenthood and God is the all-knowing Alpha and Omega. reproductive health act of 2012 Trinity: God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Old Methods Islam: The second-largest religion in the Philippines. - Chinese woman drink/eat and mercury to control Allah: God in Islam who showed Mohammed the fertility message. The Philippines has been influenced by different Vishnu the Preserver religions including: Shiva the Destroyer Protestantism: Introduced by Americans, emphasizing Buddhism negates the concept not only of the individual Jesus Christ as the Lord and Savior. The Iglesia Ni Cristo self but of the atman “soul or spirit” as well, asserting that is a popular local Protestant church. any sense of having an individual eternal soul or of Buddhism: Believed to have arrived in the 6th-7th partaking in a persistent universal self is illusory. century, Buddhism focuses on following the path of No Individual Self: Buddhism doesn't believe in a Buddha and emphasizes respect rather than veneration of separate, eternal soul for each person. a personal god. Illusory Self: The idea of having a separate, unchanging Indigenous Beliefs - Characterized by animism before self is just an illusion. the Spaniards arrived. in Hinduism, the soul is real and goes through a cycle of -People in rural areas may hold beliefs in spirits, blending rebirth. In Buddhism, the soul is not real, and the idea of these with religious practices. a separate self is just an illusion. -Faith healers and spiritual creatures like "tawo" in Bicol Dungan- according to Filipino indigenous beliefs, it is a are believed to have the power to diagnose and cure companion spirit that resides within a person’s body, illnesses. providing life, consciousness and willpower. Saint worship is another common practice in the Rituals continue to exist despite challenges from science Philippines. People often visit shrines and pray to saints and claims of being irrational. This is because rituals offer for various reasons, from healing to protection. meaning, connection, and emotional support. Religious beliefs influence political and social decisions, Rituals (patterned behavior) are a form of communication e.g., the RH Bill debate. which signifies commitment to other members of the The RH Bill was heavily debated over its moral group. acceptability, with strong opposition from the Catholic Church. Although it became law, it required revisions to Example of ritual: address these criticisms. Similarly, in business, practices Muslims fasting during the month of Ramadan or Jews like using lucky charms for good fortune are common, standing in the middle of the day under the scorching sun reflecting beliefs that rituals can bring success. for them to pray. THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WITCHCRAFT The practice of religion is restricted more than the belief Magic is seen in how we have connected a certain as this will affect other people it may include worship, performance of a ritual to a specific result. rites, rituals, sacrifices, fiestas, trances etc. There will also be dances, meditation, celebrations, matrimonial, Witchcraft - It generally refers to individuals who have funeral, baptismal services to other mere practices innate ability to do evil, Witchcraft is generally associated provided by the human culture. with immoral and antisocial behavior such as greed, vengeance, and envy (Stein and Stein, 2011). In the Philippines, one can be imprison by committing the crime of offending the religious feeling. It also has to be differentiated from sorcery, Sorcery involves rituals and magic which are not a requirement in Filipino religious practice is unique in such a way that it's witchcraft. like a sari sari (convenient) store where some families would like to ensure they won't miss any of the blessings FINDING AND CREATING MEANING. all the gods would give them. Hence, you will see in some The search for the meaning of life can be an exasperating houses, an altar, a Buddha, incense,etc- it’s a mixture of experience wherein the anw is not readily given to us. all the little things from a lot of other religions. Some people go through life endlessly seeking for the THE CONCEPT OF DUNGAN - SPIRIT OR SOUL purpose and reason of their existence. This is the reason why some people would turn towards religion, or magic -The idea of soul has permeated the consciousness of or even witchcraft. human beings as soon as humans started to speculate on what is the nature of man. According to Logotherapy, we can discover this In Hinduism the atman (“breath," or "soul") is the meaning in Life in three different ways: universal, eternal self, of which each individual soul (jiva (1) by creating a work or doing a deed; or jiva - atman) partakes. Whenever we find value in who we are through the things The jiva-atman is also eternal but is imprisoned in an we do, then we create meaning in our lives. earthly body at birth and death will liberate it into a new existence as assessed by the judgment of karma (action). (2) by experiencing something or encountering someone This cycle of death and rebirth (samsara) continues until finding meaning in life can also happen when one the soul reaches karmic perfection and unites with experiences positive things like goodness, truth, beauty Brahman. and especially - being loved. 3 SUPREME DIVINITY IN HINDUISM: (3) by the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering Brahma the Creator The third emphasizes that even in suffering, one can find meaning to life where one can turn one's predicament into triumph. POLITICAL SELF According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Art 4, Sec.1, these are the citizens of the Philippines: Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; 1. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines: 2.Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and 3. Those who are naturalized in accordance of law. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND- INDIO TO FILIPINO At an early age, Rizal's genius made him aware of the racial disparity shown towards Filipinos, who were then called the derogatory term “indio.” Indios- stupid, barbaric, idiotic as claimed by the colonizers. Illustrados- They were often from wealthy or middle- class families, studied in Europe, and wanted to bring enlightenment and modern ideas to the Philippines, including equality, freedom, and independence from Spain. The Indolence of the Filipino or Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos- The article of Rizal that successfully announced that we are Filipinos and we are not indios. After the WWII, we have assimilated the American lifestyle at a much faster rate than with the Spanish. Benevolent Assimilation- The colonizers justified their presence by teaching the Filipinos their political system (the democratic process) and establishing public schools to prepare Filipinos for participation in government. PERCEPTION OF A FILIPINO’S ROLE IN A DEMOCRATIC SETTING Democracy in the Philippines was introduced by the Americans and continued by the elite after the Spaniards were defeated. According to Art 2, Sec 5 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, three things are essential for the enjoyment of democracy: (1) maintenance of peace and order, (2) protection of life, liberty, and property, and (3) promotion of the general welfare. The absence of these three may create the lack of empathy towards nationhood. For democracy to work, there must be participation from Filipinos in the political process. Our voices, either individually or through representatives, should be heard.