Understanding the Self - 1st Sem 24-25 Finals Handouts PDF

## UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (CHAPTER 2 handouts) ### CHAP. 2 LESSON 1 **Physical Self** - refers to the aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined. - the body which is interfaced with the environment and other human beings. **Life span** - the development from conception to d...

## UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (CHAPTER 2 handouts) ### CHAP. 2 LESSON 1 **Physical Self** - refers to the aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined. - the body which is interfaced with the environment and other human beings. **Life span** - the development from conception to death. **Elizabeth B. Hurlock outlines the stages in the life span:** 1. Prenatal - fertilization to birth 2. Infancy - birth to 2 weeks of life 3. Babyhood - 2 weeks of life to 2 years old 4. Early childhood - 2 to 6 years old 5. Late childhood - 6 to 10 or 12 years old 6. Puberty - 10 or 12 to 14 years old 7. Adolescence - 14 to 18 years old 8. Early adulthood - 18 to 40 years old 9. Middle adulthood - 40 to 60 years old 10. Late adulthood or senescence - 60 years old to death ### 2 FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 1. **Heredity** - the biological process of the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. 2. **Environment** - the factors an individual is exposed to throughout life, which includes learning and experiences. (e.g. diet, nutrition) ### Physical Development - the changes and growth of the body. ### Physical Characteristics - The defining traits or features of the body. - These are physical features of a person which include height, weight, shape, color, etc. **a. Build Characteristics** - It is the overall build or body type. - Common words used to describe the build of a person may include the following: medium build, athletic, fit, muscular, etc. **b. Height Characteristics** - how tall a person is. - Common words used to describe the height of a person may include the following: short, tall, petite, average height **c. Complexion Characteristics** - Common words used to describe the skin tone and complexion of a person may include the following: dark, light, fair, rosy, olive, pale, bronzed, tan, moles, etc. **d. Hair Characteristics** - Common words used to describe the color, texture, and length of the hair of a person may include the following: blonde, brown, black, white, long, puffy, short, curly, wavy, straight. **Body Types** - It is the physical makeup of a person's body. **a. Ectomorph Body Type** - long and lean - chest and shoulders are narrower than the hips - long-limbed and not particularly muscular - small frame and joints **b. Mesomorph Body Type** - the shoulders are roughly the same width as the hips - naturally having more muscle mass and moderate levels of body fat. **c. Endomorph Body Type** - the shoulder is wider than the hips. - tend to have curvy, fuller figures - stores both muscle and fat in the lower half of the body **Standards of beauty and appearance** **Standards of beauty** - products of a diverse mix of cultural and historical influences. **Physical attractiveness** - refers to a person's degree of physical beauty as defined by his or her culture. **Body adornment** - The practice of enhancing the body through styling and decorating the hair and fingernails, painting the body, wearing jewelry and clothing. **Body modification** - The physical alteration of the body through the use of surgery, tattoo, piercing, implants, and other practices. **Physical beauty**- outside beauty that can be seen. **Nonphysical beauty** - can't be measured, but it can certainly be felt. It emanates from within. ### Body Image - refers to how individuals perceive, think and feel about their body and physical appearance. Can be positive or negative - The way you SEE your body is your **PERCEPTUAL BODY IMAGE**. - The way you FEEL about your body is your **AFFECTIVE BODY IMAGE**. - The way you THINK about your body is your **COGNITIVE BODY IMAGE**. **3 steps in Developing a positive body image requires:** 1. good self-esteem - Body image is linked to self-esteem. 2. positive attitude - the idea that a person can change their lives by thinking more positively. 3. emotional awareness and self-control. ### CHAP. 2 LESSON 2 **The Sexual Self.** - part of the self where one learns to understand sexual development and how people's sexual activity, beliefs, and misconceptions can influence one's sexual behaviors and responses. **Sexual Development** - **Primary sexual characteristics** - the sexual and reproductive organs. - **Secondary sexual characteristics** - the features that appear during puberty which develops in response to hormonal signals from the pituitary glands. **Puberty** - marks the beginning of physical and sexual development of an individual. - the period of in which rapid physical, mental, emotional, and psychological changes occur. - Female - 10yrs or 11 - Male - 11 or 12 yrs old **The Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior** - Male - the testes secrete androgens, male sex hormones. - Female - two ovaries begin to produce estrogens, female sex hormones - **erogenous zones** - Areas of the body that have an unusually rich group of nerve receptors are particularly sensitive. **Sexual Identity** **Sexuality** - how a person sees and expresses the self sexually. **Sexual Identity** - is a person's understanding of who s/he is sexually. - Gender identity, sexual orientation and romantic orientation are integral components of sexual identity. - **sex** - the biological characteristics determined at conception. - **gender** - to characteristics that relate to the categories of male, female, or a term used to denote a range of identities. - **Attraction** - the positive feelings about another person. May include liking, love, friendship, and admiration. **4 Influences:** **a.Physical Attractiveness** - romantic attraction is primarily determined by physical attractiveness. **b.Proximity** - people are likely to become friends with people who are geographically close. **c.Similarity** - people tend to have partners who are similar to themselves in characteristics such as age, religion, social class, personality, etc. **d.Reciprocity** - people tend to like others who reciprocate their liking. **Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love** - suggests that people can have varying degrees of intimacy, passion, and commitment which manifests a different aspect of love. **Components:** 1. **Intimacy** - involves feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness in relationships 2. **Passion** - are drives that lead to physical attraction, romance 3. **Decision/Commitment** - the desire to remain/stay with another person in the long-term relationship. - involves feelings that lead a person to remain with someone and move toward shared goals **a) Friendship** - is when the intimacy or liking component is present, but feelings of passion or commitment in a romantic sense are missing. **b) Infatuation** - is characterized by feelings of lust and physical passion without liking and commitment. **c) Empty Love** - is characterized by commitment without passion or intimacy. **d) Romantic Love** - bonds people emotionally through intimacy and physical passion; conversations that help partners know details about one another; affection. **e) Companionate Love** - is an intimate, but non-passionate kind of love. It includes intimacy and commitment. **f) Fatuous Love** - commitment and passion are present while intimacy or liking is not. **g) Consummate Love** - is made up of all three components and is the total form of love. It represents an ideal relationship **The DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR** **Sex** - the biological characteristics that define humans as female or male. -WHO **Gender** - the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. **Sexual orientation** - A person's enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction to one another **Gender identity** - personal conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or neither). **Gender expression** - how a person publicly expresses or presents their gender. This can include behavior and outward appearance such as dress, hair, make-up, body language and voice. **GENDERBREAD MAN** **Gender Identity Terms** **Agender** - Not having a gender or identifying with a gender. gender neutral or genderless. **Bigender** - A person who fluctuates between traditionally "male" and "female" genderbased behaviours and identities. **Cisgender** - A person whose gender identity and biological sex assigned at birth are the same.. **Transgender** - A person who lives as a member of a gender other than that expected based on sex assigned at birth. **Sexual Orientation Terms** **Heterosexual (straight)** romantically and physically attracted to members of the opposite sex. **Gay** - An adjective used to describe people who are attracted to the same gender (e.g., gay man, gay people. **Lesbian** - A woman whose enduring physical, romantic, and/or attraction to other women. **Bisexual** - An adjective used to describe people who are attracted to the same gender. **Asexual** - An adjective used to describe people who do not experience sexual attraction (e.g., asexual person). **Aromantic** - An adjective used to describe people who do not experience romantic attraction (e.g., aromantic person) **Coming out** – LGBTQ+ A lifelong process of self-acceptance. **Out** - A person who self- identifies as LGBTQ in their personal, public, and/or professional lives. **Closeted** - A person who is not open about their sexual orientation or gender identity. "Not out" **Androsexual/androphilic** - Being primarily sexually aesthetically, and/or romantically attracted to masculinity. **Gynesexual/gynephilic** - Being primarily sexually aesthetically, and/or romantically attracted to femininity. ### CHAP. 2 LESSON 3 **Material / Economic Self.** - The physical elements that reflects who a person is such as the body, clothes, money, family, and anything we have. - tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation my or mine. **William James** - body as the core aspect of the material self. - clothes were significant to the material self. A person's garments were one way they expressed who they felt they were, or clothes were a way to show status. **2 Subclasses of the Material / Economic Self** 1. **Body Self** - our body (eyes, skin, arms, etc.) 2. **Extracorporal Self** - extended self which includes all the people and the things that we regard as ours (possessions) **Possessions** - symbols of character which can communicate and convey a people's social position and individual characteristics. - things we own is an extension of ourselves. - extended versions of oneself **MATERIALISM** - having a self – concept that is based on what one possesses. **Childhood** - **endowment effect** - placing extra value on an object simply by virtue of it being, or having been, theirs. - **Adolescence** - possessions increasingly reflect who people are. - **Adulthood** - things embody our sense of self and identity. **Difference Between Needs and Wants** **Needs** -It refers to an individuals' basic requirement that must be fulfilled in order to survive. -It can be personal, psychological, cultural, and social that are important for an organism to survive. **Wants** - It is something which is good to have, but is not essential for survival. - It is described as the goods and services, which the individual likes to have. **Psychological ownership** - individuals experience a cognitive-affective state in their interactions with objects when the individuals feel as though the target object is called "Mine" **CONSUMER ETHICS** - how moral principles and standards guide people in the consumption and buying of goods, materials, and services - **Vintell and Muncy (2005)** identified four situations in which ethical behaviors can be observed: 1. Consumers actively take advantage of sellers (e.g. stealing from a sari-sari store) 2. When consumers passively receive benefits from mistakes of sellers (e.g. keeping extra change wrongly made by sellers) 3. When Consumers engage in questionable acts, but are not necessarily harmless.(e.g. buying or streaming pirated dvds, games and musics. 4. Doing positive ethical consumer behaviors(e.g. buying from small retail and insisting on sellers to keep change) **Filipino context** - **SULIT** (worth of what they paid for) - **OKEY LANG** (contentment and appreciation of bought things) ** Factors that Influence Consumer Behavior** 1. Marketing factors - product design, price, promotion, packaging, and distribution. 2. Personal factors - age, lifestyle, occupation and income level 3. Psychological factors - buying motives, perception about the product, attitudes towards the products and services 4. Situational factors - physical and social surroundings, time 5. Social factors – reference groups, family, roles 6. Cultural factors – culture, subculture ### CHAP. 2 LESSON 4 **The Spiritual Self** - the inner essence, the part of the self that connects the person to the sacred, the supernatural, and the universe. - Spirituality influences the individual through acts of faith, hope, and love. - Latin word _spiritus_, meaning breath or life force. - the search for the sacred - a process through which people seek to discover, hold on to, and, when necessary, transform whatever they hold sacred in their lives (Hill & Pargament, 2003) - "sense of connection" to something or someone much higher than ourselves. - **Transcendence**. - the experience of experience beyond the physical and psychological. - the idea of divinity that is wholly separate from our universe and universal laws. **Bill of Rights - Article III Section 5 of 1987 Constitution - Freedom to express religion and worship.** Filipinos are known to have a deep sense of spirituality. **three (3) main themes of Filipino spirituality** 1. connectedness, 2. meaning/purpose, 3. expressions. **Religion** - a search for God - are belief systems/organized system of ideas that relate humanity to spirituality. - a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. **Universal Religions** - pertains to religions which are not usually associated with a country. **Primeval Filipino Belief System** - **Bathala** (pagan god) - **Babaylan/Catalonan** (priest/priestess) - **Dungan** - gives life, animation, and sensibilities to a person. - **Ginhawa** (breath of life) is the vital force. - "Ginhawa" and "dungan" should be together. "Ginhawa" provides the vital life force while "dungan" provides the intellect, emotion, and consciousness. **Rituals and ceremonies** - religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to the prescribed order - A sequence of activities involving gestures, actions, words, objects performed by community believers **MAN'S SEARCH OF MEANING** **VICTOR FRANKL** - is an Austrian Psychiatrist - Born in 1905 - Graduated from the University of Vienna Medical School in 1930, he became the Director of the Neurological Department of the Rothschild Hospital. - Proponent of Logotheraphy **LOGOTHERAPY** - "LOGOS" in Logotherapy refers to meaning or purpose. - the core is to help people know the meaning of their existence as they face unavoidable hardships, and to equip them to be responsible with life choices they make. **Three philosophical and psychological concepts make up Frankl's logotherapy** 1. **Freedom of will** - asserts that humans are free to decide and can take a stance toward both internal and external conditions. - Freedom in this context is defined as a space to shape one's own life within limits of specific possibilities. - We are free to choose our responses no matter our circumstances. 2. **Will to meaning** - states that humans are free to achieve goals and purposes in life. - our primary motive is to search for meaning or purpose in our lives. - We are capable of surpassing pleasure and supporting pain for a meaningful cause. 3. **Meaning in life** - each person has a unique meaning of life due to the notion that human beings have different interpretations of reality. - **Values** - shared values heavily embedded in society or in collective humanity. - Meaning is not static. **THREE WAYS OF DISCOVERING MEANING IN LIFE** **Meaning of Life Triad** - people can find meaning in three ways 1. **Creative Way.** People may find meaning through creating genuine and novel ideas to contribute something significant to this world. 2. **Experiential Way.** People find meaning through a person's authentic experience of the following; - surroundings (being at awe by the beauty of nature) - relationships (loving and being loved by someone) - oneself (experience of personal engagements) 3. **Attitudinal Way.** People may find meaning by changing attitudes, through willpower and resiliency, to overcome inescapable hardships, suffering, and humiliation. **MEANING IN SUFFERING** **Tragic Triad or meaning of suffering** - people struggle by inevitable realities of life. **Tragic optimism** - attitude that believes there is significant meaning to be seen even in the most depressing points of our lives (Hemphill, 2015) 1. **Guilt.** feelings of guilt and self-balme due to the reality that as humans, we do not have certain powers to turn miserable situations into merry ones. - Yet what we can do is change our attitude and be responsible enough to overcome this feeling. 2. **Unavoidable pain.** causes discomfort and displeasure. - As human beings, we must find meaning in life's unavoidable pain and suffering. 3. **Death.** - This makes us aware that life on earth is temporary and the time comes is uncertain. - This makes people think that everyday should be lived meaningful. "Everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms-to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one's own way." - Victor Frankl ### CHAP. 3 Managing and Caring for the SELF **What happens during learning?** - Learning is a relatively permanent or lasting change in behavior resulting from one's experiences. It is an ongoing or continuous process that takes place throughout the entire life of a person. **Sensory memory** - is the first stage of memory that holds the incoming information for a few seconds or less. - **Echoic memory** is the sensory memory register specific to auditory information (sounds). - **Iconic memory** is the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information. - **Haptic memory** is the form of sensory memory specific to touch stimuli. Haptic memory is used regularly when assessing the necessary forces for gripping and interacting with familiar objects. - echoic memories are stored for slightly longer periods of time than iconic memories (visual memories) **Types of Memory** **Short-term memory** - holds small amounts of information for a brief period of time. - acts as temporary storage for small amounts of information - susceptible to interference wherein any new information which enters the short-term memory may displace any old information. **Five And Nine Memory Rule** - Psychologist George Miller suggested that people can store between five and nine items in the short-term memory. **Long-term memory** - the permanent storage of meaningful information. - stored based on its meaning and importance. - Through association and rehearsal, the content of short-term memory can become long-term memory. **Types of Long-term memory:** - **Implicit memories** - include procedural memory, which involves memories of body movements and how to use objects in the environment. - **Explicit memories/ (declarative memories)** - include all of the memories that are available in the consciousness - **episodic memory** (specific events) and **semantic memory** (knowledge about the world). **Three basic tasks in the memory process:** 1. **Encoding** - converting information into a form that can be entered into memory. 2. **Storage** - retaining information into a form that can be entered into memory. 3. **Retrieval** – locating and accessing specific information when it is needed at later times **Mnemonic Devices** - Categorical clustering. in categorical clustering, you may organize a list of items into a set of categories. - Narrative chaining. Retrieval of an unorganized Material can improve if we can weave it into a meaningful story visual imagery encoding. Forming mental images or pictures in our mind of objects, ideas, and actions also can improve memory. - Method of loci. is another imagery related pneumonic device attributed to the Greek poet Simonides. the idea here is to get in your mind a well-known location (loci are positions) such as the floor plan of your house or apartment. - **Acronym.** devising a word or expression in which of its letters stands for a certain another word or concept. **Types of Learning** **Learning theories** are sets of principles that explains how individuals acquire, retain, and recall knowledge **Behaviorism** - change in behavior is acquired through an association between a stimulus and response.. - **Types of Behavioral Learning:** - **Classical conditioning by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov**- is a learning process in which an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response. - **Operant conditioning (instrumental learning)** - learning is based on the consequences of responses. It is a learning process in which the probability of a response is increased or decreased by reinforcement or punishment. - **Observational learning** - is achieved by watching or imitating the actions of others and the consequences of those actions. In this learning process, learning occurs when the learner pays attention to a model (or someone who serves as an example) and be able to remember and reproduce what was done. **Study Strategies ** - Study skills, academic skills, or study strategies are considered essential for acquiring and useful for learning throughout one's life. - These are skills involved in the process of organizing and retaining information. - It uses or may involve the use of mnemonics in retaining lists of information, effective reading, and writing or note-taking ### FORGETTING - Forgetting or disremembering is the apparent loss or modification of information already encoded and stored in an individual's long-term memory. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage. **CAUSES OF FORGETTING** 1. **Trace Decay.** Memories simply fade away or decay with the passage of time, if they are not renewed through periodic use. 2. **Interference** between items of information stored in the memory. 3. **Repression or motivated forgetting.** We intentionally forget certain information and experiences because we find them too frightening or threatening to bear. 4. **Prospective memory.** We tend to forget things that are relatively unimportant to us or that we view as unpleasant burdens. **Confabulation** - creating new information to fill in lost details **AMNESIA** - loss of memory due to head injury **Retrograde Amnesia** – memory of events prior to the amnesia-inducing event is impaired. **Anterograde Amnesia** – individuals cannot remember events that occur after the amnesia-inducing event. ### SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS **Goals** are the aims of an action. **Goal setting** - the process of achieving these goals. It motivates a person to develop strategies that enable him or her to perform at the required goal level. **SMART GOALS** **S** - Specific - Goals should be simple, clear, and well-defined. It means identifying specifically, what needs to be done to accomplish a goal or even a task. **M** - Measurable - This means having a way or manner of measuring or tracking one's progress towards accomplishing a goal. **A** - Attainable - This is described as setting goals that are achievable or that can be accomplished within a certain period of time. **R** - Relevant - It is necessary that when setting goals, one must also identify the importance of why the task or goal is being accomplished. **T-Time-bound** - Goals shout be set with a clearly defined timeline or plan as to when a task or goal must be accomplished. **Self-Efficacy** - It is a person's belief in his or her own abilities in facing challenges and completing tasks. **Mindset** - refers to whether a person believes that qualities such as intelligence and talent are either fixed or changeable traits. - **Carol S. Dweck** proposed the mindset theory to understand the effects of the beliefs that a person has on the nature of intelligence. - **Fixed mindset** - the person believes that intelligence or talent are qualities that are inborn, fixed, and unchangeable. - **Growth mindset** - the person believes that intelligence or talents are qualities that can be developed through effort, commitment, and hard work. **Locke's Goal-Setting Theory** - **Edwin A. Locke** and his colleagues suggested that more specific and difficult goals lead to an improvement in performance than easier or general goals. - He proposed five basic principles of goal-setting: clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and task complexity. - **Clarity** - when a goal is clear, the person has an understanding of a task and knows what is exactly required thus, avoiding or eliminating confusion. - **Challenge** - challenging goals can improve one's performance through motivation and increases self-satisfaction. - **Commitment** - it is the degree to which an individual is attached and is determined to achieving a goal. - **Feedback** - it allows a person to adjust the expectations and helps to determine one's progress or if a goal is being met. - **Task Complexity** - Overly complex goals can become overwhelming, thus affecting the productivity and motivation of a person. ### TAKING CHARGE OF ONE'S HEALTH **Stressors and Responses** - Stress is a response experienced when a person encounters a threatening situation. - **Stressor** is a stimulus that causes stress. - When the person feels stressed, the body experiences a collection of changes known as a stress response or fight-or-flight response. **Types of Stress** - **Acute stress** - is a type of stress that comes quickly and unexpectedly but requires a response. For instance, an exam that you do not feel adequately prepared. - **Chronic stress** - is a type of stress that tends to occur on a regular basis. It may leave the person feeling drained and can lead to burnout if not managed. - **Burnout** - is a result of the prolonged chronic stress in situations that leave people with a feeling of lack of control over their lives. **Sources of Coping and Strength** - Coping is a conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems. - Coping skills or strategies seek to minimize stress and stressors that occur in everyday life. - **Appraisal-Focused Strategies** - attempts to modify thought processes that are associated with stress such, as altering a person's goals or approaching a problem differently - **Problem-Focused Strategies** - aims to deal with the cause or source of the problem or stress, such as researching a problem or by learning management skills in solving it. - **Emotion-Focused Strategies** - addresses the feelings and emotions associated with the stressor. **Stress and the Filipinos: The Social and Cultural Dimensions of Stress** **Social stress** is a stress that comes from one's relationships with others and from the social environment. - Social stressors may include: - (1) life events or changes that require the individual to adapt quickly - (2) chronic strains are persistent events which require the individual to adapt over an extended period of time, and - (3) daily hassles are minor events that occur which require adaptation throughout the day. **Cultural stress** - sometimes referred to as culture shock, is common when relocating to a new place, when traveling to a new place, or experiencing a new culture, when encountering different lifestyles, different or a new method of organization and value systems. ### Taking Care of the Self **Self-care** promotes the physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing of a person. - **Physical** - activities that a person does that improve the well-being of one's physical health. Example: walking, staying hydrated - **Social** - activities that nurture one's relationship with other people. Example: call or message to a close friend or family member. - **Emotional** - activities that help the person connect, process, and reflect on a range of emotions Example: creating art, playing music. - **Mental** - activities that stimulate the mind or intellect. Example: reading a book. - **Spiritual** - these are activities that nurture one's spirit. Example: having time for self-reflection. **The Need for Compassion** - **Compassion** is one's ability to show love, concern, and empathy with others experiencing difficulty. - **Self-compassion** is the ability to direct the same emotions towards the self or within. It means being kind and understanding to oneself. **Kristin Neff**, a self-compassion researcher, describes the three elements of self-compassion as: 1. **self-kindness** or refraining from or avoiding harsh criticism to oneself. 2. **recognizing the fact that people are imperfect and everyone experiences pain, and,** 3. **mindfulness** or maintaining an awareness of experiences rather than either ignoring their effect.