أضواء حول تاريخ مصر الحديث والمعاصر PDF

# أضواء حول تاريخ مصر الحديث والمعاصر ## Cover - **Author:** الأستاذ الدكتور طارق منصور - **Title:** أضواء حول تاريخ مصر الحديث والمعاصر - **Publisher:** أكاديمية الشروق - **Edition:** القاهرة 2024 - **Code:** 1106 - **Affiliation:** المعهد الدولي العالي للإعلام ### Cover image - The cover displa...

# أضواء حول تاريخ مصر الحديث والمعاصر ## Cover - **Author:** الأستاذ الدكتور طارق منصور - **Title:** أضواء حول تاريخ مصر الحديث والمعاصر - **Publisher:** أكاديمية الشروق - **Edition:** القاهرة 2024 - **Code:** 1106 - **Affiliation:** المعهد الدولي العالي للإعلام ### Cover image - The cover displays portraits of five men. - The images are arranged in a vertical column, with the leftmost portrait at the top. - All men are wearing a suit jacket, a tie and a shirt. - The cover also includes the logo of the publisher. ## Table of Contents - **Preface** - **Chapter 1:** أفول شمس المماليك والاحتلال العثماني لمصر - معركة ديو البحرية ونهاية سيطرة المماليك التجارية - مقدمات المعركة ووقائعها - المواجهة المملوكية - العثمانية في الشام ومصر ## Chapter 1: أفول شمس المماليك والاحتلال العثماني لمصر ### First paragraph - The text discusses the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt (1399-1517). - The Mamluks were originally from Circassia, but this period was known as the "Burji" Mamluks. - The author states the political system was centered on the amirs rather than a true monarchy. - The author comments that the dynasty lasted 134 years, with 23 rulers. - 9 of the rulers reigned for 103 years and 14 for only 9 years. ### Mamluk rulers - The text then mentions the following rulers: - برقوق - فرج - الشيخ - برسباي - جقمق - إينال - قايتباي - قنصوه الغوري ### Challenges to Dynasty - The author states that there was constant infighting amongst the Mamluks. - The sultan was forced to control his forces and play them off of each other. - This often caused upheaval in Cairo with constant fighting in the streets. ### European Involvement - The author states that European traders were forced to pay excessive taxes and tariffs, which lead to the rise of the Portuguese influence. - The Portuguese discovered the Cape Route in 1488 and were more directly connected to merchants in the east, bypassing the Mameluks. ### The Battle of Diu (1509) - The author states that the Portuguese navy defeated the Egyptian Mameluke navy at the Battle of Diu in 1509. - The loss was a major blow to the Mameluke economy, as they lost control of the Indian Ocean trade to the Portuguese. - Although the Mamluks attempted to leverage the Ottoman Turks against the Portuguese, it was to no avail. ## The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt ### The Battle of Marj Dabiq (1516) - The Ottoman Sultan, Selim I, had a major battle with the Egyptian Sultan, Qansuh al-Ghawri. - Khayr Bey, the governor of Aleppo, betrayed al-Ghawri at Marj Dabiq. - The Ottoman Turks were victorious at Marj Dabiq. ### The Battle of Ridaniya (1517) - The Ottoman Turks then marched on Cairo, where they met the Egyptian army at Ridaniya. - Hassan ibn Murdi, a previously pardoned enemy of the Mamluks, betrayed al-Ghawri by leading the Ottomans to his location. - The Egyptian army was defeated at Ridaniya. ### The Fall of the Mamluks - Al-Ghawri was captured and executed. - The Ottomans took control of Egypt, ending the Mamluk Sultanate. - Egypt became a province of the Ottoman Empire, with a governor appointed by the Sultan. - The Ottomans deported many skilled workers and artisans to the Ottoman Empire. - Cairo was stripped of its title as a powerful commercial center. - The Ottomans left Egypt in a state of decline, which would linger for centuries. ## Images - **Image 1** Portrait of Sultan Selim I, the Ottomans conqueror of Egypt. - **Image 2** Portrait of Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri - **Image 3** A photo of Bab Zuwayla, the gate that the last Mamluk Sultan, Qansuh al-Ghawri was hanged from. ## Note - The document is written in Arabic, which is the language the translation is in. - The document contains a mix of text and images. - The text contains a detailed description of the Mamluk Sultanate and its fall to the Ottoman Empire. - The information about the Mamluk period is primarily political and historical, while the discussion of the Ottoman period focuses upon how the Ottoman Empire controlled Egypt. - This document is very informative because it combines a historical account with visual elements, such as images of the key figures and locations.