Cells, Tissues and Organs PDF
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Summary
This document provides a detailed overview of cells, tissues, organs, and body systems in the human body. The guide includes definitions, explanations, diagrams, and examples. It supports various learning levels, by providing essential biological information.
Full Transcript
# Cells - Differ from each other in size, shape, and function. ## Structures of Cells 1. **Cell membrane (plasma membrane)** - Represents the outer layer that covers the cells - Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment - Regulates the transport of materials entering...
# Cells - Differ from each other in size, shape, and function. ## Structures of Cells 1. **Cell membrane (plasma membrane)** - Represents the outer layer that covers the cells - Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment - Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell. 2. **Nucleus** - Controls the activities of the cell - Contains DNA 3. **Cytoplasm (cytosol)** - Surrounds the nucleus. - Holds the organelles inside the cell - Aids in the movement of genetic material and products of cellular respiration. ## Structure of The Cell Membrane - A diagram illustrates the Cell Membrane structure with - Outside of the cell - Carbohydrate chains - Proteins - Phospholipids - Lipid Bilayer - Transport protein - Inside of the cell (cytoplasm) ## Types of Cells in the Body - A diagram illustrates various types of cells in the body, including: - Stem Cells - Bone Cells - Blood Cells - Muscle Cells - Fat Cells - Skin cells - Nerve cells - Endothelial Cells - Sex Cells - Pancreatic Cells - Cancer Cells ## Tissues - Are groups of cells. - Have a similar structure and act together - To perform a specific function. ### Types: 1. **Connective Tissue** - Binds and supports other tissues - Protects the body. 2. **Epithelial Tissue** - Covers body surfaces, inside, and outside 3. **Muscle Tissue** - Moves the body 4. **Nervous Tissue** - Communication (carry messages to and from various parts of the body). ## Four Types of Tissue - A diagram illustrates the four types of tissues, including - Connective Tissue - Epithelial Tissue - Muscle Tissue - Nervous Tissue ## Organs - A group of tissues. - In a living organism, that have been adapted to perform a specific function. - Examples of human body organs: - Heart - Liver - Brain - Kidneys - Stomach ## Body Systems - Groups of organs that work together to perform one of the body's major functions. | The System | The Body parts Included | The Function | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Integumentary System | Skin, Hair, Nail, Sweat gland, Oil gland | Protects the body against invasion by microorganisms, regulates body temperature and water content | | Musculoskeletal System | Muscles, Bone, Cartilage | Supports the body, protects organs and provides body movement | | Cardiovascular System | Heart, Blood Vessels | Maintain blood flow to all parts of the body | | Respiratory System | Lungs and Airways | Respiration | | Nervous System | Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves | Regulates most of the body's activities and sends and receives messages from sensory organs | | Urinary System | Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra | Filters blood and create urine, eliminates metabolic wastes, maintains acid-base and water-salt balance, helps in blood pressure regulation | | Female Reproductive System | Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries, Vagina | Oocytes production | | Male Reproductive System | Testes, Penis, Prostate gland, Epididymis, Vas deference, Seminal Vesicles | Sperms production | | Blood | Blood and all components | Transporting oxygen and nutrients, maintaining PH, defense mechanism, clotting mechanism | | Lymphatic and Immune System | Lymph, Lymphatic Glands, Lymphatic Vessels | Nonspecific defenses of the Immune System. | | Digestive System | Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder | Digestion and absorption | | Endocrine System | Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes | Secretion of hormones for the regulation of body activities | ## Body systems also include the Sensory system: - Eyes, ears, all body parts related to the five senses - Hearing, vision, smelling, tasting, and feeling. ## The Anatomical Position - *The body is upright (erect)*, directly facing the observer. - *The feet are flat and directed forward*, slightly apart. - *The upper limbs are at the body's sides* with the palms facing forward and thumbs point away from the body. ## Directional Terms | Term | Meaning | Example | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Anterior (ventral) | Front, away from the back of the body | The eyes are on the anterior side of the face | | Posterior (dorsal) | Back, towards the back of the body | The spine is on the posterior side of the body | | Superior (cephalic) | Above, towards the head | The chest is superior to the abdomen | | Inferior (caudal) | Below, towards the soles of the feet | The knee is inferior to the hip | | Medial | Middle, towards the middle of the body | The nose is medial to the ears | | Lateral | Side, away from the middle | The ears are lateral to the eyes | | Term | Meaning | Example | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Proximal | Near the trunk or point of attachment | The shoulder is proximal to the elbow | | Distal | Away from the trunk or point of attachment | The fingers are distal to the wrist | | Supine | Lying on the spine with face upward | | | Prone | Lying on the chest and the stomach, with face down | | ## Directional Terms - A diagram illustrates a body with several arrows depicting directional terms, including: - Superior - Right - Left - Midline - Distal - Medial - Proximal - Anterior (ventral) - Posterior (dorsal) - Inferior - Distal - Proximal ## Planes of the Body 1. **The frontal (coronal) plane** - It cuts the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. 2. **The sagittal plane** - This vertical plane. - Cuts the body or organ into unequal left and right sides. 3. **The midsagittal plane** - It divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides. 4. **Transverse or horizontal or axial plane** - It cuts the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves. - A diagram illustrates the human body with three arrows representing different planes, including: - Coronal Plane - Sagittal Plane - Axial Plane ## Body Cavities - Body cavity: a hallow space that contains body organs. - The body has two major cavities: 1. **The dorsal cavity** - Lies in the back of the body, subdivides into: - Cranial cavity - Spinal cavity 2. **The ventral cavity (The frontal body cavity)** - It extends from the neck to the pelvis, subdivides into: - Abdominal cavity - Pelvic cavity (both are called abdominopelvic cavity) - Thoracic cavity ## The Body Cavities | The Body Cavity | Contents | | ----------- | ----------- | | Cranial Cavity | Brain | | Spinal cavity | Spinal Cord | | Thoracic cavity | Pleural cavities - contain the lungs <br> Mediastinum - contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs <br> Pericardial cavity - contains the heart | | Abdominal Cavity | Contains the digestive viscera | | Pelvic Cavity | Contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum | ## Body Cavities - A diagram illustrates the different body cavities, including: - Cranial cavity - Vertebral cavity - Superior mediastinum - Pleural cavity - Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum - Diaphragm - Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) - Abdominopelvic cavity - Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) - Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) - Key: Dorsal body cavity, Ventral body cavity ## Divisions of Abdominal Cavity 1. **Hypochondriac** - Below the ribs - Hypo- (below), -chondriac (ribs), right and left. 2. **Epigastric** - Above the stomach, between the right and left hypochondriac regions. - Epi- (above), -gastric (stomach). 3. **Lumbar** - At the level on either side of the navel (umbilicus), right and left. - 4. **Umbilical** - In the middle, contains the umbilicus. 5. **Hypogastric (suprapubic)** - Below the umbilical region, Hypo- (below), -gastric (stomach). 6. **Inguinal (iliac)** - On either side of the hypogastric region, right and left. - Inguinal means groin. - A second diagram illustrates the human body, divided into nine regions with the name of each region, including: - Right Hypochondriac - Epigastric Region - Left Hypochondriac - Right Lumbar - Umbilical Region - Left Lumbar - Right Iliac - Hypogastric Region - Left Iliac ## Abdominopelvic Quadrants - Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - Left lower quadrant (LLQ) ## Medical Terms and Their Meanings | Term | Meaning | | ----------- | ----------- | | Anter/0 | front | | Dors/o, Poster/o | back | | Super/o | superior, above | | Infer/o | inferior, below | | Proxim/o | proximal, near | | Trans/o | across | | Cerv/o | neck | | Chondr/o | cartilage | | Cyt/o | cell | | Inguin/o | groin | | My/o | muscle | | Myel/o | spinal cord | | Neur/o | nerve, neuron | ## Thank you