5.01: Erosion And Deposition PDF

5.01: EROSION AND DEPOSITION The different types of landforms that we see today have been forming for the last thousands of years. But what processes are behind them? In this lesson, students will explore different agents of weathering, erosion, and deposition. They will be able to determine which s...

5.01: EROSION AND DEPOSITION The different types of landforms that we see today have been forming for the last thousands of years. But what processes are behind them? In this lesson, students will explore different agents of weathering, erosion, and deposition. They will be able to determine which specific surface features are formed by each agent. Lesson Objectives: ​ Identify the agents of erosion ​ Determine the erosional agent that formed specific surface features ​ Examine how different depositional features are formed There are 6 Checkpoints in this lesson, following chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The lesson concludes with a quiz. Chapter 1: Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ weathering ​ deposition ​ erosion Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ How are weathering, erosion, and Enter your answer to question 1 here. deposition related? 2.​ What are some agents of weathering? Water, Oxygen,Gravity , Wind, Ice, Acids 3.​ Which agents of weathering are also Water, Wind, Ice Gravity agents of erosion?  4.​ Describe examples of how the agents of Essentially, deposition changes the shape of the deposition change the shape of the land. land. Different agents of erosion transport rock and soil that are then deposited, or laid down, resulting in many types of landforms. Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 2: Wind (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ creep ​ abrasion ​ deflation ​ desert varnish Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ Where is wind erosion most commonly Wind erosion is most common in deserts and found? along coastal areas, but can also be found in other regions such as where agricultural crops are grown. 2.​ How does the movement of sediment vary Larger sediments are heavy and are pushed along according to the size of the sediment the surface by wind, medium sized sediments are particles? dragged and bounced along the surface, and small, lighter sediments are lifted into the air and blown over long distances. 3.​ Distinguish between these types of wind erosion.  Deflation Abrasion Desert Varnish The wind blows small particles Wind-blown sand particles Wind can blow clay minerals away. Gravel-sized particles are collide with rocks. These with elements like iron and left behind. minerals can coat the outer manganese in them. The layers of rocks, often forming a particles can flatten or shape reddish-brown coating. boulders and rocks over time. 4.​ How does wind deposition occur? Dunes When the wind hits an obstacle, the wind slows down, depositing the heavier material. The material collects, creating an additional obstacle and eventually forming a mound that buries the original obstacle. D. The mounds of wind-deposited sand are called dunes. 5.​ Describe how these landforms are created by wind deposition. Landform Landform Creation Process Sand dunes The wind blows over the dune, carrying sand. The dune causes the wind to slow down, dropping the sand. The process continues, forming more sand dunes in different locations. Loess Loess (pronounced LOW-ess) is a deposit of fine silt and clay particles, often found downwind of glaciers and deserts. Overtime, loess can form vertical cliffs or become thick, rich soil, perfect for farming. Seafloor mud Wind can deposit silt and clay over the ocean. When this happens, the sediment slowly settles to the ocean floor, creating a fine-grained mud. Cross beds Wind deposits sand and sediment layer by layer. Cross beds form when the wind changes direction. Chapter 3: Gravity (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ gravity ​ slump ​ creep ​ mass wasting Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ How does gravitational erosion occur? Gravitational erosion occurs when gravity exerts a downward force on already weathered material, causing it to move downhill. 2.​ What is mass wasting? Mass wasting is the the movement of soil, mud, and rocks down cliffs and hillsides, due to gravity. 3.​ Describe the different types of mass wasting. Type of Mass Wasting Description Creep Creep is the extremely slow movement of rock and soil down a slope. This process normally occurs on grassy hillsides where the ground freezes and thaws frequently, causing trees and other structures to tilt downhill. Slump Slump is the sudden movement of large chunks of rocks and soil down a slope. This process occurs after the lower portion of the slope has been removed, effectively removing the support for the rocks above. Debris flow A debris flow is the high velocity movement of rocks, trees, animals, and whatever else gets caught up. Debris flows occur when large amounts of water are present, and often follow the path of streams and channels. Rock avalanche Rock avalanches occur when a large rock falls and breaks on contact with the surface, resulting in mass amounts of rock fragments tumbling down a surface. Type of Mass Wasting Description Mudflow/lahar A mudflow is a sudden flow of mud down a slope. Mudflows tend to follow river channels, washing away anything in their path. Lahars are mudflows mixed with ash from a volcanic eruption. Rockfall Rockfalls occur when a few rocks fall down a steep slope, usually without warning and at high speeds. Rockslide Rockslides occur on weak slopes, allowing sediment and rock to move downwards towards the base of the slope. Chapter 4: Flowing Water (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ erosion ​ runoff ​ delta ​ alluvial fan ​ levee ​ floodplain Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ How does runoff cause erosion? As storm water runoff water moves down a slope, it increases in velocity and increases the potential for erosion. The volume of sediment also increases because the transported particles scour and dislodge more soil particles. Rill erosion is another form of overland erosion.  2.​ Identify the differences between streams found in the mountains and those found along plains. 3.​ Describe how flowing water causes Rocks and sediment are deposited when the deposition. water slows down. The largest fragments are deposited first, as they require more energy and more speed to be transported. As flowing water slows down and eventually comes to a stop, the eroded sediment is deposited and creates several different landforms. 4.​ Describe other landforms caused by Alluvial Fan, Levee, Delta, Floodplain deposition. Chapter 5: Ice (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ drumlin ​ glacial erratic ​ moraine ​ esker ​ kettle lake Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What is glacial erosion? Ice, specifically in the form of glaciers, flows across the land, transporting and eroding sediment and depositing it elsewhere. There are  two different types of glaciers: continental glaciers and valley glaciers. 2.​ Distinguish between the two different Continents are spread out over huge areas and types of glaciers. can cover entire continents. Valley glaciers are long and narrow, forming mountains. 3.​ How do valley glaciers transform the Valley glaciers can erode the surrounding rock as landscape? they move through valleys in mountains. Glaciers flow down mountains in V-shaped valleys previously formed by rivers , and erode the rock, carving out U-shaped valleys. 4.​ Describe glacial deposition. When glaciers recede, they deposit the sediment that was once frozen within the ice. There are many landforms, such as U-shaped valleys, that indicate the presence of glaciers long ago. 5.​ Describe the following results of glacial deposition. Type of Glacial Description Deposition Glacial erratic A rock deposited by a glacier that was transported from a region with a different rock type. Drumlin A long, low hill of sediment deposited by a glacier. Esker A winding ridge of sand deposited by meltwater that was once part of the glacier as seen in the hill in this image. Kettle lake A lake that formed when a large chunk of ice, broken off of a glacier, formed a depression in the Earth and melted. Moraine A thick layer or ridge of sediment deposited by a glacier. Chapter 6: Waves (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson.  ​ deposition ​ wave-cut cliff ​ sandbar ​ sea arch ​ beach ​ sea stack ​ barrier island Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ How does wave erosion occur? Waves splash against a cliff face, creating a vertical wall of rock called a wave-cut cliff. Over time, waves continue to erode the cliff, creating a hole in the rock and forming a sea arch. Eventually, the top of the sea arch is eroded, leaving behind pillars of rock known as sea stacks. 2.​ How does coastal erosion by waves Waves splash against a cliff face, creating a cause wave-cut cliffs, sea arches, and vertical wall of rock called a wave-cut cliff. Over sea stacks? time, waves continue to erode the cliff, creating a hole in the rock and forming a sea arch. Eventually, the top of the sea arch is eroded, leaving behind pillars of rock known as sea stacks. 3.​ How does wave deposition occur? Deposition occurs where the water motion slows. The smallest particles, such as silt and clay, are deposited away from shore. This is where the water is calmer. Larger particles are deposited onshore.Nov 18, 2024 4.​ Describe the following results of wave deposition. Type of Wave Description Deposition Beach A beach is a narrow strip of land that separates inland regions from a large body of water like an ocean. Beaches can be composed of sand, pebbles, rocks, and even seashells. Sand bar A sandbar is a submerged or partially exposed ridge of sand parallel to the shore and built by currents and waves. Type of Wave Description Deposition Sand spit A spit is a ridge of sand that extends outwards, away from the shore and towards calmer waters. Barrier island Barrier islands are long, sandy islands that form when sandbars are built up enough to break the surface of the water and support plant growth. These landforms often protect the shore from ocean waves. Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. 5.02: RIVERS In this lesson, students will explore a river's profile and the implications of the river’s characteristics on erosion and deposition. They will also compare different types of river depositions and explore the formation of waterfalls. Lesson Objectives: ​ Analyze the relationship between water velocity and erosion and deposition ​ Identify locations along a river where erosion and deposition are likely to occur ​ Describe how rock type affects erosion by running water There are 4 Checkpoints in this lesson, following chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5. The lesson concludes with a quiz. Chapter 1: Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ weathering ​ erosion ​ deposition Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What are the differences between weathering, erosion, and deposition? They are either created by a river, are an example of a river formation, or are a river somewhere on Earth. Chapter 2: River Erosion (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ erosion ​ vertical erosion ​ deposition ​ lateral erosion Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What are the different agents of erosion? Wind, Water, Gravity, Ice 2.​ Describe how sediment size and shape Suspension: Fine material, such as clay and result in four different ways flowing water sediment, is carried by the river. can transport sediment. Solution: Dissolved minerals are carried by the river. Saltation: Small stones, pebbles, and silt bounce along the river bed. Traction: Large boulders are rolled along the river bed.  3.​ How does the relationship between When a river has more energy, the river will flow energy and velocity affect the amount of with a(n) higher velocity. The water in the river will erosion that occurs by flowing water? flow faster , creating more erosion. When a river has less energy, the river will flow with a(n) lower velocity. The water in the river will flow slower creating less erosion. 4.​ How are the slope, velocity, and erosion in a river related? 5.​ What is the difference between vertical Vertical erosion is erosion that cuts deeply into the erosion and lateral erosion? How does the rock, deepening the channel of the river. Lateral slope of a river determine which type of erosion is erosion that cuts into the sides of the erosion takes place? rock, widening the banks of the river. Chapter 3: Profile of a River (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ erosion ​ deposition ​ meanders Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ How do V-shaped valleys form? A V-shaped valley is formed by fast flowing of water, which undermines the river banks. The water carries sediments downstream where the speed of the flow is too slow to carry sediments  further. Upstream, the crest erodes vertically and seems to recede as the river bed deepens. This can be seen most significantly in waterfalls whose edges may recede some inches per year. 2.​ Explain the process of erosion in the Erodes vertically, cutting into the rock below. upper course of a river. Erodes rock creates a V-shaped valley. Fast flowing water and steep slope. 3.​ How do meanders form? Water erodes the concave bank of the river because it has a larger slope and the current flows faster than on its opposite side. The water transports and deposits the sedimentary particles on the convex bank because sedimentary deposition depends on the speed of the current. Sediment deposits on the bank where water flows slower , that is the convex bank. When the convexity of the banks reverses a meander forms. 4.​ Explain the process of erosion in the In the middle course of a river, sediment is eroded middle course of a river. adjacent to the water, which widens the river. This results in the formation of meanders, or the curves or bends often seen in rivers. Along the inside of the curves, water travels more slowly, depositing sediment, while the water along the outside of these curves travels faster, eroding the side of the river channel. 5.​ What happens to the river in the lower The middle course has a smaller slope compared course in terms of erosion, speed, and to the upper course. The middle course shows slope? lateral and vertical erosion. The water flows slower on the inside of the curves and faster on the outside of the curves. Sediment is eroded on the outside of the curves and deposited on the inside of the curves. 6.​ Use the table below to compare the characteristics of the different parts of the profile of a river. Characteristics Lower Course Middle Course Upper Course Amount of water most medium least Characteristics Lower Course Middle Course Upper Course Width of river most medium least Slope of river least middle Speed of water flow slowest medium fast Type of erosion present Slowest lateral middla Fastest Noticeable features lateral Lateral and vertical vertical Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 4: River Deposition (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ erosion ​ alluvial fan ​ floodplain ​ deposition ​ delta ​ meander ​ arid Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ Describe each depositional feature, and identify the region of a river where you would expect to find the feature.  Description Region (Course) of River Alluvial fan Levee Delta Floodplain Meander 2.​ Describe the relationship between the velocity of water, the size of the particles that can be transported, and the amount of erosion or deposition that occurs. Enter your answer to question 2 here. Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 5: Rock Type and Erosion (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ igneous rock ​ sandstone ​ erosion ​ sedimentary rock ​ limestone ​ recede ​ metamorphic rock ​ gneiss ​ granite ​ shale Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ Indicate the rate of erosion, and provide examples for each type of rock. Type of Rock Examples Erodes Quickly Erodes Slowly Igneous rock granite yes Sedimentary rock​ Sandstone, limestone, both both (list 3 examples) shale Metamorphic rock gneiss yes 2.​ Describe how waterfalls form. Enter your answer to question 2 here. Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. 5.03: FLOODING CASE STUDY: THE MIGHTY MISSISSIPPI The Mississippi River has a central role in the lives of Americans, but it has a tendency to flood. In this case study, students will learn about different river management systems, analyze their pros and cons, and think about how they affect the environment and society, and prevent flooding events. Lesson Objectives: ​ Investigate the impact of water on Earth's materials and natural systems ​ Refine a solution that reduces the impacts of human activities and natural systems There are 4 Checkpoints in this lesson, following chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5. The lesson concludes with a case study. Chapter 1: Flooding Along the Mighty Mississippi Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ watershed ​ spillway Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ Why is the Mississippi River one of the It serves as a major shipping route, creates fertile most important rivers in North America? croplands, and transports millions of tons of soil and silt into the Gulf of Mexico. 2.​ How did periodic flooding impact life along It caused tremendous damage. Farmers needed the Mississippi River as cities grew? to learn how to protect their crops from being destroyed by floods. Engineers needed to design and build structures to protect cities from flood destruction. The number of cargo ships and fishing vessels increased so floodgates and bridges needed to be reinforced for protection.  1.​ What are some effects caused by the Poultry and livestock sit on a levee just above the flooding of the Mississippi River in 1927? water. Lots of damage. Tent city for refugees. Submerged farmland 2.​ What is the most likely future scenario for Floods will likely be more frequent and have a flooding along the Mississippi? greater impact than in the past. 3.​ What are some positive outcomes of Flooding prevented in Baton Rouge and New opening the Morganza Spillway? Orleans. 4.​ What are some negative outcomes of Flooding in rural areas and towns and increased opening the Morganza Spillway? erosion in basin areas. 5.​ What are three main approaches that Current system, unmanaged system, hybrid Mississippi River managers use to system manage the river? Chapter 2: Current System (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ dredging ​ weir ​ floodgate ​ levee Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What are the two main purposes of the Preventing widespread flooding and ensuring the current management plan for the river channel is deep enough for shipping barges. Mississippi River? 2.​ What is the function of the US Army The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers still maintains Corps of Engineers as it relates to the structures and performs the functions managing the Mississippi River? necessary to manage the river, including dredging and earthmoving. One way engineers can do this  is by straightening the river’s path, which will help reduce deposition. 3.​ Describe how each structure below serves to control flooding on the Mississippi River. Structure Flood Control Method Old River Control Structure Prevent flooding (ORCS) / floodgate Morganza Spillway / weir Prevent flooding Dredging barge Facilitate shipping and prevent flooding Levees Prevent flooding Locks and dams Facilitate shipping 4.​ Which actions prevent flooding, facilitate shipping, or both? Prevent Flooding Both Facilitate Shipping Raise existing riverbank height Straighten the river’s path Deepen riverbed channel Divert river flow when floods rise Control or restrict flow of water Reduce deposition 5.​ Which structures prevent flooding, facilitate shipping, or both? Prevent Flooding Both Facilitate Shipping Floodgates Dredging barges Locks and Dams Spillways Levees Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 3: Unmanaged System (Checkpoint) Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ Describe what is meant by the One option for future management of the river is “unmanaged system” of river to allow it to return to its natural state so that there management. would no longer be a need to maintain existing structures or build new structures. 2.​ What are some advantages to using the Enter your answer to question 2 here. unmanaged system of river management? 3.​ What are some disadvantages to using More floods, changes to the river’s path and deph the unmanaged system of river management? 4.​ What do scientists think would happen if Decline in business, farms would be in danger the Mississippi River was unmanaged? 5.​ How would New Orleans and the towns Enter your answer to question 5 here. and farms in the Atchafalaya Basin be impacted by allowing the Mississippi River to take its natural course? Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 4: Hybrid System (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ dredging ​ brackish area Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ Describe what is meant by the “hybrid Current and Unmanaged system system” of river management. 2.​ How does the Sediment Diversion Project The Sediment Diversion Project aims to redirect create a long-term solution to managing water, sediment, and nutrients from the the Mississippi River in the Barataria Mississippi River into the basin. In turn, this would Basin? work to restore the natural processes and rebuilding of the land. Experts claim that this mimics the natural formation processes of the wetlands, creating a long-term solution. 3.​ How would the hybrid system impact the Brackish waters, and changing nutrients in the fishing industry along the Mississippi river would change which species of fish would River? survive. This would greatly change the fishing industry. 4.​ Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the hybrid system of river management. Advantages Disadvantages Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 5: Select a Solution (Checkpoint) Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ Which solution (system) do you think Enter your answer to question 1 here AND in your would be best to address the various lab report. needs of communities, both human and wild, along the Mississippi River? 2.​ What would you expect the environmental Enter your answer to question 2 here AND in your impact to be on ecosystems up and down lab report. the river? 3.​ What would you expect the societal Enter your answer to question 3 here AND in your impact of your selected solution to be? lab report. 4.​ Will your plan address the flooding issues Enter your answer to question 4 here AND in your that have plagued the Mississippi for lab report. millennia? What changes do you anticipate as a result of your plan? 5.​ Summarize the features of the three main approaches to river management for the Mississippi River. Current System Hybrid System Unmanaged System Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. 5.04: GLACIERS In this lesson, students will study the main features of glaciers. They will investigate how they interact with and shape the Earth around them while learning about the glacial features formed by erosion and deposition. Lesson Objectives: ​ Describe the way glaciers erode and deposit material ​ Identify the glacial features formed by erosion and deposition There are 4 Checkpoints in this lesson, following chapters 2, 3, 8, and 9. The lesson concludes with an assignment. Chapter 1: Glaciers Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ erosion ​ deposition ​ glacier Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What is a glacier? A glacier is a large mass of ice that moves very slowly over land. We encounter ice in many different ways, but what is ice? It is the solid form of water, but that solid form can take on many shapes and sizes. 2.​ What are the different shapes that ice can Snowflake, cube, in both land and water, glacier take? Chapter 2: Glacial Features (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ firn ​ accumulation zone ​ ablation zone Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ How does glacial ice form? 2.​ What are the differences between continental glaciers and valley glaciers?  Continental Glaciers Valley Glaciers Continental glaciers spread out over huge areas Valley glaciers and long and narrow and form in and can cover entire continents. mountains 3.​ What would make a glacier move slower or faster? Slower Glacial Movement Faster Glacial Movement Slope shallow steep Glacial mass smaller bigger Ground texture rough smooth 4.​ What is the difference between an the area where snow builds is called the accumulation zone and an ablation zone? accumulation zone. The area where the glacier loses more ice than it gains is called the ablation zone. The accumulation zone is where glaciers gain mass. The ablation zone is where they lose mass. The ablation zone is farther down the valley than the accumulation zone. 5.​ What is the difference between an A retrating glacier is a glacier thats losing mass advancing glacier and a retreating faster than it is gaining it and a advancing glacier glacier? is a glacier that it gaining mass. Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 3: Glacial Erosion (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ density ​ abrasion ​ erosion ​ plucking ​ deposition Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ How does glacial ice compare to the ice in Glacial ice is denser and structurally different, it your water glass? can easily erode the landscape underneath it through the processes of plucking and abrasion. 2.​ Define plucking. The removal of rock when a glacier picks up sediment that freezes to its bottom and moves it away 3.​ Define abrasion. The scraping of rock underneath a glacier by the rocks embedded in the base of the glacier 4.​ Describe how a glacier erodes the Step 1: At the top of the glacier, heavy mass and landscape. friction create water that fills small cracks in the rock. Step 2: The water freezes and expands the small cracks Step 3: The repetition of freezing and expansion loosens rocks from the bedrock. Step 4: Rocks are pulled up by the glacier, a process called plucking. Step 5: The rocks are taken away with the glacial flow  Step 6: As the rocks move, they scrape and abrade the rock they travel over. This is called abrasion. Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 4: Spot 1: Cirque Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ cirque ​ plucking ​ abrasion Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What is a cirque, and where is it found? A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression carved by the glacier, and it is found at the top of a glacier. 2.​ How does a cirque form? Cirques are mostly made from plucking because they are at the beginning of the glacier where rocks are loosened and removed to make the bowl-like shape. Chapter 5: Spot 2: Arête Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ arête ​ plucking Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What is an arête, and where is it found? It is a jagged, narrow ridge that separated two adjacent valley glaciers, and is found at the top of the glacier 2.​ How does an arête form? When a rounded ridge has a glacier on either side, plucking will remove rocks to create two cirques that get closer together until a pointed ridge called an arête forms between them. Chapter 6: Spot 3: Striations Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ striations ​ recede Concepts to Learn 1.​ What are striations, and where are they Parallel lines and grooves are found on the found? bedrock and on top of the glacier.  2.​ How are striations formed? They were formed when rocks embedded in the glacier scraped and gouged the bedrock underneath. Chapter 7: Spot 4: U-Shaped Valley Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ U-shaped valley Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ Describe the appearance of a U-shaped Steep sides and flat bottoms valley. 2.​ Why do glaciers make U-shaped valleys? Glaciers can begin in V-shaped valleys but erode them into U-shapes. Glaciers abrade the bottoms and sides of the valley to scoop out a round shape. Chapter 8: Spot 5: Horn (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ horn ​ cirque ​ arête Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What is a horn, and where is it found? Jagged, pointed mountaintop, at the bottom of the glacier 2.​ What erosional features combine to make Aretes and Cirques a horn? Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. Chapter 9: Glacier Deposition (Checkpoint) Key Terms Many terms, including these, are linked in the lesson and appear in the glossary. These are especially important in this lesson. ​ weathering ​ moraine ​ drumlin ​ glacier deposition ​ esker ​ glacial erratic ​ glacial till ​ kettle lake Concepts to Learn This lesson introduces many new ideas, processes, and connections that are important to understand. The following questions and prompts require you to think about what you learned and apply it in your responses. Ask your teacher for help as needed. 1.​ What is glacial deposition? Enter your answer to question 1 here.  2.​ How can you recognize glacial till? Unsorted with varied in size 3.​ Describe how each glacial depositional feature is formed. Add notes about the appearance of the features to help you recognize them. Glacial Depositional Feature How It Is Formed Notes on Appearance Lateral moraine Glaciers push glacial till to the side edges of the glacier forming lateral moraines. Medial moraine Two glaciers come together Terminal moraine The terminus (end) of a glacier pushes glacial till into a ridge called a terminal moraine. Esker A winding ridge of sand deposited by meltwater that was once part of a glacier. This is a sign that there was an ice tunnel or channel once here. A stream of meltwater deposited the ridge of sand in the ice tunnel. Drumlin A long, low hill of sediment, almost shaped like a teardrop. Its shape can show the flow direction of the glacier that made it. Glacial erratic A rock picked up and deposited by the glacier away from its original source. It looks different from the neighboring rocks since the erratic may have been transported hundreds of miles from a region with a different rock type. Outwash plain Spread out similar to a fan and has finer sediments toward the end. This is because the Glacial Depositional Feature How It Is Formed Notes on Appearance smaller sediments are deposited after the larger sediments. Kettle lake In the middle of nowhere, this small lake was formed when a large chunk of ice broke off of the glacier and formed a depression in Earth that filled in with water. Checkpoint Reflection Use this space to record your thoughts and lingering questions about the lesson. Enter your reflection here. 5.05: WAVES Do all beaches look the same? What causes those unique features? This lesson will go over waves as erosional agents. Students will go over wave formation and identify different erosional and depositional features along the coast. Lesson Objectives: ​ Describe how waves produce different erosional features along the shoreline ​ Examine depositional features found along the shoreline and how they are formed There are 3 Checkpoints in this lesson, following chapters 1, 2, and 3. The lesson concludes with a quiz. Chapter 1: Wave Formation (Checkpoint) Key Terms  ​ agent of erosion ​ Law of Conservation ​ wavelength ​ wind-driven waves of Energy ​ trough (surface waves) ​ wave height ​ friction ​ crest Concepts to Learn 1.​ Why are waves considered “agents of They remove and transport sediment from one erosion?” place to another. 2.​ What is the Law of Conservation of energy cannot be created or destroyed; however, Energy? energy can be converted or transferred. 3.​ How are friction, wave energy, and the Friction between the wind and water transfers Law of Conservation of Energy related? energy to the water. Next, the rise and fall of the water’s surface transmit energy across the body of water. Then the wave crashes and transfers the energy to land. 4.​ How is the energy of waves related to the When wave energy is strong, the potential for amount of coastal erosion? erosion is greater. When wave energy is weak, the potential for erosion is lessened. Checkpoint Reflection Enter your reflection here. Chapter 2: Erosional Features (Checkpoint) Key Terms ​ erosional features ​ wave-cut platform ​ sea arch ​ wave-cut cliff ​ sea cave ​ sea stack Concepts to Learn 1.​ Where are erosional features usually found?  Enter your answer to question 1 here. 2.​ Describe how each erosional feature is formed and provide an example location. Erosional Feature How the Feature Is Formed Location Sea arch A free-standing cliff with a hole in the rock created by waves eroding the cliff. Sea cave Cave formed when less resistant bedrock Ocean shore is eroded by wind-driven waves faster than the rock around it Platform A horizontal surface formed by the motion of waves rubbing back and forth at the base of wave-cut cliffs; also called a terrace Wave-cut cliff A vertical wall of rock created by waves eroding a cliff face. Waves erode rocks on the coastline. A L-shape is cut into the rocks. Over time, this creates a vertical wall of rock. Sea stack A pillar of rock created by waves eroding sea arches. First, the sea arch is made. As the opening erodes, the top of the sea arch collapses due to lack of support into sea stacks that continue to erode over time. Checkpoint Reflection Enter your reflection here. Chapter 3: Depositional Features (Checkpoint) Key Terms ​ depositional feature ​ spit ​ barrier island ​ beach ​ sandbar Concepts to Learn 1.​ Where are depositional features usually Coasts found? 2.​ What kinds of materials are deposited on River sediment Sticks and seaweed Pebbles coasts? Shells Deceased crustaceans 3.​ Where do sandy coasts occur? ​ Sandy coasts exist in lower energy areas and (Hint: What kind of energy is present?) have flat, gradual profiles because they are easily eroded. 4.​ Describe how each depositional feature is formed, and provide an example location. Depositional Feature How the Feature Is Formed Location Beach Beaches are narrow strips of land composed of sand, pebbles, rocks, and seashells that separate inland regions from large bodies of water such as oceans. Spit A ridge of sand that extends outwards, away from the shore and towards calmer waters. A spit is connected to the shore. Longshore currents can move sediment from the shoreline and deposit the sediments on the spit. Erosional processes can break up a spit into barrier islands and sandbars. Depositional Feature How the Feature Is Formed Location Sandbar A submerged or partially exposed ridge of sand parallel to the shore and built by currents and waves. Sandbars are ridge-like features parallel to the shore. They can be submerged OR partially exposed, and they are formed by currents AND waves. Barrier island Long, sandy islands that often protect the shore from ocean waves and form when sandbars are built up enough to break the surface of the water and support plant growth Checkpoint Reflection Enter your reflection here.