River Dynamics and Mississippi River Management
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of increased water velocity in a river?

  • Decreased erosion
  • Increased erosion (correct)
  • Reduced channel depth
  • Increased deposition
  • Which of the following best describes the relationship between river slope and erosion type?

  • Steeper slopes mainly cause lateral erosion.
  • Slope has no effect on the type of erosion.
  • Steeper slopes favor vertical erosion. (correct)
  • Gentle slopes primarily cause vertical erosion.
  • What is the main distinction between vertical and lateral erosion?

  • Vertical erosion widens the river; lateral erosion deepens it.
  • Vertical erosion creates meanders; lateral erosion creates V-shaped valleys.
  • Vertical erosion is faster; lateral erosion is slower.
  • Vertical erosion deepens the river channel; lateral erosion widens it. (correct)
  • How does a V-shaped valley primarily form?

    <p>By fast-flowing water vertically eroding a channel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the upper course of a river, what is the dominant process?

    <p>Vertical erosion and creating a V-shaped valley. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the river’s flow when its energy decreases?

    <p>It flows slower, leading to less erosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the crest of a waterfall erode over time?

    <p>It recedes upstream via vertical erosion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary objectives of the current management plan for the Mississippi River?

    <p>To prevent widespread flooding and maintain a navigable channel for shipping. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the upper course of a river related to water flow and slope?

    <p>Fast flowing water, and a steep slope. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the US Army Corps of Engineers in relation to the management of the Mississippi River?

    <p>To maintain river structures and perform necessary actions like dredging and earthmoving. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Old River Control Structure (ORCS) and associated floodgates help manage the Mississippi River?

    <p>They prevent flooding by controlling the flow of water from one channel to another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dredging barges when used on the Mississippi River?

    <p>To deepen the river channel for shipping and help mitigate the risk of flooding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is aimed solely at preventing flooding on the Mississippi River?

    <p>Diverting river flow when floods rise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures primarily facilitates shipping on the Mississippi River?

    <p>Locks and Dams. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these approaches has benefits for both preventing flooding and facilitating shipping on the Mississippi River?

    <p>Straightening the river's path. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following primarily prevents flooding on the Mississippi River?

    <p>Spillways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of an 'unmanaged system' in river management?

    <p>Allowing the river to follow its natural course without human intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential advantage of using an unmanaged system of river management?

    <p>Lower requirements for maintenance of river structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of an unmanaged river system?

    <p>Increased flooding, changes in river path and depth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could likely happen if the Mississippi River was unmanaged?

    <p>Decline in business activity and danger to farms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might New Orleans and the Atchafalaya Basin be affected if the Mississippi River was allowed to take its natural course?

    <p>Significant and unpredictable damage to infrastructure and communities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'hybrid system' of river management, as described?

    <p>A system that combines elements of both managed and unmanaged approaches. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might changes in Mississippi River nutrient levels caused by a hybrid management system affect the fishing industry?

    <p>It would favor some species while harming others, altering the industry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Sediment Diversion Project aim to manage the Mississippi River in the Barataria Basin?

    <p>By redirecting water, sediment, and nutrients to mimic natural land-building processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of implementing a Sediment Diversion Project in a river management context?

    <p>To create long-term, self-sustaining wetland restoration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stated disadvantage of a hybrid system of river management affecting the fishing industry?

    <p>Possible changes in which fish would survive due to altered habitat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information, which aspect of the Mississippi River would likely be affected by a hybrid management system?

    <p>The level of nutrients in the river and brackish waters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus when considering how river management systems affect both human and wild communities along the Mississippi?

    <p>Balancing the needs of both human communities and wildlife along the river. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element in evaluating a proposed solution for managing the Mississippi River?

    <p>Its impacts on ecosystems up and down the river. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering the societal impact of a river management plan, what is the key area that should be evaluated?

    <p>The specific impact on the human populations that live and work along the river. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the historical flooding issues of the Mississippi when creating a management plan?

    <p>To ensure the management plan resolves and mitigates the risk of future flooding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key learning point about different river management systems for the Mississippi?

    <p>That there are multiple approaches to managing the Mississippi River, each with different goals and impacts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary process contributes to the formation of a spit?

    <p>Longshore currents depositing sediment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characterized by being a submerged or partially exposed ridge of sand?

    <p>Sandbar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a sandbar to evolve into a barrier island?

    <p>Accumulation of sediment to break the water's surface and support plant growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these features is directly connected to the shoreline?

    <p>Spit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process can contribute to the breakdown of a spit into other types of coastal features?

    <p>Erosional processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an arête?

    <p>A jagged, narrow ridge separating two adjacent valley glaciers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does plucking contribute to the formation of an arête?

    <p>Plucking removes rocks from sides of cirques, causing them to merge and create a ridge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are striations typically found?

    <p>On bedrock and sometimes on the top of the glacier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that forms striations?

    <p>Rocks embedded in glacier scraping and gouging the bedrock. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a U-shaped valley?

    <p>Steep sides and flat bottom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glaciers transform V-shaped valleys into U-shaped valleys?

    <p>By abrading the bottom and sides of the valley. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of glacial landform named in the text?

    <p>Delta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding a horn?

    <p>It is an individual feature created by glacial sculpting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Management plan purposes

    Prevent widespread flooding and ensure deep river channel for shipping.

    US Army Corps of Engineers role

    Maintain structures and manage the Mississippi River through dredging and earthmoving.

    Old River Control Structure (ORCS)

    Controls flooding by regulating water flow.

    Morganza Spillway

    Weir structure that prevents flooding in the Mississippi River.

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    Dredging barge function

    Facilitates shipping and helps prevent flooding by deepening the riverbed.

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    Levees purpose

    Structures built to prevent flooding by holding back water.

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    Locks and dams role

    Facilitate shipping traffic on the river while managing water levels.

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    Flood prevention actions

    Actions include raising riverbank height and controlling water flow.

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    Erosion

    The process where flowing water wears away rocks and soil.

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    Velocity

    The speed at which water flows in a river.

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    Vertical Erosion

    Erosion that cuts deeply into the riverbed, deepening the channel.

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    Lateral Erosion

    Erosion that cuts into the sides of the river, widening the banks.

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    V-Shaped Valley

    A narrow valley formed by fast-flowing water that undermines banks.

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    Meanders

    Bends or curves in a river formed by lateral erosion.

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    Sediment Transport

    The movement of eroded material downstream by the river.

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    Waterfall Erosion

    Erosion at waterfalls where edges recede over time.

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    Unmanaged System

    A river management strategy where natural processes are allowed to function without human interference.

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    Advantages of Unmanaged System

    Potentially greater natural biodiversity and lower maintenance costs.

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    Disadvantages of Unmanaged System

    Increased flooding risks and altered river paths, impacting infrastructure.

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    Scientists' View on Unmanaged Mississippi

    They predict a decline in business and threats to agriculture if unmanaged.

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    Impact on New Orleans and Atchafalaya Basin

    Allowing the river to flow naturally could disrupt towns and farms nearby.

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    Hybrid System

    A river management approach combining human intervention with natural processes.

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    Sediment Diversion Project

    A project aimed at redirecting river materials to restore wetlands in the Barataria Basin.

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    Nutrient Management in Wetlands

    Using river sediment and nutrients to promote wetland restoration and resilience.

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    Arête

    A jagged ridge separating two adjacent valley glaciers at the glacier's top.

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    Formation of Arête

    Arêtes form when glaciers on either side of a rounded ridge erode it, creating two cirques that converge.

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    Striations

    Parallel lines and grooves on bedrock and glacier surfaces caused by glacial movement.

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    Formation of Striations

    Striations are formed by rocks embedded in glaciers scraping the bedrock beneath.

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    Glacier's Impact on Valleys

    Glaciers erode V-shaped valleys into U-shaped valleys by abrading their bottoms and sides.

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    Horn

    A peak formed at the top of a mountain, where several arêtes meet.

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    Cirque

    A bowl-shaped depression carved by a glacier, often found at the head of a valley.

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    Spit

    A ridge of sand that extends outward from the shore into calmer waters, connected to the shore.

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    Sandbar

    A submerged or partially exposed ridge of sand parallel to the shore, formed by waves and currents.

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    Barrier Island

    Long, sandy islands formed from sandbars that rise above water and support plant growth, protecting the shore.

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    Longshore Currents

    Flow of water parallel to the shore that moves sediment, contributing to the formation of spits and sandbars.

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    Erosional Processes

    Natural actions that can break down features like spits into other formations such as barrier islands and sandbars.

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    Brackish Waters Impact

    Changes in nutrient levels could alter fish species in brackish waters of the Mississippi River.

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    Fishing Industry Changes

    Variations in fish species survival affect local economies and fishing practices.

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    Environmental Impact

    The effects of a management solution on the ecosystems along the river.

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    Societal Impact

    How proposed river management affects communities and stakeholders along the river.

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    Current River System

    Traditional management techniques for the Mississippi River, often focused on flood control and navigation.

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    Glacial Erosion and Deposition

    Processes through which glaciers erode land and deposit material, shaping landscapes.

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    Study Notes

    Erosion and Deposition

    • Different types of landforms have been forming for thousands of years, due to weathering, erosion, and deposition
    • Lesson Objectives: Identify the agents of erosion, determine which agents formed specific surface features, and examine how different depositional features are formed
    • There are 6 checkpoints in the lesson. They follow Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
    • Conclude with a quiz
    • Key terms, such as weathering, erosion, and deposition, are linked in the lesson and glossary

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 1)

    • Weathering, erosion, and deposition are related
    • Agents of weathering (Water, Oxygen, Gravity, Wind, Ice, Acids)
    • Agents of erosion (Water, Wind, Ice, Gravity)

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 2)

    • Wind erosion is most commonly found in deserts and coastal areas. Also in agricultural regions
    • Sediment movement varies according to sediment size. Larger sediments move along the surface, medium sized are dragged and bounced, smaller sediments are lifted into the air and blown over long distances
    • Distinguish between different types of wind erosion
    • Deflation moves small particles away (gravel-sized particles left behind)
    • Abrasion occurs when wind-blown sand particles collide with rocks and create a reddish-brown coating
    • Wind deposition creates dunes when wind slows down, depositing heavier material
    • Loess is a deposit of fine silt and clay particles, often found downwind of glaciers or deserts.
    • Seafloor mud is formed when wind deposits silt and clay in the ocean
    • Cross beds are formed when wind deposits sand and sediment layer by layer.

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 3)

    • Gravitational erosion occurs when gravity exerts a downward force on weathered material, causing it to move downhill
    • Mass wasting is the movement of soil, mud, and rocks down cliffs or hillsides due to gravity
    • Types of mass wasting include creep (extremely slow movement of rock and soil), slump (sudden movement of large chunks), debris flow (high-velocity movement of rocks, trees, animals), and rock avalanche (large rock falls and tumbling fragments)

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 4)

    • Runoff causes erosion as water velocity increases and potential for erosion increases. The volume of sediment also increases. Rill erosion is an example of overland erosion
    • Differences between mountain streams and plain streams. Mountain streams flow quickly in V-shaped valleys, plain streams flow slowly in meanders
    • Flowing water causes deposition when it slows down, depositing larger fragments first, smaller later.
    • Landforms like alluvial fans, levees, deltas, and floodplains are caused by deposition

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 5)

    • Glacial erosion is when ice, specifically glaciers, flows across the land, transporting and eroding sediment, and depositing it elsewhere.
    • Types of glaciers: continental (cover entire continents), valley (long and narrow in mountains)
    • Valley glaciers erode surrounding rock, carving V-shaped valleys into mountains.
    • Glacial deposition occurs when glaciers recede, depositing sediment
    • Glacial landforms include glacial erratics, drumlins, eskers, kettle lakes, and moraines

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 6)

    • Wave erosion occurs when waves splash against a cliff face, creating a vertical wall of rock (wave-cut cliff).
    • Over time, waves erode the cliff, creating holes in the rock (sea arch), and eventually leaving behind pillars of rock (sea stacks)
    • Wave erosion also causes sea caves, wave-cut platforms.
    • Wave deposition occurs where water motion slows down, depositing smaller particles like silt and clay away from shore. Larger particles deposit closer to shore.
    • Depositional features like beaches, sandbars, and spits are created by wave deposition. Barrier islands are formed when sandbars are built up high enough above the water's surface to support plant growth.

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 5.02 Rivers)

    • The lesson explores a river's profile, river characteristics related to erosion and deposition, and different types of river depositions including waterfalls
    • Analyze the relationship between water velocity and erosion/deposition
    • Identify locations along a river where erosion and deposition are likely to occur
    • Describe how rock type affects erosion by running water

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 5.03 Flooding)

    • Impact of water on Earth's materials and natural systems
    • Refine solutions to reduce the impacts of human activities and natural systems
    • Mississippi River management systems (pros and cons), environmental and societal impacts of different systems, including un-managed, current, and hybrid systems
    • Different types of river management systems, their purposes, and how they are used to prevent flooding

    Concepts to Learn (Chapter 5.04 Glaciers)

    • Glaciers erode and deposit material to shape the Earth's features
    • Different types of glaciers (continental and valley)
    • How glacial ice forms (precipitation, snow, granularity, compression, recrystallization)
    • Glacial Erosion features (plucking, abrasion), Deposition features (lateral moraine, medial moraine, terminal moraine, esker, drumlin, glacial erratic, outwash plain, kettle lake).
    • Differences between advancing and retreating glaciers
    • How glacier movement is affected by slope, glacier mass, and ground texture
    • The difference between the Accumulation zone (where snow collects and builds up) and Ablation zone (where glacier loses more ice than is gained)

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of river dynamics, erosion types, and the management strategies employed for the Mississippi River. Test your understanding of water velocity, erosion processes, and the role of organizations like the US Army Corps of Engineers in river management. Ideal for students studying geography or environmental science.

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