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# Review of Key Terms ### Endocrine System Glands - **Adenohypophysis:** Anterior pituitary gland - **Adrenal Cortex:** Outer portion of the adrenal gland that secretes corticosteroids - **Adrenal Gland:** Gland perched on top of the kidney; consists of two distinct glands (the adrenal medulla and...

# Review of Key Terms ### Endocrine System Glands - **Adenohypophysis:** Anterior pituitary gland - **Adrenal Cortex:** Outer portion of the adrenal gland that secretes corticosteroids - **Adrenal Gland:** Gland perched on top of the kidney; consists of two distinct glands (the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex) - **Adrenal Medulla:** Inner portion of adrenal gland that functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system - **Alpha Cell:** Type of cell within the pancreatic islets that secretes the hormone glucagon - **Beta Cell:** Type of cell within the pancreatic islets that secretes the hormone insulin - **Catecholamines:** Epinephrine and norepinephrine; secreted by the adrenal medulla - **Corticosteroids:** Steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex - **Delta Cell:** Type of cell within the pancreatic islets that secretes the hormone somatostatin - **Endocrine Gland:** Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream - **Glucocorticoids:** Hormones secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex; primary glucocorticoid is cortisol - **Gonads:** Primary sex organs, which are the testes in males and ovaries in females - **Graves' disease:** Disorder resulting from hypersecretion of thyroid hormone - **Hormones:** Chemicals secreted by glands and specialized cells of the endocrine system - **Hypophyseal Portal System:** System of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary; receives hormones released by the hyothalamus - **Inhibiting Hormones:** Hormones that suppress hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary - **Islets of Langerhans:** Endocrine cells inside the pancreas; also called pancreatic islets - **Mineralocorticoids:** Hormones secreted by the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex; primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone - **Negative Feedback:** Process whereby the output of a gland is fed back in a manner that reduces further output - **Neurohypophysis:** Posterior pituitary gland - **Pancreas:** Secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) as well as hormones used to regulate blood glucose levels (endocrine function) - **Parathyroid Glands:** Glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that secrete a hormone used to regulate blood calcium levels - **Pineal Gland:** Produces the hormone melatonin, which increases at night and decreases during the day - **Pituitary Gland:** Small gland attached to the lower surface of the hypothalamus that secretes a number of hormones that regulate many bodily processes; consists of an anterior and posterior lobe - **Releasing Hormones:** Hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones - **Sex Steroids:** Hormones secreted by the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex; sex steroids include androgen and estrogen - **Target Cells:** Cells having receptors for a particular hormone - **Tetany:** Sustained muscle contraction; may result from hypocalcemia - **Thymus:** Secretes hormones having a role in the development of the immune system - **Thyroid Gland:** Gland in the neck that secretes hormones that affect the body's metabolic rate ### Key Topics for Chapter 13 - Function of the endocrine system. - Comparison of the endocrine and nervous systems. - The classification and actions of hormones. - The relationship of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. - Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. - Control of pituitary secretions by the central nervous system and negative feedback. - The location, structure, and function of the adrenal glands. - The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the stress response. - The location, structure, and function of the pineal gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, and gonads. - The regulation of blood glucose and disorders resulting from improper regulation of blood glucose. - Other endocrine tissues and chemicals. - The microbiome as an endocrine organ.