Piping (Plumbing Elements, Pipes, Valves, Fittings) PDF

Gépelemek 1. PIPING (plumbing elements, pipes, valves, fittings) Authors: Dr. Kerényi György Molnár László, Dr. Marosfalvi János, Dr. Horák Péter, & Dr. Baka Ernő Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 1 Piping Gépelemek 1. Piping can be defined as: Interconnected Pipes subjected to the same...

Gépelemek 1. PIPING (plumbing elements, pipes, valves, fittings) Authors: Dr. Kerényi György Molnár László, Dr. Marosfalvi János, Dr. Horák Péter, & Dr. Baka Ernő Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 1 Piping Gépelemek 1. Piping can be defined as: Interconnected Pipes subjected to the same set or sets of design to fulfill the purpose of fluid transportation using different flow control and measurement methods. The main part of any piping system is Pipes which are used to convey materials are “a metallic or non-metallic cylinder used to convey fluids or transmit fluid pressure.” A pipe is normally a tubular section but its shape is not restricted to a circle. Pipes are made out of Metals, Ceramics, Plastics, concrete, or fiberglass. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 2 Piping Gépelemek 1. Functions: liquids, gases, small particle or powder materials − transport, distribution, − storage (pressure vessels, contaners), − closing, opening, − regulation, (plumbing elements) − control, − safety, − sealing (different seals, gaskets). Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 3 Drawing of a piping system Gépelemek 1. Description in isoparametric system. Piping also contains many different types of components like: Pipe fittings: Elbow, Tee, Reducers, Flanges, couplings etc. Valves: Gate valve, Globe valve, Ball Valve, Butterfly valve, control valve etc. Instruments: Pressure indicator, Temperature indicator, Flowmeter etc. Equipment: Pumps, Vessels, Heat exchanger, Ejector etc Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 4 Design of a piping system Gépelemek 1. Collision check and system control an initial samples. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 5 3D design of the piping system Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 6 Tubes Gépelemek 1. Input data of a piping system can be the following: (data from the system engineering) 𝑸 volumetric flow, 𝚫𝒑 pressure difference, 𝑻 °C tranportable material & temperature. From these data the piping engineer determines the below: 𝑫 tube diameter, 𝒔 wall thickness, material of tubes 𝑓(T[°C]) function of temperature, routing, and … 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡ional details eg.: fixing points, supports etc. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 7 Pipelines-design guidelines Gépelemek 1. 1. 𝐷2 𝜋 4 ⋅ 𝑣 = 𝑄 → 𝑫, if we estimate the velocity of the flow! 1 2. 𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ≈ 𝑄 ⋅ Δ𝑝 ⋅ 𝜂 3. Δ𝑝 → 𝒔 (wall thickness) calculation General flowing velocities medium velocity [m/s] Water 1…4 Steam 15…25 (70) Gas (1) 25…35 (60) Air 12…25 Oil 0,5…2 Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 8 Pipelines-design guidelines Gépelemek 1. Theoretically we can find the Optimal tube diameter!! Total cost Investment cost Operation cost Ød dopt Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 9 State of stress in pipes by internal pressure Gépelemek 1. Principal stresses: 𝐹 𝑝⋅𝑑 ⋅𝑙 𝑑 ⋅𝑝 𝜎𝑡 = = = 𝐴 2⋅𝑠⋅𝑙 2⋅𝑠 𝑑 2𝜋 ⋅𝑝 𝑑 ⋅𝑝 𝐹𝑎𝑥 4 𝜎𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝐴 𝑑⋅𝜋⋅𝑠 4⋅𝑠 𝜎𝑟 = −𝑝 𝜎𝑡 > 𝜎𝑎𝑥 > 𝜎𝑟 𝜎1 𝜎2 𝜎3 Mohr−theory for inner pressure 𝜎𝑒𝑔𝑦 = 𝜎1 − 𝜎3 = 𝑑⋅𝑝 𝑑⋅𝑝 + 𝑝 inside outside 2⋅𝑠 2⋅𝑠 Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 10 Wall thickness of welded pipes Gépelemek 1. 𝑠= 𝑑𝑘 ⋅ 𝑝 𝐾 + 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 2⋅𝜑⋅ 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑘 outer diameter of pipe, 𝑝 inner pressure, 𝜑 correction factor of welding (0,7. . . 0,9), 𝐾 strenght of the pipe (𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 120 𝑜 𝐶 𝐾 = 𝑅𝑒ℎ), 𝑛 safety factor (operational pressure: 1,6. . . 2,0; for trial: 1,1), 𝑐1 correction factor of wall thickness tolerance (0,15. . . 0,7mm), 𝑐2 corrosion addendum (max value = 1 mm). Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 11 Design of pipe fittings Gépelemek 1. Geometry: to be fit to the standardized pipe dimensions (to be in dimensions series), not to be too long, do not increase the operational diameter (too much), the pipes must not be moved in axial direction too much during assembly. Operation: do not disturb the flow of materials, to seal the system properly, to resist corrosion. Force: securely take up the loosening effect of the material flow (the axial forces), take up the additional forces. Efficiency: to be ready for mass prodution, to create a system with the other piping elements, can be repaired with interchangeable elements. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 12 Design of pipe fittings Gépelemek 1. As a result we get a sprawling system of pipes. We can ensure sealing: − on the curved surface, − on the bottom or top face, − or combined the above. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 13 Types of pipe fittings & connectors Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 14 Popular pipe fittings & connectors Gépelemek 1. Bushings Reducing couplings Pipe elbows Pipe nipples Pipe caps Tees Crosses Unions Pipe flanges Valves Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 15 Joints on the curves surface of pipes Gépelemek 1. Soldered or glued joint ISO fitting O ring pipe pipe Pipe joint with cold working Self-tapping ring joint Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 16 Joints on the top or bottom face of pipes Gépelemek 1. Welded butt joint Flange joint Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 17 Pipe supports & fixings Gépelemek 1. Two way of fixings: Horizontal piping: supports, Vertical piping: hangers. Phisical principle: 1. Fixed points No linear motion, no rotation, No linear motion but rotation. 2. Not totally fixed Just linear motion, Just rotation. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 18 Pipe supports & fixings Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 19 Vertical hangers Gépelemek 1. Rigid Hook with nut Loose clamp Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 20 Various supports Gépelemek 1. Roller supports Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 21 Vertical hanger Gépelemek 1. Spring hanger Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 22 Thermal pipe expansion Gépelemek 1. Base problem: It is natural for materials to expand in the heat and contract in the cold, and pipes are not immune to nature’s laws. Thermal expansion and contraction of pipework is one of the largest dynamic forces acting upon piped services. There is an additional force (stress) Δ𝐿 = 𝛼 ⋅ 𝐿 ⋅ Δ𝑇, 𝜎 Δ𝐿 = 𝜆 = 𝜀 ⋅ 𝐿 = 𝐿, 𝐸 Δ𝐿 𝛼 ⋅ 𝐿 ⋅ Δ𝑇 ⋅ 𝐸 𝜎=𝜀⋅𝐸= 𝐸= 𝐿 𝐿 additional stress is: 𝜎𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝛼 ⋅ Δ𝑇 ⋅ 𝐸 Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 23 Thermal pipe expansion Gépelemek 1. Principle: 1. Sliding principle (eg. expansion joint), 2. Elastic principle (eg. expansion loop) but! The best principle is to find the best routing of piping!! Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 24 Expansion loops & joints Gépelemek 1. Expansion loop Expansion joint Rubber compensator Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 25 Expansion joints (sliding) Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 26 Expansion joints (angle) Gépelemek 1. Ball joint Serrated Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 27 Expansion joints (in-line, pressure balanced) Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 28 Pressure vessels Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 29 Pressure vessels (regulation) Gépelemek 1. Directive 2014/68/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of pressure equipment Objective The aim of the Directive is to ensure the free movement of pressure equipment and assemblies within the Community market by harmonising the national safety and health protection requirements to which they are subject. It shall be ensured that pressure equipment will not be dangerous for safety and health of persons, animals or property while being installed, used or maintained. The Directive repealed its antecessor Dir 97/23/EC. The Directive provides, together with the Directives related to simple pressure vessels (2014/29/EU), transportable pressure equipment (2010/35/EU) and Aerosol Dispensers (75/324/EEC), for an adequate legislative framework on European level for equipment subject to a pressure hazard Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 30 Pressure vessels & tanks Gépelemek 1. What is a Pressure Vessel? Pressure vessels are sealed containers used to store liquids, vapors, and gasses at much higher or lower pressures than the surrounding atmosphere. They are widely utilized in a variety of industries, including petrochemical, gas and oil, chemical, and food processing. Pressure vessels include items such as reactors, flash drums, separators, tanks, and heat exchangers. What is a Pressure Tank? Pressure tanks are vessels that are used to store, hold, and/or convey gasses, vapors and fluids at pressures of about the atmospheric pressure. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 31 Pressure vessels & tanks Gépelemek 1. State of stress: pressure: - inner, operational (pü~0,02…100 MPa), - hydrostatic (ph = ρ·g·h), - outer (pk), eg. Double-walled systems or in case of vacuum, mechanical: - wind pressure, - earthquake, - transportation, installation, etc. thermal (eg. -100 °C…+500 °C) corrosion (eg. chemistry, food industry, ~0,1mm/year) effects from production (welded „weak” points) Dangerous places & situation! Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 32 Design of dish heads Gépelemek 1. R~=Dk r=0.08Dk R~=0.9Dk r=0.17Dk Db=Dk-2s Problem: internal moments & shear forces are derived in the dish head and pressure peaks in the saddle supports. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 33 Torispherical & ellipsoidal head design Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 34 Torispherical & ellipsoidal head & saddle design Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 35 Design of pressure vessel structures Gépelemek 1. Recommended pipe connections to vessels Bended cross section Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 36 Design of pressure vessel structures Gépelemek 1. Recommended measurement outlets to vessels Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 37 Pressure difference is dangerous (railway car buckling) Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 38 Pressure difference is dangerous (why is it buckling ?) Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 39 Pipe fittings Gépelemek 1. Function: 1. Start-Stop streaming, transport (valves) 2. Ensure one directional transport, (swing check valves) 3. Avoid overpressure, (safety valves) 4. Pressure reduction, (reducing valves) 5. Malfunction (eg. pipe fracture) reduction, (closing fracture at pipe fittings) Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 40 Pipe fittings (valves) Gépelemek 1. Main targets: 1. Leak free closing, in closed position-, 2. Low transport loss in opened position. Check points: Seal area, Closing force, Transport loss, Advantages/disadvantages, Other aspects. Enginnering task: To find solution principles: seal surfaces, motions (degrees of freedom) Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 41 Opening-closing principles Gépelemek 1. Solutions, principles Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 42 Types of valves Gépelemek 1. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 43 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. A1 principle: A gate valve is a linear motion valve used to start or stop the fluid flow; however, it does not regulate or throttle flow. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 44 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. A2 principle: A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate fluid flow. The essential principle of globe valve operation is the vertical movement of the disk away from the seat. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 45 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. A2 principle: Y type globe valve, the seat is placed 45 degrees to the flow direction and this will straighten the flow path and reduce the pressure drop, these valves are used for high-pressure applications Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 46 Piping valves (loss-factors) Gépelemek 1. ξ: loss factors Valve types: stream loss factors at different valve designs Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 47 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. A4 principle: A butterfly valve has a rotary motion valve used to stop, regulate, and start fluid flow. Butterfly valves are easily and quickly operated because a 90 rotation moves the disk from a fully closed to a fully opened position. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 48 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. A7 principle: A swing check valve allows full, unobstructed flow and automatically closes as pressure decreases. These valves are fully closed when the flow reaches zero and prevent backflow. Turbulence and pressure drop within the valve is very low. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 49 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. D4 principle: A ball valve is a rotational motion valve that uses a ball-shaped disk to stop or start fluid flow. The ball performs the same function as the disk in the globe valve. When the valve handle is turned to open the valve, the ball rotates to a point where the hole through the ball is in line with the valve body inlet and outlet. When the valve is shut, the ball is rotated so that the gap is perpendicular to the flow openings of the valve body, and the flow is stopped. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 50 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. A D7 principle: Burst safety valve is equipped with an orifice plate on the inlet side. When the flow reaches the specified pipe break volume and thus also the specified differential pressure, the valve closes. After the pipe burst has been repaired, the pipe burst protection valve must be put back into operation. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 51 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. B4 principle: A plug valve is a rotational motion valve used to stop or start fluid flow. The body of a plug valve is machined to receive the tapered or cylindrical plug. The disk is a solid plug with a bored passage at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the pin. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 52 Piping valves Gépelemek 1. A2 principle: Relief and safety valves prevent equipment damage by relieving accidental overpressurization of fluid systems. Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 53 Piping valves (comparison) Gépelemek 1. pros cons -Can regulate media flow -Can handle high-pressure, hightemperature, corrosive or viscous media -Low chance of leakage -Create a high-pressure drop -Introduce resistance to media flow Gate valves -Economical option for on/off control -Multidirectional -Offer little resistance to media flow -Not ideal for regulating media flow: Cannot handle the sustained flow of media in a partially open position -Can cause water hammer -Prone to leaks: less durable than ball valve Ball valves -Long lasting and durable -Versatile media compatibility -Compact -Provide fast cycle speeds -Good for high-pressure, high-volume applications -Offer little resistance to media flow -Not ideal for regulating flow -Fast cycle time can lead to water hammer Globe valves Térképzés elemei | GÉPELEMEK 1. előadás 54